高中英语选修八 Unit22 environmental protect-语法篇（学生版）

1、.Unit 22 Environmental Protection语法篇_1、掌握直接引语与间接引语，如今完成时的被动语态，非谓语动词的被动语态。2、灵敏运用直接引语与间接引语，如今完成时的被动语态，非谓语动词的被动语态。直接引语与间接引语一、概念引述别人的话时，一般采用两种方式：一是引用别人的原话，把它放在引号内，称为直接引语；二是用自己的话加以转述，被转述的话不放在引号内，称为间接引语。间接引语在大多数情况下是一个宾语从语。直接引语变成间接引语时，要注意以下几点：人称变化、时态变化、宾语从句要用陈述语序。例如：直接引语：He said，“I want to have a drink now

2、.间接引语：He said that he wanted to have a drink then.二、变身方法1.人称变化：口诀：一主二宾三不变。即直接引语的第一人称取决于主句的主语,第二人称取决于主句的宾语,第三人称一般不变。1He said, “I get on well with people here.He said that he got on well with people there.2Susan said, “We can finish the work tomorrow.Susan said that they could finish the work the next

3、 day.3John said, “Mary went to Beijing three days ago.John said that Mary had gone to Beijing three days before.2.时态变化：口诀：主句如今从不变，主句过去从顺延。即假如主句中的谓语动词是如今时,宾语从句中谓语动词的时态可以不变;假如主句的谓语动词是一般过去时,那么从句谓语动词的时态要变为相应的过去时态或过去完成时1 He said, “ I get up early every morning. He said that he got up early every morning.

4、 一般如今时一般过去时 2 She said, “I am working on a homework project.She said she was working on a homework project. 如今进展时过去进展时3 She said, “ I met my friend in the street.She said that she had met her friend in the street. 一般过去时过去完成时注意：在下面几种情况下,从句中谓语动词的时态可以保持不变:1 直接引语表达的是科学真理客观事实格言等例如:“The moon moves around

5、the earth, the teacher said to the students. The teacher told the students that the moon moves around the earth. 2 直接引语中有明确的不受语境限制的过去时间状语例如:“John went to Paris by air in 1985, Jack said. Jack said John went to Paris by air in 1985.3. 状语和指示代词的变化：牢记：this/thesethat /those, nowthen, todaythat day, yeste

6、rdaythe day before, last yearthe year before, agobefore, herethere等。例如：He said, “I havent seen her today.He said that he hadnt seen her that day.4.直接引语是一般选择/反意疑问句，变成间接引语时，由连词whether或if 引导。例如：He asked me, “Do you like playing football?He asked me if/whether I liked playing football.5.直接引语是特殊疑问句，变成间接引

7、语时，由相应的疑问词who, whom, whose, how, when, why, where 等引导。例如：My sister asked me, “How do you like the film?My sister asked me how I liked the film.6.直接引语是祈使句，变成间接引语时，把动词原形变成动词不定式，并在动词不定式前加tell, ask, order 等的宾语。例如：The captain ordered, “Be quiet.The captain ordered us to be quiet.注意：以下情况的否认句中，在动词不定式前加not。

8、My teacher asked me, “Dont laugh.My teacher asked me not to laugh.如今完成时的被动语态构成：have/has been +过去分词Has your approach been adopted yet? 你的方法已经被采纳了吗？非谓语动词不含过去分词的被动语态1. 不定式一般式的被动语态。由“to be+过去分词构成。如：She asked to be given some work to do. 她要求给她一些工作做。He was the last person to be asked to speak. 他是最后被邀请发言的人

9、。2. 不定式完成式的被动语态。由“to have been+过去分词构成。如：I should like to have been told the result earlier. 我本想让人把结果早点告诉我的。3. 如今分词一般式的被动语态。由“being+过去分词构成。如：I saw him being taken away. 我看见有人把他带走了。Being protected by a wall， he felt quite safe. 有墙作保护，他感到很平安。4. 如今分词完成式的被动语态。由“having been+过去分词构成。如：Having been invited to

10、 speak， Ill start making preparations tomorrow. 因为邀请我去讲话，我明天就得做准备。The subject having been opened，he had to go on with it. 话题已经开场了，他不得不谈下去。5. 动名词一般式的被动语态。由“being+过去分词构成。如：She likes being looked at. 她喜欢被人瞧。He hates being made a fool of. 他讨厌被别人愚弄。This question is far from being settled. 这个问题远没解决。6. 动名词

11、完成式的被动语态。由“having been+过去分词构成。如：Jennys not having been trained as a dancer is her one regret. 杰妮没受过舞蹈的专业训练是她感到遗憾的事。After having been instructed to drive out of town， I began to acquire confidence. 在接到把车开出城的指令后，我开场信心十足了。注意：过去分词没有被动式，因为它本身可以表示被动意义。如：The door remained locked. 门仍然锁着。例1. 2019·上海高考 T

12、he school board is made up of parents who _ to make decisions about school affairs.A had been elected                       Bhad electedChave been elected      

13、                Dhave elected例 2. 2019·天津高考 Despite the previous rounds of talks, no agreement_ so far by the two sides.A. has been reached              &#

14、160;                 B. was reachedC. will reach                            

15、0;                D. will have reached例3. 2019·湖南高考 I had a strong desire to reach in and play with the toy, but _ thankfully by the shop windows.A. am held back B. held back C. hold back D. was held back例4. He aske

16、d me _ with me.A. What the matter isB. What the matter wasC. What is the matter D. What was the matter 例5. He said, “Dont do that again.He _ me _ that again. A. said to; not to doB. said to; dont doC. told; dont doD. told; not to do根底演练一、单句语法填空。1. Paper is considered _inventby Chinese people .2. _wa

17、rnabout the danger ahead, he still went on the walk father.3. He _turndown twice before he came here.4. Every possible means _ try, but none worked.5. In the last few years thousands of films _produceall over the world. 6. Shakespeares play Hamlet _ makeinto at least ten different films over the pas

18、t years.二、句型转换。将以下直接引语变成间接引语。1. He said, “My sister was here three days ago._2. “I bought these pearls for my mother , Jack said._3. He asked, “Are you interested in English?_4. “Ill come to help you whenever you need my help, he answered her._5. “When did you go to bed last night? Father asked Anne

19、._稳固进步一、 单项选择。【 】 1. 2019·海淀二模26题One mark of a successful man is _he can quickly focus on whats important.A. whyB. whetherC. what D. that【 】 2. 2019·东城一模35题Spending a few hours learning about the history and culture of the destination will help tourists understand _ they're seeing.A. w

20、hatB. whereC. thatD. why【 】 3. 2019·朝阳二模25题 -What do you think of the film Wolf Totem? -Very good. The plot is _ brings tears to my eyes. A. HowB. whyC. WhatD. that 【 】 4. 2019·海淀上学期期末30题 Every Monday, my English teacher would cheerfully ask me _ my weekend had been. A. thatB. if C. what D

21、. how 一、完成句子。1. A live programme is _ _ _ _ _ _号召人们捐钱to the people who have suffered from flood.2. _ _ _ _ _代表这里的每个人，I wish you a pleasant journey back to your country.3. The meal over, the manager went back to the meeting room to _ _ _ _ 继续他们的讨论.4. It was a film that_ _夺走three Oscars.5. Her father

22、_ _ _ _ _把她抱在怀里and kissed her. 6. We must apply what we have learned to our daily work because in no case should theory_ _ _与别离practice.7. Most city workers might not_ _ _ _ _挣很多钱but when they retire they might get a good pension. 8. The government has approved of _ _ _ _建一座新桥across the river.9. The

23、y _ _ _脱离the national union and set up their own local organization.10. _ _ _据估算that group was at a higher risk of heart disease.二、单项选择。【 】1.2019·海淀上学期期末23题The Subway Line 16 _ in Beijing is planned to open this year.A. being builtB. buildingC. builtD. to build【 】2.2019·海淀上学期期末26题 The spre

24、ad of the Ebola virus in Nigeria is believed _ by August, 2019. A. to be controlledB. to have been controlled C. to controlD. to have controlled 【 】3.2019·西城上期期末22题_ his ID card, Philip had to go to the police station in person and reapply for a new one.A. Having lostB. LosingC. To loseD. Lose【

25、 】4.2019·西城上学期期末30题_ the traveling needs of passengers, China Railway Corporation has decided that people can book tickets 60 days in advance.A. MeetB. To meetC. MetD. Meeting【 】5.2019·东城一模30题-Sorry. There is no room _ in my car.A. to leaveB. leavingC. leftD. being left【 】6.2019·东城一模3

26、3题 -Good news ! There's a supermarket _ in this area next month!-Cool! It will be convenient for us when it's openA. buildingB. built C. having builtD. to be built【 】7.2019·丰台二模25题 John brought over my letter _ to him by mistake. A. deliveredB. to be deliveredC. Delivering D.having deli

27、vered 【 】8.2019·丰台二模28题_ in hard seats for 6 hours, we finally stepped out of the train tiredly. A. SittingB. Having satC. To sitD. Sit【 】9.2019·朝阳二模26题_all my money on the car, I cant afford a holiday with my friend this summer. A. SpendingB. SpendC. To spendD. Having spent 【 】10.2019

28、3;丰台一模27题 Whenever I'm in trouble, I hear a voice _ in my head “You can do it.A. to ringB. ringingC. rungD. having rung_一、完形填空2019·石景山一模Oseola McCartyLate one Sunday afternoon in September 2019, Oseola McCarty, an elderly cleaning lady passed away in the little wooden frame house where she

29、had lived and worked most of her life. It may seem like an ordinary 1 to an ordinary life, but there was something quite 2 about this woman.In the summer of 2019, McCarty gave$150,000, most of the money she had. saved throughout her life, to the University of Southey Mississippi in her hometown. The

30、 3 was to help other African Americans 4 university.She had 5 school in the sixth grade to go to work, never married, never had children and never learned to drive because there was never any place in 6 she wanted to go. All she ever had was the work which she saw as a 7 . Too many other black peopl

31、e in the countryside of Mississippi did not have even that. She had started her savings habit as a young child when she would rectum from school to clean and iron 8 money which she would then save.When she retired, she decided that she wanted to use the money to give children of limited means the 9

32、to go to university. She had wanted to become a nurse, but had to leave school to look afire sick relatives and work. When asked why she had given her life 10 away, she replied, "I'm giving it away so that children won't have to work so hard, like l did. " After news of her donatio

33、n 11 the media, over 600 donations were 12 to the scholarship fund. One was given by a media senior manager, Ted Turner, who gave a billion dollars. She didn't want any concern made over her 13 , but the news 14 and she was invited all over the United States to talk to people. 15 she went, peopl

34、e would come up to her to say a few words or to 16 touch her. She met the ordinary and the 17 , President Clinton included. In the last few years of her life, before she died of cancer, McCarty was given over 300 awards. She was honored by the United Nations and 18 the Presidential Citizen's Med

35、al. 19 having no real education, she found herself with two honorary doctorates: one from the University of Southern Mississippi and the other from Harvard University. Her generosity was clearly an inspiration to many and proof that true 20 does exist.【 】1. A. start B. call C. end D. show【 】2. A. ab

36、normal B. complicated C. common D. exceptional【 】3. A. time B. case C. rule D. money【 】4. A. with B. through C. out D. along【 】5. A. quitted B. needed C. opened D. finished【 】6. A. general B. public C. particular D. advance【 】7. A. blessing B. praise C. pleasure D. training【 】8. A. about B. with C.

37、like D. for【 】9. A. ability B. space C. opportunity D. time【 】10. A. Happiness B. savings C. time D. experience【 】11. A. ended B. broke C. controlled D. hit【 】12. A. took B. had C. made D. put【 】13. A. gift B. dream C. death D. life【 】14. A. gave off B. got out C. came about D. put away【 】15. A. Whe

38、rever B. Whoever C. Whenever D. Whatever【 】16. A. often B. just C. only D. almost【 】17. A. young B. elderly C. famous D. poor【 】18. A. gave B. showed off C. refused D. received【 】19. A. Despite B. Except C. Besides D. Beyond【 】20. A. wealth B. selflessness C. carefulness D. love2、 阅读理解2019·朝阳上学

39、期期末 The word hug is of uncertain origin. The Oxford English Dictionary cautions against confusing it with huggeanother word of the Middle English ug, meaning “to inspire with fear or disgust. Nevertheless, I find myself drawn to the possibility that hug does, in fact, have some connection with ug. I

40、t seems to me that at the thought of a tight embrace拥抱, fear and disgust do come to mind. So why is it that when I go over to your house for dinner, you wrap your arms around me, even though I saw you last Friday at the movies? One arm or two? Should there be space between us? Should I brush my chee

41、k against yours? Maybe even kiss your cheek?Im willing to believe that some people really love to hug. They rush to enfold not only family and friends but also friends of friends and near strangers. They delight in applying pressure and rocking from side to side. Yet most people are just going throu

42、gh the motions; theyre looking for a way to say hello or goodbye. Not wanting to seem rude, I open my arms, too, submitting to the ceremony of friendship. After one particularly confusing interaction, I looked for advice from experts. Emily Yoffe, an advice columnist, offered her sympathy: “Im with you on this, but Ive become a non-hugger who hugs. Recently after breakfast with a new friend, I went in to hug her goodbye, and I could see a kind of horror in h