Character 文学原理教程

1、. Character& Characterization.Kinds of Character Roles in the Novel1. Hero / Heroine 主角 - The chief / central character of a literary work . Hero / Heroine Carrying Connotation Protagonist 主人公 Sounding Neutral. Protagonist Antagonist 反面角色，对立面 - The rival or opponent against whom the protagonist

2、/ hero is contending.2. Main / Major Character - One in close and dynamic relation with the hero / heroine. (Close relation does not necessarily mean good relation.).3. Minor Character - One in remote and static relation with the hero. (Not all minor characters are unimportant.).4. Foil (Character)

3、陪衬 - One that helps enhance the intensity of the hero by strengthening or contrasting.Degrees of Development Round Character 圆形人物- The complex multidimensional character with the capacity to grow and change. .Round Characterization A character who is complex and has many sides or traits with unpredi

4、ctable behavior and a fully developed personality. Antagonists are usually a round characterization. Example: Like The Green Goblin (Norman Osborn). 另一类圆活人物，则企图表现人心的复杂多变，一如动态的塑造，不但免除僵化，令人厌烦之病，而且可以是应任何情节的应球，令人有新奇变化之感，甚至角色在小说中成长，有自主能力去改变结局似的，比方说红楼梦中的宝玉，在裙钗中翻滚，在大官园中流连，爱恨迭起，悲喜无常，最后以出家勘破，作为回归太虚的醒悟之途。. Co

5、mplex in temperament and motivation; Represented with subtle particularity; As difficult to describe with any adequacy as a person in real life.Eg: Hamlet - A typical round character.2. Flat Character 扁平人物 - One who embodies or represents a single characteristic or trait, or at most a very limited n

6、umber of such qualities. 据Forster的说法，小说中的人物可分成扁平（Flat）人物与圆活人物（Round）。扁平人物有时又被称为类型（types）或漫画人物（caricatures)，通常是依循着一个单纯的理念或性质而被创造出来，所以又被归类为静态人物（static），故地展现一项性能特征，比较被动，对任何环境变迁，只是持着一种态度，这样的人物在求易认易记，比方说琼瑶小说（一般言情）中的男女主角似乎总是美丽、潇洒，多情易感，任凭时移境迁，此爱不渝。而鲁迅阿Q正传中的阿Q由于遭遇任何困厄、皆以精神胜利法泰然处之，似乎也是平面人物常用以做讽刺性描述的代表。.Flat

7、Characterization A character who has one or two sides, representing one or two traitsoften a stereotype. Flat characters help move the plot along more quickly because the audience immediately understands what the character is about. Example: Like a geeky science professor. Type Character 类型化人物 Stock

8、 Character 小丑角色 One-dimensional Character单一角色 Caricature 漫画人物漫画人物 - when distorted to create humor. Presented without much individualizing detail; Remaining “stable” or unchanged in outlook and dispositions from the beginning to the end of a work.Eg: Detective Story Adventure Novel Farce Comedy- In

9、above works, the protagonist usually is a flat character.1. Dynamic Character- Exhibiting some kind of change as the story progresses.2. Static Character- Remaining the same from the beginning of a work to the end.Dynamic Characterization A character who experiences an essential change in personalit

10、y or attitude. Protagonists are almost always dynamic. Example: Stitch, from Lilo andStitch .Static Characterization A character who does not change or develop beyond the way in which she or he is first presented. Example: Atticus Finch from To Kill a Mockingbird.Characterization 人物塑造- The process b

11、y which an author creates, develops, and presents a character.Characterization How a writer reveals a characters personality Direct Characterization: Author tells us what the character is like (e.g. deceitful, honest, evil, kind) Indirect Characterization: Physical description Words & thoughts O

12、ther characters thoughts & comments Characters actions.Methods of Characterization Characterization1. Through the use of names;2. Through appearance;3. By the author;- By telling. 人物构造法（methods of characterization） 基本尚可分为说明（telling）或表演（showing）二种方式. Telling的方式如： 命名：这是描写小说人物性格最简单的方式，比如黑旋风李逵（黑大汉、又

13、粗暴）浪里白条（白大汉、张顺）、宋江唤做及时与（扶弱济贫、仗义疏才），透过这些绰号可以点醒人物个性特质，而命名中的谐音，如贾宝玉之贾假谐音，岸玉假作真时，真亦假，宝玉与顽石，冥顽与通灵的虚实交错。而红楼一开头就由甄士隐、贾雨村搪塞作者创作经历，甄士隐是故将真事隐去、贾雨村是用假语村言敷衍出来。是一开始就用人物命名喻示出全书主题。. 表特征：可分先天体型雨日常习惯，比方说：一支小彩蝶儿，这是大家给她取的外号。是的，这是只小彩蝶儿，有那份翩翩的姿态，更有那份雅致和妩媚。（几度夕阳红）这是一般写女主角时常赋予的美丽姿态；通常很少描写的肥胖臃肿。而形姿中神情的捕捉，更为重要，比如红楼梦中写黛玉是：两弯

14、似蹙非蹙罥烟眉，一双似喜非喜含情目，泪光点点，娇喘微微。娴静时如娇花照水，行动似弱柳扶水。愁眉长叹，泪眼不干，成为黛玉其人的标志。. 作者评论：这不但是让读者注意，且受到作者的特别引导，在表H外，附加以造型的内在意涵，比如写黛玉初见宝玉，除了描写其穿金戴玉，绫罗绸缎，面如赋彩，转盼多情之外，作者还以西江月二阙词加以批示： 无故寻愁觅恨，有时似傻如狂。纵然生得好皮囊，腹内原来草莽。潦倒不通庶务，愚顽恰读文章。行为偏僻性乖张，那管世人毁谤。富贵不知乐业，贫穷难耐凄凉。可怜辜负好时光，于国于家无望。天下无能第一，古今不肖无双。寄言纨裤与膏梁，莫效此儿形状。一方面，作者似有意寄寓教化之效，可是更多的目

15、的在补充外表形象描写的不足，甚至为宝玉一生作一个精灵的提点-我们无法以世俗工业去看他，反而要为他敞开一条痴傻狂傲的人生路径。. Characterization4. Through dialogue;5. Through action;- By showing. showing的方式，如： 对话与行动（动作）当我们说对话的时候必然牵涉谁说的、向谁说、说什么，怎么说等四个层面。而说话的同时也然有些动作，包括表情与肢体。所以我们可以发现它类似戏剧表演，不只是说话要像真人在说话的样子，而且必须与两者之间的身份、个性配合，甚至与采取的行动相关。. 比如红楼梦中凤姊初见到刘姥姥一段，二人在身份上的富贫、

16、贵贱与性情上的真厚虚伪、骄纵朴拙加以对照。凤姊以低头的无聊举止，配合怎么还不请进来，到怎么不早说复有忙欲起身却犹未起身的动作语言，将凤姊一身骄气表露无遗。而说大户人家不过是个空架子、管事的艰苦难处等，又是权贵家族狡猾势利之处，相形之下，刘姥姥的寒俭、低下，扭捏、粗俗，比如先红了脸再说（勉强的说），见贾蓉逛来，站不是坐不是，有了钱拿不禁喜的眉开眼笑，粗鄙直率的说瘦死的骆驼比马还大呢，却可见人物透过表演方式的突出。.Analyzing Character Who is the protagonist of the work and who ( or what ) is the antagonist

17、? Describe the major traits and qualities of each. What is the function of the works minor characters?.3. Identify the characters in terms of whether they are flat or round, dynamic or static.4. What methods does the author employ to establish and reveal the characters? Are the methods primarily of

18、showing or telling?.5. Are the actions of the characters properly motivated and consistent?6. Are the characters of the work finally credible and interesting?.Astronomers Wife .Katherine Ames Mrs. Ames is the focus of the story. She is married to an astronomer whose distant, overly intellectual natu

19、re has caused her to resent him. . She is the astronomers only real link with the day-today world, but she means little to him beside that. Longing for someone who is not wholly immersed in the life of the mind, she is intrigued by and attracted to the plumber, who stands for everything physical.Mr.

20、 Ames / The Astronomer The astronomer is married to Mrs. Ames. The narrator of the story says of the astronomer that “he was a man of other things, a dreamer.”. He spends his life examining the heavens and attempting at all times to remain as high above the earth as possible Mrs. Ames says that he l

21、ikes being “on the roof or on the mountains. . Hes been up on the tops of them many times.” He never physically appears in the story, and readers only hear from him once when he yells that there is a problem for Mrs. Ames to solve. For Mrs. Ames, he is “the mind of all mankind.”.The Plumber The plumber is the astronomers diametric opposite. Where the astronomer prefers to be up high, the plumber goes down into the pipes below the ground. .