高中英语写作方法指导

1、英语句子概论英语句子概论 基本成分基本成分 附属成分附属成分 独立成分独立成分 省略成分省略成分 连接成分连接成分 简单句简单句 并列句并列句 复合句复合句 主语主语 不及物动词不及物动词 （ S + Vi ） 主语主语 及物动词及物动词 宾语宾语 ( S + Vt + O) 主语主语 系动词系动词 表表 (S + LV + predicative) 主语双宾动词主语双宾动词+间宾间宾+直宾直宾(S +Vt +O.indir+O. dir) 主语主语 宾补动词宾补动词 宾语宾语 宾语补语宾语补语 (S + Vt. + O + O. compl)There + be / stand/ lie /

2、 live.简单句的五种基本句型简单句的五种基本句型主语、动词（不及物动词、及物动词、双宾动词、系动词、宾补动词)、宾语及补语可以称为基本句子成分基本句子成分。完整的句子一般至少包含2个基本成分，至多4个基本成分。nounadj. / adv.infinitiveV-ing V-edetc.主主语语谓谓语语宾语宾语宾语宾语宾补宾补表语表语宾语宾语(间)宾语宾语(直直)VtV-lViNoun / PronounThe + adjV-ing / ClauseInfinitiveNoun / Pronoun / The + adjV-ing / Clause / Infinitivebe / fee

3、l / seem / lookappear / stand / lie become /get / grow / turn go / come / remain/ keeptaste / smell etc. nounpronounadj. / adv.infinitiveV-ing / V-edclauseetc.主语主语 不及物动词不及物动词She came/ My head aches.主语主语 及物动词及物动词 宾语宾语She likes English.主语主语 系动词系动词 主语补语主语补语She is happy主语主语 双宾动词双宾动词 间接宾语间接宾语 直接宾语直接宾语She

4、 gave John a bookShe bought a book for me.主语主语 宾补动词宾补动词 宾语宾语 宾语补语宾语补语She makes her mother angryThe teacher asked me to read the passage.There +beThere lies a book on the desk.简单句基本句型实例简单句基本句型实例附属成分附属成分基本成分的修饰语。可以是：基本成分的修饰语。可以是： 定语：即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句定语：即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句 状语：即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、状语：即用来修饰名词或代

5、词以外的词的单词、短语或从句。短语或从句。定定 语语Poor John tottered toward a hospital nearbyShe likes oranges imported from the USA.John gave Mary many books，which are full of illustrationsHave you seen the book on the desk?The boy playing over there is my brother.People there like sports.John often came to chat with meJo

6、hn likes oranges very muchWhenever he gets drunk，John makes Mary very angryHearing the news, he jumped with joy.As he was ill, he didnt come to class yesterday.She is sitting at the desk, doing her homework.My father worked in this school ten years ago.Youd better stay here.状状 语语Examples:Oh！What is

7、that！（惊叹词）！（惊叹词）He has，alas，failed againCome here，John（呼语）（呼语）Roll on，Ocean，roll on句中可以去掉的成分，去掉后不影响句子的完整性。句中可以去掉的成分，去掉后不影响句子的完整性。这种成分和句子的其他词没有语法的关系。这种成分和句子的其他词没有语法的关系。独立成分独立成分（You） Come here（I wish you）Good luck！Some gave him praises，but others（gave him）rotten eggsHe runs as fast as, if ( he does )

8、not ( run ) faster, than you. ( I ) Hope you like it. John should clean the room today and Peter ( should clean it ) tomorrow.句中被省略的成分，虽然未说出来，却在句中表示句中被省略的成分，虽然未说出来，却在句中表示一定的意思：一定的意思：省略成分省略成分连接成分实际上是一个连词，用来连接两个或几个平行的连接成分实际上是一个连词，用来连接两个或几个平行的词、短语和分句。这种连词叫做词、短语和分句。这种连词叫做并列连词并列连词。另一类连接成分是用来连接两个句子、且一个句子从

9、属于另一类连接成分是用来连接两个句子、且一个句子从属于另一个句子（即从句）的连词。这类连词叫另一个句子（即从句）的连词。这类连词叫从属连词从属连词。从。从属连词主要用于引导各种从句。属连词主要用于引导各种从句。一个完整的句子（主句或从句）必须包含一个完整的句子（主句或从句）必须包含2个到个到4个基本成个基本成分，此外，如果意思上有需要，还可包含一个或更多其他分，此外，如果意思上有需要，还可包含一个或更多其他的句子成分。的句子成分。连接成分连接成分简单句只有一个限定动词（即只有一个主谓结简单句只有一个限定动词（即只有一个主谓结构），它是最小的句子单位。主要起下列四种构），它是最小的句子单位。主要

10、起下列四种作用中的一种。作用中的一种。 作一种陈述作一种陈述 提出一个问题提出一个问题 发出一种命令或请求发出一种命令或请求 表示一种感叹表示一种感叹Examples:The boy hit the dog. / The dog bit the boy.The girl read the books. / The books pleased the girl.Stephen apologized at once.Does the shop close at 7 tonight?Shut the door.What a slow train this is!简单句的基本词序简单句的基本词序主语主

11、语动词部分动词部分宾语宾语 状语状语（谓语）（谓语） 方式方式 地点地点 时间时间Iboughta hat yesterday.The children ran home.The taxi driver shouted at me angrily.We ate our meal in silence.The car stopped suddenly.A young girl walked confidently in the room.They drove him away in a police car.简单句的扩展成份简单句的扩展成份简单句的主语、宾语可以加上一个短语（如定语）来扩展，简单

12、句的主语、宾语可以加上一个短语（如定语）来扩展，及物动词或不及物动词也可以与其它短语（如状语）连用及物动词或不及物动词也可以与其它短语（如状语）连用进行扩展。进行扩展。I bought a rain coat with a warm lining.The dog jumped through the window.He is saving up to buy a mobile phone.A bright little boy with rosy cheeks put three bottles of milk quietly on my doorstep before seven ocloc

13、k.He worked like a madman in the garden on Saturday.The young girl with long black hair seems to be very happy.两个简单句的主语可以连词两个简单句的主语可以连词and、but、both.and、eitheror、neithernor、not onlybut also等连词连接组等连词连接组成一个简单句，但应注意主语和谓语动词的一致性。成一个简单句，但应注意主语和谓语动词的一致性。The boss is flying to Paris. His secretary is flying t

14、o Paris. The boss and his secretary are flying to Paris. Both the boss and his secretary are flying to Paris.The boss is flying to Rome. His secretary is not flying to Rome. The boss but not his secretary is flying to Rome.The boss may be flying to Berlin. His secretary may be flying to Berlin. Eith

15、er the boss or his secretary is flying to Berlin.The boss is not flying to York. His secretary isnt flying to York. Neither the boss nor his secretary is flying to York.主语、谓语、宾语的合并主语、谓语、宾语的合并两个简单句的宾语可由两个简单句的宾语可由and、bothand等连词连接组成等连词连接组成一个简单句。一个简单句。I met Jane. I met her husband.I met Jane and her hus

16、band.I met both Jane and her husband.It was cold. It was wet.It was cold and wet.I didnt meet Jane. I didnt meet her husband.I didnt meet either Jane or her husband. I met neither Jane nor her husband.两个或两个以上限定动词也可合并为一个简单句。两个或两个以上限定动词也可合并为一个简单句。We sang all night. We danced all night.We sang and danc

17、ed all night.主语、谓语、宾语的合并主语、谓语、宾语的合并并列句并列句需把几个意思连接在一起时，可用分号需把几个意思连接在一起时，可用分号或把两个或几个简单句用或把两个或几个简单句用并列连词并列连词连接连接起来，这种结构即构成一个并列句。起来，这种结构即构成一个并列句。用分号：用分号：We fished all day; we didnt catch a thing.用分号，后跟一个连接副词：用分号，后跟一个连接副词：We fished all day; however, we didnt catch a thing.用并列连词（如用并列连词（如and、but、so、yet等）等）

18、We fished all day, but (we) didnt catch a thing.并列句并列句常用并列连词常用并列连词coordinating conjunctions 平行并列连词平行并列连词: 转折并列连词：转折并列连词： 因果并列连词因果并列连词: 选择并列连词选择并列连词:and, bothand, not onlybut also, neithernor, and thenbut, however, while, yetfor, soor, eitheror, neither nor并列句并列句并列句的词序：并列句的词序：并列句基本上保留了简单句并列句基本上保留了简单句

19、的词序。的词序。主语主语 谓语谓语 宾语宾语 连词连词 主语主语 动词动词 表语表语Jimmy fell off his bike but (he) wasnt hurt.五种简单句型可用五种简单句型可用并列连词并列连词连接起来组成并列句。连接起来组成并列句。 主主 谓谓 状（方式）状（方式） 连连 主主 谓谓 表表Frank worked hard and (he ) became an architect.主主 谓谓 宾宾 连连 主主 谓谓 地点地点I ve got a cold, so I m going to bed. 主主 谓谓 宾宾 宾补宾补 连连 主主 谓谓 宾宾They mad

20、e him chairman, but (they) didnt increase his salary.Exercise:请用合适的并列连词把每组句子合并为一个并列句请用合适的并列连词把每组句子合并为一个并列句。He was tired, so he went to bed.1. He was tired. He went to bed. 2. The child hid behind his mothers skirt. He was afraid of the dog.3. He made a promise. He didnt keep it.He made a promise, bu

21、t He didnt keep it. The child hid behind his mothers skirt, for he was afraid of the dog.由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所构成的句子。在英语书面语中应用广泛。构成的句子。在英语书面语中应用广泛。主句是一个完整的句子主句是一个完整的句子,它可以独立存在。它可以独立存在。从句是一个不完整的句子从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个它必须和一个主句连用，不能独立存在。主句连用，不能独立存在。复合句可以通过把两个以上简单句连接复合句可以通过把两个以上简单句连接在一起构成在一起构成,

22、但复合句的各组成部份并非但复合句的各组成部份并非同等重要，其中一个句子由同等重要，其中一个句子由从属连词从属连词引引导（从句），用以修饰另一句子（主句）。导（从句），用以修饰另一句子（主句）。 复合句复合句 = 主句主句 + 从句从句复合句复合句复合句是在简单句的基础上，通过从属连词将两个或两个复合句是在简单句的基础上，通过从属连词将两个或两个以上简单句连接在一起而构成。从属连词所引导的从句起以上简单句连接在一起而构成。从属连词所引导的从句起形容词、名词、副词的作用。复合句主要包含以下类型从形容词、名词、副词的作用。复合句主要包含以下类型从句：句： 1. 主语从句主语从句 2. 宾语从句宾语从

23、句3. 表语从句表语从句 4. 定语从句定语从句5. 状语从句状语从句 6. 同位语从句同位语从句 英文写作中最常使用的从句英文写作中最常使用的从句 宾语从句宾语从句 状语从句状语从句 1. 定语从句定语从句复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句简单句 + 从属连词从属连词 +简单句简单句He told me the news.that the match had been cancelled.宾语宾语how much he was prepared to pay for my car.that I could have the money without delay.how

24、 much he was prepared topay for my car and that I couldhave the money without delay. when he was leaving for Paris.that his fatherwas working in that school.宾语从句宾语从句复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句简单句 + 从属连词从属连词 +简单句简单句I dont know him.He has finished his work that he has finished his work.whether he has

25、 finished his work.宾语从句宾语从句He is leaving for Washington.that he is leaving for Washington.when he is leaving for Washington.why he is leaving for Washington.how he is leaving for Washington.whether he is leaving for Washington.复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句简单句 + 从属连词从属连词 +简单句简单句the people surprised Th

26、at What he saidwhat he did主语主语That he didnt know the answerin the room.定语定语who were sitting in the room.who were present.whose sons were at war.who had signed the contract.复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句简单句 + 从属连词从属连词 +简单句简单句That is the fact.表表 语语what he needs.what he gave me.why he was late.because he

27、 was ill.what has happened.复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句简单句 + 从属连词从属连词 +简单句简单句He worked in that factorythree years ago.地点状语地点状语时间状语时间状语where his father workedin that factorywhere I livedwhen he lived thereHis father worked there.I lived there.He lived there three years ago.复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单

28、句简单句 + 从属连词从属连词 +简单句简单句Put the book on the desk.where you took it.where it was.地点状语地点状语where you found it.You cant camp here.where there are a lot of trees.wherever you like.指出下列各从句的类型指出下列各从句的类型vI believe that everything is going on well.vShe was reading a novel when I came in.vShe is the girl who s

29、ings best in my class.宾语从句宾语从句状语从句状语从句定语从定语从句句Practice用所给连词连接句子。用所给连词连接句子。He has found out. She was late. (why)He has found out why she was late.I still remember the day. I first went to York on that day. (when)I still remember the day when I first went to York.将各组句子连接为一个含有将各组句子连接为一个含有状语从句状语从句的复合句。的

30、复合句。PracticeHe didnt come yesterday. He was ill. (原因原因)He didnt come yesterday because he was ill.Ill give the letter to him. I see him. （时间）（时间）It is such a big box. Nobody can move it. （结果）（结果）Well go to the great wall. Its fine tomorrow. (条件条件) We should not go there all the time. The place is qu

31、ite pleasant.(让步）让步）It is such a big box that nobody can move it.Well go to the great wall if its fine tomorrow.Although the place is quite pleasant, we should not go there all the time.Ill give the letter to him when I see him.Ill give the letter to him as soon as I see him.Ill give the letter to h

32、im the moment I see him.书面表达的五个步骤书面表达的五个步骤 仔细审题仔细审题（4确定）确定） （1）体裁格式）体裁格式_（2）题材内容）题材内容_（3）中心人称）中心人称_ （4）主体时态）主体时态_ 2.提炼要点，确定重点词汇提炼要点，确定重点词汇 要点：要点： Point 1: Point 2： Point 3: Point4 4个主要点个主要点 4个次要点个次要点 用英语列出动词，动词短语用英语列出动词，动词短语 句型等句型等3.连词成句连词成句4. 组句成篇组句成篇（1）适当添加信息点，）适当添加信息点， 使文意通顺连贯使文意通顺连贯（2）巧妙使用连接词，）巧

33、妙使用连接词， 使文章结构紧凑使文章结构紧凑（3）灵活运用好句式，）灵活运用好句式， 使文章文采飞扬使文章文采飞扬 5.检查誊写检查誊写仔细誊写，保证字迹仔细誊写，保证字迹工整，卷面整洁。工整，卷面整洁。原题内容：大学生活即将开始，你将面对新的学习和生活环境，请根据提示写一篇英语短文，谈谈你打算如何安排你的大学生活。内容要点应包括：1.确定新的学习目标2.改进学习方法3.学会独立生活4.参加各种课外活动5.处理好与同学的关系注意：短言语的内容要连贯、完整；短文单词数：100左右（开头已给出的单词不计入单词总数）。I will go to college in the near future.

34、_当我们看到以上要点时，可以按以下五步进行“扩句”并连句成篇。步骤一：列要点步骤一：列要点1. set a new target for learning2. improve my study method3. learn how to live on my own4. take part in different kinds of after-class activities5. get on well with my classmates当对限定的内容表达“山穷水尽疑无路”时，可用“变通”的手法，比如：1. set a new target for learningfind a bette

35、r way to study my lessons/ try to reach a new goal/ aim at a new goal2. studying methods learning skills/ ways of learning3. live on my own make myself independent/ depend on myself4. after- class activitiesschool activities/ activities in my spare time5. get on well with work well with/ communicate

36、 successfully with步骤二：造简单句步骤二：造简单句1.I would like to set a new target for my studies.2. I want to improve my learning skills.3. I am willing to learn how to live on my own.4. I plan to take part in different kinds of after- class activities.5. I hope that I can get on well with my classmates步骤三：扩展句子步

37、骤三：扩展句子句子是文章的基本单位。英语中所有结构复杂的句子都是有基本句型扩展而生成的，因此，在基本句型的基础上添加各种修饰成分便可使句子得到扩展，正如树干长出了大枝、小枝、绿叶、花朵等，使句子的意思更具体形象。1.I would like to set a new target for my studies after I enter college.（添加状语从句）（添加状语从句）2. I want to improve my learning skills and work even harder at my lessons.（补充细节）（补充细节）3. I am willing to

38、learn how to live on my own as life at college is quite different from that in middle school/ such as doing some cleaning or washing by myself.( 添加状语从句或通过举例来补充细节添加状语从句或通过举例来补充细节)4. I plan to take part in different kinds of after- class activities in order to get some more experience and learn more a

39、bout the world.（添加目添加目的状语）的状语）5. I hope that I can get on well with my classmates by helping them and learning from each other.(添加分词作方式状语添加分词作方式状语)步骤四：润色句子步骤四：润色句子句要点2：I want to improve my learning skills and work even harder（and more efficiently） at my lessons.要点4：I plan to take part in different k

40、inds of after- class activities in order to get some more experience and learn more about the world.如将本句替换为“broaden my horizons”或“enlarge my knowledge”，要点3还可利用it 作形式主语：It is necessary for me to learn how to live on my own as life at college is quite different from that in middle school；要点4前还可以再添加“if

41、 possible”。 要点5可以添加do 来加强语气。总之，我们可以灵活巧妙地运用 “it” 句型（如：强调句、形式主语或宾语）、倒装句、省略句等，使文章句式丰富多彩、行文自然流畅。步骤五：连句成篇步骤五：连句成篇I will go to college in the near future.（原题已给出） Therefore(连接词连接词).I would like to set a new target for my studies after I enter college.（要点（要点1）I want to improve my learning skills and work ev

42、en harder at my lessons（要点（要点2）. Whats more（连接词）（连接词）, it is necessary for me to learn to live on my own as life at college is quite different from that in middle school （要点（要点3）. If possible(连接词连接词), I plan to take part in different kinds of after- class activities in order to get some more experie

43、nce and learn more about the world(或broaden my horizons)(要点要点4).Finally（连接词）（连接词）I do hope that I can get on well with my classmates by helping them and learning from each other. （要点（要点5）I believe I will have a wonderful life at college（结尾句）（结尾句）.亮点句型句式总结一.开头句型1.As far as .is concerned 2.It goes wit

44、hout saying that.3.It can be said with certainty that.4.As the proverb says，5.It has to be noticed that.6.Its generally recognized that.7.Its likely that . 8.Its hardly that.9.Its hardly too much to say that.10.What calls for special attention is that.需要特别注意的是11.Theres no denying the fact that.毫无疑问，

45、无可否认12.Nothing is more important than the fact that.13.whats far more important is that.二.衔接句型A case in point is .As is often the case.As stated in the previous paragraph如前段所述But the problem is not so simple. Therefore然而问题并非如此简单，所以But its a pity that.For all that.In spite of the fact that.Further, w

46、e hold opinion that. However , the difficulty lies in.Similarly, we should pay attention to. not(that).but(that).不是，而是In view of the present station.鉴于目前形势 As has been mentioned above. In this respect, we may as well (say)从这个角度上我们可以说 However, we have to look at the other side of the coin, that is.然而

47、我们还得看到事物的另一方面，即三.结尾句型I will conclude by saying.Therefore, we have the reason to believe that.All things considered,总而言之It may be safely said that.Therefore, in my opinion, its more advisable. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that. The data/statistics/figures lead

48、 us to the conclusion that. It can be concluded from the discussion that.从中我们可以得出这样的结论 From my point of view, it would be better if.在我看来也许更好四.举例句型Lets take.to illustrate this.试举例以兹证明lets take the above chart as an example toillustrate this.Here is one more example.Take for example.The same is true o

49、f.This offers a typical instance of.We may quote a common example of.Just think of.五 常用于引言段的句型Some people think that . To be frank, I can not agree with their opinion for the reasons below. For years, has been seen as , but things are quite different now. I believe the title statement is valid becau

50、se. I cannot entirely agree with the idea that . I believe. My argument for this view goes as follows. 6. Along with the development of, more and more.7. There is a long-running debate as to whether.8. It is commonly/generally/widely/ believed /held/accepted/recognized that.9. As far as I am concern

51、ed, I completely agree with the former/ the latter.10. Before giving my opinion, I think it is essential to look at the argument of both sides.六 表示比较和对比的常用句型和表达法 A is completely / totally / entirely different from B. A and B are different in some/every way / respect / aspect. A and B differ in. A di

52、ffers from B in. The difference between A and B is/lies in/exists in. 6. Compared with/In contrast to/Unlike A, B.7. A, on the other hand,/in contrast,/while/whereas B.8. While it is generally believed that A , I believe B.9. Despite their similarities, A and B are also different.10. Both A and B .

53、However, A; on the other hand, B.11. The most striking difference is that A, while B.七 演绎法常用的句型1 There are several reasons for, but in general, they come down to three major ones.2 There are many factors that may account for, but the following are the most typical ones.3 Many ways can contribute to

54、solving this problem, but the following ones may be most effective.4 Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows.5 The reasons are as follows.八 因果推理法常用句型 1. Because/Since we read the book, we have learned a lot.2. If we read the book, we would learn a lot. 3. We read the book; as a result / t

55、herefore / thus / hence / consequently / for this reason / because of this, weve learned a lot. 4. As a result of /Because of/Due to/Owing to reading the book, weve learned a lot.5. The cause of/reason for/overweight is eating too much.6. Overweight is caused by/due to/because of eating too much.7.

56、The effect/consequence/result of eating too much is overweight.8. Eating too much causes/results in/leads to overweight. 英语写作中的句式选择,结合平时练习和所学短语及语法运用，总结如下,与大家共同探讨:一 改变时态 例: The bell is ringing now. 一般 There goes the bell. 特殊二 改变语态例: People suggest that the conference be put off.一般 It is suggested tha

57、t the conference be put off.特殊三 使用不定式 例: He is so kind that he can help me.一般 He is so kind as to help me. 特殊 四 使用过去分词例: 1 She walked out of the lab and many students followed her.一般Followed by many students, she walked out of the lab 特殊.2 Once it is seen, it can never be forgotten.一般 Once seen, it

58、can never be forgotten. 特殊五 使用 v- ing 1 When he arrives，please give me an e-mail一般 On arriving /his arrival ,please give me an e-mail.特殊 2 If the weather permits ,I will come tomorrow.一般 I will come tomorrow, weather permitting. .特殊. 六 使用名词性从句 1 It disappointed everybody that he didnt turn up.一般 The

59、 fact that he did n t turn up disappointed everybody.特殊 2 I happened to have met him.一般 It happened that I had met him. 特殊 3To his surprise, the little girl knows so many things.一般 What surprises him is that the little girl knows so many things. 特殊七七 使用定语从句使用定语从句 例例; The girl is spoken highly of. He

60、r composition was well written.一般一般 The girl whose composition was well written is spoken highly of. 特殊特殊八八 使用状语从句使用状语从句 1 I wont believe what he says.一般一般 No matter what he says, I wont believe.特殊特殊2 If you come back before six oclock, you can go out.一般一般 You can go out on condition that you come b