语言学图表笔记

1、P1Features of languageIllustrationLanguage is a systemLetters, words or phrases, must compose a systematic and unified whole.Those put together without following the universally accepted rules do not form what we call language.Language is arbitraryThe form and the meaning of a language do not bear a

2、ny inter-relationship.Language is vocalLanguage must be vocal. Although it can be in written form, and in a broad sense it may even include non-vocal gestures and signs. However, any means of communication that exist only in written or non-vocal form cannot be recognized as language. Language is sym

3、bolicEvery word within a language refers to something in the natural or virtual word, although the words have been selected in an arbitrary way.Language is particularly humanLanguage is a tool for human communication. Any sound, the “gestures” or even marks form animals do not fall into the category

4、 of language, although sometimes we think they are speaking in their own “language”.P8LangueParoleDefinitionThe shared social code and the abstract system including the underlying sets of linguistic structures, patterns, principles or unstated rules upon which individuals base their speech . The par

5、ticular actualities of individual utterances.Speech, the idiosyncratic utterances made by individuals.CharacteristicsIt is neither behavioral nor observable, but Conceptual and only indirectly evident throng analysis of observable behavior.It varies enormously (and which individuals can creatively r

6、eorganize )It s actually observable.Part of languageIt includes the lexicon, grammar, and phonology established in each individual by his background in society and on the basis of which he speaks and understands his language.Speech, writings and other observable linguistic behaviors carried out for

7、communication.Comparing with the chess gameThe rulers, the pieces of chess and the board. Actual games of chess.P6FunctionsRoles in communicationExamplesNotesphaticTo create an atmosphere, or maintain social contactGreetings, farewells and commentsWhen a person is asked “Hows everything going?”, he

8、is not expected to complain endlessly on his work .performativeTo perform certain action by uttering certain words or sentences.The priest says: “I announce you husband and wife”.The preside say: “I hereby name this ship Elizabeth.”It must be the right person to say the right thing under the right c

9、ircumstance to perform the rmative(descriptive)To tell the fact and describe the material worl “I have a red suit. “”He went to Paris last week.”It is characterized by the use of declarative sentences.expressive(emotive)To express immediate feelings or the reaction to the immediate situation

10、.“God!”“Oops!”“What a disgusting spell!”Language can be used to manifest the attitude, the personality and characteristics of the speak according of the speaker according to the words selected.evocativeTo evoke certain feelings in the audience.Jokes and comedies, public speeches such as the famous “

11、I have a dream.”Advertisements. Some words are sometimes so powerful as to make the audience conduct something they would have never done by themselves.directiveTo get the listeners to do something.“I suggest that you go there.”“Please be seated.”“Could you open the window?”“if I were you I wouldnt

12、have said that to her.”Usually the imperative sentences can be taken as directive, and other types of sentences, such as interrogatives and subjunctive mood ,etc .can also serve this function .interrogativeTo inquire information “Whats your suggestion? “Do you think Im beautiful tonight?” Not all se

13、ntences in question forms carry out the interrogative function. E.g.: “Good idea, isnt it ?” P13The Anthropology PhilosophyArts Sociology Literature History Architecture Anthropological Linguistics Sociolinguistics Historical Linguistics StylisticsSemantics Pragmatics Discourse Analysis Phonetics Ph

14、onology Morphology Syntax Psycholinguistics Neurolinguistics Computational Linguistics Applied Linguistics Mathematical Linguistics The Physics Psychology Computer ScienceSciences (Acoustics) Biology Mathematics Physiology Machine Translation Artificial IntelligenceP14LanguageDefinition of language

15、Language can be defined in different ways according to different perspectives from which people view language.Defining properties of language Duality of patterning, displacement, open-endedness, stimulus-freedom, arbitrariness, discreteness, the human vocal tract, interchangeability, and cultural tr

16、ansmission. Origin of language Four main hypotheses :the divine-origin theory , the invention theory , the evolutionary theory , the first language Functions of language phatic ,performative ,informative descriptive ,expressive/emotive , evocative ,directive ,interrogative and etc . LinguisticsDefin

17、ition of linguistics Linguistics the branch of cognitive science concerned with language .It can be defined as the scientific study of language, which involves the investigation into all human language . Distinctions in linguistics Langue & parole ; diachronic & synchronic ; competence & performance

18、 ; descriptive & prescriptive Branches of linguistics Phonetics; phonology ; morphology ; syntax ; semantics ; pragmatics ; discourse analysis ; stylistics ; psycholinguistics ; sociolinguistics ; applied linguistics ; language and cultural and etc.Application of linguistics Mainly four categories :

19、language teaching ,society ,literature and psychology P27Speakers MindMonthEarListeners Mind Phonology PhoneticsPhoneticsPhonologySound of languageFunction of sounds as part of a languageParole , speech actLanguage ,language systemUniversalLanguagespecificConcreteAbstractPhonePhoneme /P29How do you

20、find a phoneme? Allophones You know something is a phoneme if it is a distinctive sound in the language.How do you find the sounds distinctive?If you find a minimal pair, you know the sounds are distinctive.What is minimal pair?If you have two words which are exactly identical with respect to sounds

21、 except for one sound , and the different sounds are at the same position , and the two words have difficult meaning , then you have a minimal pair .P28A phone isA phoneme isOne of many possible sounds in the languages of the world A distinctive unit in the sound system of a particular language.The

22、smallest identifiable unit found in a stream of speech A minimal unit that serves to distinguish between meanings of words.Pronounced in a defined way.Pronounced in one or more ways, depending on the number of allophones. Represented between brackets by convention Represented between slashes by conventi