英语词的语法整理

1、一、名词的复数A 不规则可数名词的复数1) childchildren manmen womanwomen policemanpolicemen mousemice footfeet toothteeth 2) 单复数同形 a fish, two fish; a deer, some deer; a little sheep(一头小绵羊), a group of sheep;3)除由man/woman构成的复合名词前后单复数一致以外，其余复合名词单复数都在末尾名词上体现。 girl students ; shoe shops ; toy factories; men doctors ; wom

2、en workers * several Walkmans(随身听), a few Germans(德国人)B 规则可数名词的复数1)rooms,2) watches,3) knives,4) families, 5)mangoes, photos 二、名词所有格1) 单数名词所有格 Mr Green's daughter, Tom and Bob's bedroom(两者以上合用,在最后的人物上体现所有格), Eddie's and Hobo's bags(各自拥有,末尾名词体现复数)2) 复数名词所有格 Children's Day, Women&#

3、39;s Day, Teachers' Day, ten minutes' walk, * Mother's Day(母亲节/父亲节用单数所有格),3) 无生命的常用of所有格 a map of China4)双重所有格 a friend of mine = a friend of my friends = one of my friends (我的一个朋友)， a workmate of my fathers 三、 数词1).基数词变为序数词中不规则的为; first, second, third, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth, for

4、tieth *fourteen fourteenth,nineteen nineteenth,ninety ninetieth 无论基数词还是序数词均是规则拼写2)常考的序数词用法 Do you know the fifth boy in the line?表第几 It's my mother's fortieth birthday.表生日 The story hanppened in the nineties of the twentieth century . 表世纪3）常考的基数词用法in the nineties=in the 90s表年代 In his thirtie

5、s 在某人30多岁时4)当 hundred ,thousand, million, billion, dozen 等前有具体数词或several修饰时 ,全部用原形. 如:three hundred students, eight thousand dollars 当这些词前面没有具体数词或several修饰时 ,全部用复数,并在后面加of, 如: thousands of stars， millions of Chineses *four thousand of the books = two thousand books of the books 这里的of表示范围 四、表示时间的介词 i

6、n an hour/the morning/the evening/a week/a month/2007(后接时间段) on June 15/Sunday/Christmas/my birthday/the night of my birthday on a sunny spring afternoon(后接具体一天，具体一天的时间段，或morning,afternoon,day等前有修饰词) at 6:00/night/weekends/noon/mid-day(具体钟点或固定词组)描述事物运动方向的介词 walk across the street, swim across the ri

7、ver (横穿) go through the door, shine through the window (从中通过) walk along the road (沿着) jump over the chair (越过) move from place to place (从到)五冠词1). a, an 表示“一个，一张，一只，一辆等等”an 用在以元音读音开始的单词前，如an apple, an egg, an orange, an old desk, half an hour, an honest boy, an s ， an umbrella a 用在以辅音读音开始的单词前，如a re

8、d apple, a one-way ticket, a useful dictionary, a u 2).the 表示“这个，那个，这些，那些”the ninth day, the twentieth century, the twelfth month, 用在序数词前 the ninties/90s(在90年代)，the moon ,the earth 独一无二的天体前the Zhangs are watching TV. 加姓氏复数表全家人The disabled are also helpful to others. 用在形容词前表示一类人the picture on the wal

9、l, the girl in red the teachers here 表特指There is a book on the desk. The book is mine 上文出现过的事物再次出现the tallest student, the most difficult problem 用在最高级前Where is Mr Black? He is in the office. 谈话双方都知道的事物前the USA, the UN 专有名词的缩略形式前play the violin/piano 琴类前the Changjiang River, the Great Wall, the Moun

10、t Tai 部分江河，山脉，名胜专有名词前3).零冠词一日三餐前，学科前，球类运动，棋类运动前不用定冠词。in hospital 住院 in prison 坐牢 in the hospital 在医院里，非指病人 in the prison在监狱里，非指犯人六形容词和副词形容词：修饰名词 He is a lovely girl. 放在名词前，作定语。 He is smart. 跟在动词、系动词后作表语。 The news made us sad. 跟在宾语后作宾补。副词：多以ly结尾，修饰除名词名词性质意外的词或句子。不规则形容词、副词的比较级和最高级：原级比较级最高级much,manymor

11、emostgood,wellbetterbestbad, badly, illworseworstlittlelesslestfarfarther(更远),further(进一步的，深入的)farthest, furthest规则形容词、副词的比较级和最高级： 1） 单音节和部分双音节词的原级 比较级=原级+er 最高级=原级+est clean cleaner cleanest nice nicer nicest busy busier busiest slim slimmer slimmest 2） 多音节和部分双音节词的原级 比较级=more+原级 最高级=most+原级 careful

12、 more careful most careful tired more tired most tired expensive more expensive most expensive interesting more interesting most interesting比较级的运用：两者或两者以上的比较1. He is fatter than the other boys in his class.他和他班上的学生比，自己要除外，故用other “其他的”.He is fatter than any student in his brothers class.他和其他班上的任何一个学

13、生比，故不用other.2.Our country is becoming stronger and stronger. English is becoming more and more important.“比较级+比较级” 表示“越来越”3.The harder you study, the better your studies will be. “ the 比较级,the 比较级” 表示越，就越4.She is the younger of the twins. 她是双胞胎中那个年幼者。此处的the表示特指。最高级的运用：三者或三者以上的比较1.He looks the strong

14、est of the three/ of them all/ in his team.2.The Changjiang River is the third longest in the world.长江是世界上的第三长河。序数词+最高级表示“第几”*形容词最高级前必须加the，但是如果有物主代词，名词所有格，指示代词修饰时，省略the比较 the best friend, my best friend七.代词 1人称、物主、反身代词人称类别第一人称第二人称第三人称主格Iweyouyouhesheitthey宾格meusyouyouhimheritthem形容词性物主myouryouryour

15、hisheritstheir名词性物主mineoursyoursyourshishersitstheirs反身代词myselfourselvesyourselfyourselveshimselfherselfitselfthemselves物主代词形容词性物主代词后面必须接上名词。如my, our, your, your, his, her, its, their.名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词，所以后面必须省略名词。如mine, ours, yours, yours, his, hers, its, theirs.Is this your bike? No,mine is over

16、there. mine=my bike He lives in a room next to ours. ours=our roomWhose car is that? Its hers. hers=her carit的其他用法。作形式主语： Its important to study English. Its pity that some children cant go to school.作形式宾语： I find it interesting to talk with him.不确定的人物：Theres a knock at the door. Who is it?2指示代词近指：t

17、his 单数 , these 复数 远指：that 单数 , those 复数 其他使用The picture on the desk is nicer than that on the wall.The apples in the basket are fresher than those in the fridge.在比较级的句子里，用that指代前面出现过的不可数名词或可数单数名词，用those指代前面出现过的可数复数名词。Who is that? Its me. 用于电话用语。3不定代词指物：something, anything , nothing , everything 指人：s

18、omebody, anybody, nobody, everybody 常看成单数。 然而用于反意疑问句时：Something is wrong, isnt it? Nobody knows him, dont they?几组代词比较1none :没有一个人/物，强调数量;用来回答how much/how many ;可与of连用,构成none of词组 no one :没有一个人，强调人;用来回答who问句;不可以与of连用。 nothing :没有一件东西，用来回答what问句。2. all : 都，用于三者或三者以上,后面若是可数名词，用复数 。 Both: 都，用于两者,后接复数名词。

19、 either : 两者任一，后接单数名词。Either of them is wrong. neither ：两者都不，后接单数名词，含否定意义。Neither of them is the winner. - Would you like some milk or juice? - Either is OK. -Neither.Id like some water.3 some多用于肯定句，any多用于否定句和疑问句。而当表示提建议或希望得到肯定回答时，即使是疑问句，也用someShall I get some bread for you?Could you lend me some mo

20、ney? 八.连系动词1表示感觉的词:look(看起来),sound(听起来)，smell(闻起来)，taste(尝起来)，feel(摸起来，觉得)2be动词 3当become, turn, get, grow解释为“变得”的时候为连系动词用法1：连系动词后接形容词。The leaves turn green in spring. How nice the music sounds! The bread smells bad. Throw it away.*当look解释为“看”的时候，是一个行为动词，后接副词。Hobo looks unhappy. Whats the matter? “看起

21、来不开心。”连系动词Hobo looks happy at the news.听到这消息，Hobo“看上去很开心。”连系动词Hobo looks happily at the basket full of food.“开心地看着”行为动词用法2: 连系动词无被动语态。The dish tastes nice.九.情态动词（后接动词原形）1）may 表示允许，“可以”。 May I come in? Yes, you may. No, you cant/mustnt.表示猜测，“可能”，用于肯定句。 She may know the result. He may be a doctor.2) can表示允许，“可以”,用法同may。 May/Can I speak to Helen? May I watch the video film?表示能力，“能够”。 The little boy can skate. M