机械制造技术是产品设计

1、 机械制造技术是产品设计、生产、加工制造、销售使用、维修服务乃至回收再生的整个过程的工程学科,是以提高质量、效益、竞争力为目标,包含物质流、信息流和能量流的完整的系统工程。随着的发展,人们对产品的要求也发生了很大变化,要求品种要多样、更新要快捷、质量要高档、使用要方便、价格要合理、外形要美观、自动化程度要高、售后服务要好、要满足人们越来越高的要求,就必须采用先进的机械制造技术。1 先进制造技术的特点1.1 是面向21世纪的技术 先进制造技术是制造技术的最新发展阶段，是由传统的制造技术发展起来的，既保持了过去制造技术中的有效要素，又要不断吸收各种高新技术成果，并渗透到产品生产的所有领域及其全部过

2、程。先进制造技术与高新技术相结合而产生了一个完整的技术群，它是具有明确范畴的新的技术领域，是面向21世纪的技术。1.2 是面向的技术 先进制造技术并不限于制造过程本身，它涉及到产品从市场调研、产品开发及工艺设计、生产准备、加工制造、售后服务等产品寿命周期的所有，并将它们结合成一个有机的整体。先进制造技术的应用特别注意产生最好的实际效果，其目标是为了提高竞争和促进国家和综合实力的增长。目的是要提高制造业的综合经济效益和社会效益。 1.3 是驾驭生产过程的系统工程 先进制造技术特别强调机技术、信息技术、传感技术、自动化技术、新材料技术和现代系统管理技术在产品设计、制造和生产组织管理、销售及售后服务

3、等方面的应用。它要不断吸收各种高新技术成果与传统制造技术相结合，使制造技术成为能驾驭生产过程的物质流、能量流和信息流的系统工程。1.4 是面向全球竞争的技术 20世纪 80年代以来，市场的全球化有了进一步的发展， 发达国家通过、经济、手段争夺市场，倾销产品，输出资本。随着全球市场的形成，使得市场竞争变得越来越激烈，先进制造技术正是为适应这种激烈的市场竞争而出现的。因此，一个国家的先进制造技术，它的主体应该具有世界先进水平，应能支持该国制造业在全球市场的竞争力。1.5 是市场竞争三要素的统一 在20世纪 70年代以前，产品的技术相对比较简单，一个新产品上市，很快就会有相同功能的产品跟着上市。因此

4、，市场竞争的核心是如何提高生产率。到了20世纪80年代以后，制造业要赢得市场竞争的主要矛盾已经从提高劳动生产率转变为以时间为核心的时间、成本和质量的三要素的矛盾。先进制造技术把这三个矛盾有机结合起来，使三者达到了统一。2 先进机械制造技术的发展现状近年来，我国的制造业不断采用先进制造技术，但与工业发达国家相比，仍然存在一个阶段性的整体上的差距。 （1）管理方面。工业发达国家广泛采用计算机管理，重视组织和管理体制、生产模式的更新发展，推出了准时生产（JIT）、敏捷制造（AM）、精益生产（LP）、并行工程（CE）等新的管理思想和技术。我国只有少数大型企业局部采用了计算机辅助管理，多数小型企业仍处于

5、经验管理阶段。（2）设计方面。工业发达国家不断更新设计数据和准则，采用新的设计，广泛采用计算机辅助设计技术（CAD/CAM），大型企业开始无图纸的设计和生产。我国采用CAD/CAM技术的比例较低。（3）制造工艺方面。发达国家较广泛的采用高精密加工、精细加工、微细加工、微型机械和微米/纳米技术、激光加工技术、电磁加工技术、超塑加工技术以及复合加工技术等新型加工。我国普及率不高，尚在开发、掌握之中。（4）自动化技术方面。工业发达国家普遍采用数控机床、加工中心及柔性制造单元（FMC）、柔性制造系统（FMS）、机集成制造系统（CIMS），实现了柔性自动化、知识智能化、集成化。我国尚处在单机自动化、刚性

6、自动化阶段，柔性制造单元和系统仅在少数使用。3 我国先进机械制造技术的趋势（1）全球化。一方面由于国际和国内市场上的竞争越来越激烈，例如在机械制造业中，国内外已有不少企业，甚至是知名度很高的企业，在这种无情的竞争中纷纷落败，有的倒闭，有的被兼并。不少暂时还在国内市场上占有份额的企业，不得不扩展新的市场；另一方面，通讯技术的快速发展推动了企业向着既竞争又合作的方向发展，这种发展进一步激化了国际间市场的竞争。这两个原因的相互作用，已成为全球化制造业发展的动力，全球化制造的第一个技术基础是网络化，网络通讯技术使制造的全球化得以实现。（2）网络化。网络通讯技术的迅速发展和普及，给企业的生产和经营活动带

7、来了革命性的变革。产品设计、物料选择、零件制造、市场开拓与产品销售都可以异地或跨越国界进行。此外，网络通讯技术的快速发展，加速技术信息的交流、加强产品开发的合作和经营管理的，推动了企业向着既竞争又合作的方向发展。 （3）虚拟化。制造过程中的虚拟技术是指面向产品生产过程的模拟和检验。检验产品的可加工性、加工Mechanical manufacturing technology is the product design, theproduction, the processing manufacture, sell use, maintenance service and even the wh

8、ole process of recycling the engineering discipline, is to enhance quality, efficiency, competition for target, contains material flow, energy flow and information flow of complete system engineering. Along with the development of product requirements, people also has changed greatly, requirement br

9、eed to diversity, update wants quick, quality to high-grade, use convenient, reasonably priced, appearance beautiful to look at, automation degree is high, after-sale service, to satisfy people more and more high demand, we must adopt the advanced mechanical manufacturing technology.1 the characteri

10、stics of advanced manufacturing technology1.1 is a 21st century technologyAdvanced manufacturing technology is the latest manufacturing technology development stage, is from the traditional manufacturing technology develops, maintain the past manufacturing technology and the effective elements, unce

11、asingly absorb all kinds of hi-tech achievements, and permeate all fields and production all the process. Advanced manufacturing technology combined with high technology and produced a complete technical group, it is a clear new technical fields in the category of, is a 21st century technology.1.2 i

12、s oriented technologyAdvanced manufacturing technology is not limited to manufacturing process itself, it involves products from the market research, product development and process design, production preparation and processing manufacturing, after-sale service and other product life cycle, and all

13、they combine into an organic whole. The application of advanced manufacturing technology, the special attention to produce the best practical effect, the goal is to improve the competition and promote the growth of national and comprehensive strength. The purpose is to improve manufacturing comprehe

14、nsive economic benefit and social benefit.The production process of 1.3 is control system engineeringThe advanced manufacturing technology special emphasis on machine technology, information technology, sensing technology, automation technology and new materials technology and modern systems managem

15、ent technology in product design, manufacture and production organization management, sales and after-sales service applications. It will constantly absorbing all kinds of achievement of new and high technology combined with traditional manufacturing technology, manufacturing technology to become co

16、uld control the production process of material flow, energy flow and information flow system engineering.Facing the global competition 1.4 is technicalSince 1980s, the market globalization have further development, developed countries through, economic, means in terms of market, dumping products, ou

17、tput capital. With the global market formation, causes the market competition is becoming more and more fierce, advanced manufacturing technology is adapt to the fierce market competition and appear. Therefore, a country's advanced manufacture technology, and its main body should have the advanc

18、ed world level, should be able to support its manufacturing competitiveness of in the global market.1.5 is the unity of market competition three elementsIn the 1970s before, products of technology is relatively simple, a new products, will soon have the same function product follow listed. Therefore

19、, the core of the market competition is how to improve productivity. Arrived after 1980s, manufacturing to win the main contradiction have market competition from improve labor productivity for change in time as the core of the time, cost, and quality of the three elements of the conflict. The advan

20、ced manufacturing technology to combine the three contradictions, make three reached unity.2 advanced mechanical manufacturing technology development present situationIn recent years, China's manufacturing continuously adopts advanced manufacturing technology, but compared with the developed cou

21、ntries, there are still a gradual overall gap.(1) management. Industrialized countries, attention widely used computer management organization and management system, production mode, he launched a renewal development on just-in-time (JIT), production of agile manufacturing (AM), lean production (LP)

22、 and concurrent engineering (CE) and other new management ideas and technology. Our country only a few large enterprise local adopted computer-aided management, most small businesses still in experience management phase.(2) design. Industrialized countries to constantly updated design data and stand

23、ards, adopting new design, widely adopt CAD technology (CAD/CAM), large enterprise started without drawing design and production. By using CAD/CAM technology in the low proportion.(3) manufacturing process. Developed nations more widespread adoption of high precision machining, fine processing and m

24、icrofabrication, micro mechanical and micro/nano technology, laser processing technology, electromagnetic processing technology, super plastic processing technology and composite processing technology and so on the new processing. Our voices is not high, is still in development, hands.(4) automation

25、 technology. Industrialized countries to widespread use of the nc machine tools, processing center and flexible manufacturing unit (FMC), flexible manufacturing systems (FMS), machine integrated manufacturing system (CIMS), realize flexible automation, knowledge, intelligence, integration. Our count

26、ry is still at the single machine automation, rigid automation stage, flexible manufacturing unit and system only in a few use.3 our country's advanced mechanical manufacturing technology trends(1) globalization. On the one hand because of international and domestic market more and more competit

27、ion, for example in machinaofacture, at home and abroad, many enterprises, even well-known enterprise, in this relentless competition in in succession lost, some collapse, some are mergers. Many temporary still in the domestic market share of possession, had to expand enterprise new market; On the other hand, the rapid development of communication technology to promote the enterprise competition and cooperation as the direction, this development further intensified international market competition. The interaction of these two reasons, has become a globa