计算机英语课后答案

1、课后答案：Unit One/Section AI. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. Charles Babbage; Augusta Ada Byron2. input; output3. VLSI4. workstations; mainframes5. vacuum; transistors6. instructions; software7. digit; eight; byte8. microminiaturization; chipII. Translate the following term

2、s or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. artificial intelligence 人工智能2. paper-tape reader 纸带阅读器3. optical computer 光计算机4. neural network 神经网络5. instruction set 指令集6. parallel processing 并行处理7. difference engine 差分机8. versatile logical element 通用逻辑元件9. silicon substrate 硅衬底10. vacuum

3、tube 真空管11. 数据的存储与处理 the storage and handling of data12. 超大规模集成电路 very large-scale integrated circuit13. 中央处理器 central processing unit14. 个人计算机 personal computer15. 模拟计算机 analogue computer16. 数字计算机 digital computer17. 通用计算机 general-purpose computer18. 处理器芯片 processor chip19. 操作指令 operating instructi

4、ons20. 输入设备 input deviceIII. Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, makingchanges if necessary:We can define a computer as a device that accepts input, processes data, stores data, andproduces output. According to the mode of processing, computers are either an

5、alog or digital.They can also be classified as mainframes, minicomputers, workstations, or microcomputers.All else (for example, the age of the machine) being equal, this categorization provides someindication of the computers speed, size, cost, and abilities.Ever since the advent of computers, ther

6、e have been constant changes. First-generationcomputers of historic significance, such as UNIVAC (通用自动计算机), introduced in theearly 1950s, were based on vacuum tubes. Second-generation computers, appearing in theearly 1960s, were those in which transistors replaced vacuum tubes. In third-generationco

7、mputers, dating from the 1960s, integrated circuits replaced transistors. In fourth-generationcomputers such as microcomputers, which first appeared in the mid-1970s, large-scaleintegration enabled thousands of circuits to be incorporated on one chip. Fifth-generationcomputers are expected to combin

8、e very-large-scale integration with sophisticated approachesto computing, including artificial intelligence and true distributed processing.IV. Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:计算机将变得更加先进，也将变得更加容易使用。语音识别的改进将使计算机的操作 更加容易。虚拟现实，即使用所有人类官能与计算机进行交互的技术，也将有助于创建更好的人机接口。人们正在开发其他的奇异计算模

9、型，包括使 用生物机体的生物计算、使用具有特定属性的分子的分子计算，以及使用遗传基本单位DNA（脱氧核糖核酸）存储数据和执行操作 的计算。这些都是可能的未来计算平台的例子，而它们迄今还能力有限或完全属于理论范畴。科学家们研究它们，是因为嵌入硅中的电路的微小型化 受到物理限制。还有一些限制与甚至最微小的晶体管也会产生的热量有关。Unit Two: Computer ArchitectureUnit Two/Section AI Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. input; output; storage2.

10、 Basic Input/Output System3. flatbed scanners; hand-held scanners4. LCD-based5. dot-matrix printers; inkjet printers6. disk drives; memory7. volatile8. serial; parallelII. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. function key 功能键，操作键2. voice recognition mo

11、dule 语音识别模块3. touch-sensitive region 触敏区4. address bus 地址总线5. flatbed scanner 平板扫描仪6. dot-matrix printer 点阵打印机（针式打印机）7. parallel connection 并行连接8. cathode ray tube 阴极射线管9. video game 电子游戏10. audio signal 音频信号11. 操作系统 operating system12. 液晶显示（器） LCD (liquid crystal display)13. 喷墨打印机 inkjet printer14.

12、 数据总线 data bus15. 串行连接 serial connection16. 易失性存储器 volatile memory17. 激光打印机 laser printer18. 磁盘驱动器 disk drive19. 基本输入/输出系统 BIOS (Basic Input/Output System)20. 视频显示器 video displayIII. Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, makingchanges if necessary:CD-ROM stand

13、s for compact disc read-only memory. Unlike floppy and hard disks,which use magnetic charges to represent 1s and 0s, optical discs use reflected light. On aCD-ROM disc, 1s and 0s are represented by flat areas and bumpy (高低不平的) areas (called“pits”) on its bottom surface. The CD-ROM disc is read by a

14、laser that projects a tiny beam oflight on these areas. The amount of reflected light determines whether the area represents a 1or a 0.Like a commercial CD found in music stores, a CD-ROM is a “read-only” disc.Read-only means it cannot be written on or erased by the user. Thus, you as a user haveacc

15、ess only to the data imprinted (压印) by the publisher.A single CD-ROM disc can store 650 megabytes (兆字节) of data. That is equivalent to451 floppy disks. With that much information on a single disc, the time to retrieve or accessthe information is very important. An important characteristic of CD-ROM

16、drives is theiraccess rate.IV. Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:调制解调器是在 模拟和数字信号之间进行转换的设备。计算机使用的是数字信号，这种信号由离散单元组成，通常用一系列1和0表示。模拟信号是连续变化的；声 波就是模拟信号的一个例子。调制解调器经常用于实现计算机之间通过电话线的互相通信。调制解调器将发送端计算机的数字信号转 换成可通过电话线传输的模拟信号。信号到达目的地后，另外一个调制解调器重构原来的数字信号，供接收端计算机处理。如果两个调制 解调器可同时互相发送数据，那么它们

17、采用的就是全双工工作方式；如果一次只有一个调制解调器可以发送数据，那么它们采用的则是半双工工作方 式。Unit Three: Computer Language and ProgrammingUnit Three/Section AI. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. artificial; instructions2. low-level; high-level3. machine4. machine5. functional; logic6. statement7. module8. digitalI

18、I. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. storage register 存储寄存器2. function statement 函数语句3. program statement 程序语句4. object-oriented language 面向对象语言5. assembly language 汇编语言6. intermediate language 中间语言，中级语言7. relational language 关系（型）语言8. artificial la

19、nguage 人工语言9. data declaration 数据声明10. SQL 结构化查询语言11. 可执行程序 executable program12. 程序模块 program module13. 条件语句 conditional statement14. 赋值语句 assignment statement15. 逻辑语言 logic language16. 机器语言 machine language17. 函数式语言 functional language18. 程序设计语言 programming language19. 运行计算机程序 run a computer progr

20、am20. 计算机程序员 computer programmerIII. Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, makingchanges if necessary:A programming language is a language used to write instructions for the computer. It letsthe programmer express data processing in a symbolic manner without r

21、egard tomachine-specific details.The difficulty of writing programs in the machine language of 0s and 1s led first to thedevelopment of assembly language, which allows programmers to use mnemonics (助记符)for instructions and symbols for variables. Such programs are then translated by a programknown as

22、 an assembler into the binary encoding used by the computer. Other pieces of systemsoftware known as linking loaders (连接装入程序) combine pieces of assembled code andload them into the machines main memory unit, where they are then ready for execution. Theconcept of linking separate pieces of code was i

23、mportant, since it allowed “libraries” ofprograms to be built up to carry out common tasksa first step toward the increasinglyemphasized notion of software reuse. Assembly language was found to be sufficientlyinconvenient that higher-level languages (closer to natural languages) were invented in the

24、1950s for easier, faster programming; along with them came the need for compilers, programsthat translate high-level language programs into machine code. As programming languagesbecame more powerful and abstract, building efficient compilers that create high-quality codein terms of execution speed a

25、nd storage consumption became an interesting computer scienceproblem in itself.IV. Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:面向对象程序设计语言，如C+和Java，基于传统的高级语言， 但它们使程序设计员能够从合作对象集而非命令列表的角度进行思考。诸如圆之类的对象具有像圆的半径一类的属性，以及在计算机 屏幕上绘制该对象的命令。一个对象类可以从其他的对象类继承特征。例如，定义正方形的类可以从定义长方形的类那里继承直角等特征。这一套程 序设计

26、类简化了程序设计员的工作，带来了更多“可复用的”计算机代码。可复用代码使程序设计员可以使用已经设计、编写和测试的代码。这使得 程序设计员的工作变得比较容易，并带来更加可靠和高效的程序。Unit Four: Software DevelopmentUnit Four/Section AI. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. application; operating2. assemblers3. compiler4. interpreter5. debugger6. loop7. device driver

27、8. John von NeumannII. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. inference engine 推理机2. system call 系统调用3. compiled language 编译执行的语言4. parallel computing 并行计算5. pattern matching 模式匹配6. memory location 存储单元7. interpreter program 解释程序8. library routine 库程序，程序

28、库例行程序9. intermediate program 中间程序，过渡程序10. source file 源文件11. 解释执行的语言 interpreted language12. 设备驱动程序 device driver13. 源程序 source program14. 调试程序 debugging program15. 目标代码 object code16. 应用程序 application program17. 实用程序 utility program18. 逻辑程序 logic program19. 墨盒 ink cartridge20. 程序的存储与执行 program stor

29、age and executionIII. Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, makingchanges if necessary:A compiler, in computer science, is a computer program that translates source code intoobject code. Software engineers write source code using high-level programming languag

30、esthat people can understand. Computers cannot directly execute source code, but need acompiler to translate these instructions into a low-level language called machine code.Compilers collect and reorganize (compile) all the instructions in a given set of sourcecode to produce object code. Object co

31、de is often the same as or similar to a computersmachine code. If the object code is the same as the machine language, the computer can runthe program immediately after the compiler produces its translation. If the object code is notin machine language, other programssuch as assemblers, binders (联编程

32、序), linkers, andloaders (加载程序)finish the translation.Most computer languages use different versions of compilers for different types ofcomputers or operating systems, so one language may have different compilers for personalcomputers (PC) and Apple Macintosh computers. Many different manufacturers o

33、ften produceversions of the same programming language, so compilers for a language may vary betweenmanufacturers.IV. Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:在软件中，错 误是指导致程序发生故障或产生不正确结果的编码或逻辑错误。较轻微的错误，如光标表现异常，会造成不便或带来挫折，但不会对信息产生破坏性 影响。较严重的错误会导致程序“中止”（对命令停止反应），可能使用户别无选择，只能重新启动程序，结果致使任

34、何前面已经做 好但尚未保存的工作丢失。两种情况无论是哪一种，程序员都必须凭借称为调试的过程，发现并改正错误。由于错误对重要数据的潜在危险，商 用应用程序在发行前要经过尽可能全面的测试与调试。程序发行后发现的较轻微错误在下一次更新时改正；较严重的错误有时可用称为补丁的特殊软 件加以修补，以规避问题或减轻其影响。Unit Five: Software ProcessUnit Five/Section AI. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. off-the-shelf2. exclusive3. cascade

35、4. requirements; integration5. throwaway6. immediate; stable7. reuse-oriented; framework8. software; compromisesII. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. system specification 系统规格说明2. unit testing 单位（或单元、部件）测试3. software life cycle 软件生命周期（或生存周期）4. syste

36、m validation testing 系统验证测试5. evolutionary development process 演化开发过程6. simple linear model 简单线性模型7. program unit 程序单元8. throwaway prototype 抛弃式原型9. text formatting 正文格式编排，文本格式化10. system evolution 系统演变11. 系统设计范例 system design paradigm12. 需求分析与定义 requirements analysis and definition13. 探索式编程方法 explo

37、ratory programming approach14. 系统文件编制 system documentation15. 瀑布模型 waterfall model16. 系统集成 system integration17. 商用现成软件 commercial off-the-shelf (或COTS) software18. 基于组件的软件工程 component-based software engineering (CBSE)19. 软件维护工具 software maintenance tool20. 软件复用 software reuseIII. Fill in each of th

38、e blanks with one of the words given in the following list, makingchanges if necessary:There are three different types of software maintenance. Firstly, there is maintenance torepair software faults. Coding errors are usually relatively cheap to correct; design errors aremore expensive as they may i

39、nvolve rewriting several program components. Requirementserrors are the most expensive to repair because of the extensive system redesign that may benecessary. Secondly, there is maintenance to adapt the software to a different operatingenvironment. This type of maintenance is required when some asp

40、ect of the systemsenvironment such as the hardware, the platform operating system or other support softwarechanges. The application system must be modified to adapt it to cope with these environmentalchanges. And thirdly, there is maintenance to add to or modify the systems functionality.This type o

41、f maintenance is necessary when the system requirements change in response toorganizational or business change. The scale of the changes required to the software is oftenmuch greater than for the other types of maintenance. In practice, there isnt a clear-cutdistinction between these types of mainte

42、nance. When you adapt the system to a newenvironment, you may add functionality to take advantage of new environmental features.Software faults are often exposed because users use the system in unanticipated ways.Changing the system to accommodate their way of working is the best way to fix these fa

43、ults.IV. Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:软件过程比较复 杂，而且像所有其他的智能和创造性过程一样，依靠人们作出决定和判断。由于需要判断和创造性，使软件过程自动化的尝试只取得了有限的成功。 计算机辅助软件工程工具可支持软件过程的某些活动。然而，至少是在未来几年内，不可能实现更广泛的软件过程自动化，使软件能 够接替参与软件过程的工程师来从事创造性设计。计算机辅助软件工程工具的有效性有限，原因之一是软件过程多种多样。不存在理想 的过程，而且许多组织机构发展了自己的软件开发方法。这些软件过程不断演变，以利用组

44、织机构中的人员的能力和开发中的系统的具体特点。对于 一些系统来说，需要的是一个高度结构化的开发过程，而对于另外一些系统来说，一个灵活敏捷的过程很可能更为有效。Unit Six: DatabaseUnit Six/Section AI. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. flat2. data3. application; administrators4. conceptual5. tables6. fragmented; replicated7. structured8. entity-relationsh

45、ip; attributesII. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. end user 最终用户，终端用户2. atomic operation 原子操作3. database administrator 数据库管理员4. relational database model 关系数据库模型5. local data 本地数据6. object-oriented database 面向对象数据库7. database management system (DBM

46、S) 数据库管理系统8. entity-relationship model (ERM) 实体关系模型9. distributed database 分布式数据库10. flat file 平面文件11. 二维表 two-dimensional table12. 数据属性 data attribute13. 数据库对象 database object14. 存储设备 storage device15. 数据类型 data type16. 数据插入与删除 data insertion and deletion17. 层次数据库模型 hierarchical database model18. 数

47、据库体系结构 database architecture19. 关系数据库管理系统 relational database management system (RDBMS)20. 全局控制总线 global control busIII. Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, makingchanges if necessary:A database is any collection of data organized for storage in a computer m

48、emory anddesigned for easy access by authorized users. The data may be in the form of text, numbers, orencoded graphics. Small databases were first developed or funded by the U.S. government foragency or professional use. In the 1960s, some databases became commercially available, buttheir use was f

49、unnelled (传送) through a few so-called research centers that collectedinformation inquiries and handled them in batches. Online databasesthat is, databasesavailable to anyone who could link up to them by computerfirst appeared in the 1970s.Since their first, experimental appearance in the 1950s, data

50、bases have become so importantthat they can be found in almost every field of information. Government, military, andindustrial databases are often highly restricted, and professional databases are usually oflimited interest. A wide range of commercial, governmental, and nonprofit databases areavaila

51、ble to the general public, however, and may be used by anyone who owns or has accessto the equipment that they require.IV. Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:在关系数据库中，表的行表示记录 （关于不同项的信息集），列表示字段（一个记录的特定属性）。在进行搜索时，关系数据库将一个表中的一个字段的信息与另一个表中 的一个相应字段的信息进行匹配，以生成将来自这两个表的所要求数据结合起来的另一个表。例

52、如， 如果一个表包含EMPLOYEE-ID 、LAST-NAME、FIRST-NAME和HIRE-DATE字段，另一个表包含DEPT、EMPLOYEE-ID和SALARY字 段，关系数据库可匹配这两个表中的EMPLOYEE-ID字段，以找到特定的信息，如所有挣到一定薪水的雇员的姓名或所有在 某个日期之后受雇的雇员所属的部门。换言之，关系数据库使用两个表中的匹配值，将一个表中的信息与另一个表中的信息联系起来。微型计算机数 据库产品一般是关系数据库。Unit Seven: Computer CommunicationsUnit Seven/Section AI. Fill in the blank

53、s with the information given in the text:1. telegraph2. dots; dashes3. media4. point-to-point5. analog6. digital7. text-based8. modemII. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. microwave radio 微波无线电2. digital television 数字电视3. DSL 数字用户线路4. analog transmis

54、sion 模拟传输5. on-screen pointer 屏幕上的指针6. computer terminal 计算机终端7. radio telephone 无线电话8. cellular telephone 蜂窝电话，移动电话，手机9. decentralized network 分散型网络10. wire-based internal network 基于导线的内部网络，有线内部网11. 光缆 fiber-optic cable12. 传真机 fax machine13. 无线通信 wireless communications14. 点对点通信 point-to-point comm

55、unications15. 调制电脉冲 modulated electrical impulse16. 通信卫星 communication(s) satellite17. 电报电键 telegraph key18. 传输媒体 transmission medium (或media)19. 无绳电话 cordless telephone20. 金属导体 metal conductorIII. Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, makingchanges if necessa

56、ry:Data communications is the process of transmitting and receiving data in an orderly wayso the data that arrives at its destination is an accurate duplication (复制) of the data that wassent. When data travels a short distance, such as when you send data from your computer toyour printer, it is refe

57、rred to as local communications. When data travels a long distance, thecommunication is referred to as telecommunications; the prefix (前缀) “tele” is derived from aGreek word that means “far” or “far off.”The difference between a short distance and a long distance is somewhat arbitrary (武断的). For example, if your computer sends data to a printer in the next room, it is regarded aslocal co