高分子材料专业英语

1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上Lesson OneThe Development of RubberHere is a story about rubber.In the early part of the eighteen-hundreds, the Americans made use of natural for the first time. First they made overshoes to keep their feet dry. Then came a certain Mr. Mackintosh, who made coats of cloth covered with na

2、tural rubber. But these first rubber overshoes and raincoats were all soft and sticky in summer, and hard and unelastic in the winter when it was cold, the rubber we have today is not sticky but soft and elastic, though very strong-even in the warmest summer and the coldest winter. There would be no

3、 automobiles such as we have today without it. But at that time every attempt to make rubber hard and strong come to nothing. The early overshoes and raincoats were simply not good enough and their makers went out of business.Goodyear was living near some of these poor men and he got to work on this

4、 question of making rubber hard and strong. Once he started on this work, he was the sort of man who simply had to go on till he had overcome the trouble. First came the discovery that nitric acid (HNO3) made the rubber much better, and in a short time he was doing a small business in rubber shoes p

5、roduced in this way.Water, a friend of his had the idea that rubber might be made hard and strong if mixed with sulphur and put in the sun. Goodyear put his idea to the test , and saw that it did have more or less the desired effect, but only on the outside of the rubber. It is common knowledge now

6、that the way to make rubber hard and strong-to“vulcanize” it ,as we say , is by heating it with sulphur. Goodyear spent another four years, in which things went very hardly with him, before he made the discovery how to vulcanize rubber completely. When at last he did it, he had nothing left at all.

7、Everything of the smallest value had used to get money, even his childrens school-books.Almost every discovery or invention has come a sort of story behind it though they are not all quite such unhappy stories.New Words and Expressions1. made use of 使用,利用2. overshoe 套鞋(常用复数)3. sticky 粘性的,(天气)湿热的4. e

8、lastic 弹性的,灵活的,有伸缩性的5. unelastic 没有弹性的6. not.but 不是.而是.7. automobile rr (美语)汽车8. come to nothing 没有结果,失败9. simply 简单地,真正地,朴素地10. out of business 停业,歇业11. get to work on sth 开始做某事12. overcome 克服13. overcame, overcome14. nitric 含氮的15. acid (化学)酸,酸的16. nitric acid 硝酸17. sulphur, sulfur (化学)硫,硫磺18. put.

9、to the test 对进行试验19. vulcanize 硫化20. at all 究意,全然,一点儿21. value 价值,评价22. school-books 教科书Lesson TwoThe Part by Rubber in Modern CivilizationRubber is indispensable to modern civilization. Its importance in every form of transport for tyres and tubes is self-evident and has been fully brought out. Abo

10、ut 80 per sent of all rubbers is used in the motor industry, mainly for tyres. This applies to passangers, goods transport, and private cars. Without rubber, the rarious form of transportation could not run, the communication system would break down.A large proportion of the remainder goes into what

11、 are known as mechanical goods, which include such articles as belting, packing, moulded good, hose and innumberable other tyres of products. Most of these articles are absolutely vital to the operation of the industry in general. Without them industry would come to a stand still.Rubber is of the gr

12、eatest possible importance in tyres on tractors for agricultural use. The change-over form steel wheels to pneumatlics has had a profound affect on agricultural development.The electrical industry is the large consumer. Rubber is of outstanding significance in the electrical industry as insulation,

13、particularly for eables. The reasons for its preeminent position are outstanding electrical properties, the good mechanical properties, and the ease with which it can be handled. Now Words and Expressions1. to play a part in 在方面起作用，对起作用2. modern 现代的，近代的，新式的3. civilization 文明，文化4. indispensable 绝对必要的

14、，不可缺少的5. transport 运输6. tyre, tire 轮胎7. tube 管子，内胎8. self-evident 自明的，不言而喻瓣9. bring out 说明，产生，显出，发表，出版10. per cent 百分数11. motor 发动机，电动机，马达12. industry 工业，产业，刻苦13. mainly 主要地，大部分14. apply 应用，申请15. passenger 乘客，旅客16. private 私人的，私有的，秘密的17. communication 通讯，传播，交通18. system 系统，体制，制度communication system

15、通讯系统，交通体系19. proportion 比例20. remainder 剩余，余数，剩下的人21. to be known as 通称的，以著称22. mechanical 机械的，力学的，工业的23. article 物品，文章24. belt 带，胶带25. pack 包，捆，堆，垫圈26. mould 模型27. hose 软管，皮带管28. inaumberable 无数的，数不清的29. absolutely 绝对地，完全地30. vital 生命的，非常的，有生命力的31. in general 总之，通常，一般说来32. come to a stand 停顿33. tra

16、ctor 拖拉机34. agricultural 农业的35. change-over 调换，转换36. wheel 车轮37. pneumatic 装满空气的38. profound 深远的，很深的39. affect 影响40. electrical 电的41. consumer 消费者，消费品42. outstanding 显著的，杰出的，未解决的43. significance 意义，重要性44. insulation 绝缘体45. cable 电缆46. pre-eminent 杰出的，卓越的47. property 财产，性质48. with ease with 轻易地Lesson

17、 ThreeNatural Rubber 、Synthetic Rubber and Reclaimed RubberNatural Rubber is a high molecular weight hydrocarbon which comes from the latex of many plants and is obtained by coagulation with chemicals, by drying, electrical coagulation and other processes. The most important producer is Hevea Brasil

18、iensis. The wild rubber produced form latex contains, besides the hydrocarbon, small quantities of protein, carbohydrates, resin-like substances, mineral salts and fatty acids. These other constituents act in part as natural accelerators and anti-oxidants and give the product processing properties w

19、hich do not exist in the pure hydrocarbon. Natural rubber is cis-1, 4-polyisoprene with the empirical formular (C5H8)nand the structural formular.CH3 CH2CCHCH2When vulcanized, rubber becomes highly extensible, shows fast recovery, and is highly elastic.“Synthetic rubber” is the common term, in fact

20、incorrect, for chemically different polymers with rubber-like properties. Since the term rubber applies to the original product, i.c. polyisoprene, the term synthetic rubber should strictly lerased only for synthetic “Natural Rubber”(cisl,4-polyisoprence). For polymers, with rubbery properties, whic

21、h do not have an identical structure to natural rubber, the terms artificial rubber, chemical rubber or synthesized rubber have been suggested. In modern usago the term rubber no longer refers to a chemically defined product but relates so physical properties, all synthetic polymers with properties

22、similar to those of natural rubber may therefore be classified as properties rubbers.In general, it may be stated tht synthetic rubber do not have all qualities of natural rubbers, but their special properties have made them more suitable than natural rubber for certain applications and they have ac

23、hieved a phenomenal technical importance.Reclaimed rubber is obtained by treating scrap vulcanized rubber by one of several methods, so that it becomes plastic again and can be handled on a mill and incorporated in a rubber compound, together with crude rubber.Reclaimed rubber contains all the ingre

24、dients of the original compound, except for the uncombined, or free sulfur. It was first used for economical resean that is to reduce the manufacturing cost. However, it was found that has also other advantages in addition to its lower cost. It fancilitates mastication and has very beneficial effect

25、 on calendaring and extruding. The quantity used varies to a great extent and some compounds are based exclusively on reclaimed rubber. However, reclaimed rubber affects some of the mechanical properties of the vulcanize ate unfavorably. Therefore, it is not used in case where high abrasion of tear

26、resistance or tensile strength is required.Now Words and Expressions1.natural 天然的，自然的，简单的2.synthetic 人工的，合成的3.reclaim 收回，改正4.molecular 分子的5.hydrocarbon 烃，碳氢化合物6.latex 胶乳7.coagulation 凝固，凝结，凝聚8.producer 生产者9.Hevea Brasiliensis 巴西三叶橡胶树10.wild 野生的11.quantity 数量，数12.protein 蛋白质13.carbohydrate 碳水化合物14.re

27、sin-like 类树脂的15.substance 物质16.mineral 矿物，矿质的17.salt 盐mineral salt 金属盐18.fatty 脂肪的fatty acid 脂肪酸19.constituent 成分，组分20.accelerator 促进剂21.oxidant 氧化剂 anti-oxidant 防老剂，抗氧剂22.process 方法，过程23.exist 存在24.pure 纯的，纯净的25.cis-polyisoprene 顺式聚异戊二烯26.empirical 经验主义的，以经验为根据的27.formula 式，公式，配方28.structural 结构上的2

28、9.extensible 可伸长的30.recovery 复原，复原性31.in fact 事实上，实际上32.incorrect 不正确的33.polymer 聚合物34.original 最初的，原来的35.i.e. 那就是，即36.strict 严格的37.identical 同一的，完全相同的38.artificial 人工的，人造的39.synthesise 合成，综合40.usage 使用，用法，惯例，习惯41.refer 读到，提到 refer to 参考，查阅，指42.define 解释，给下定义43.relate 叙述，讲，有关，涉及（to）44 classify 分类，分级

29、，把分类45.state 陈述46.quality 质量47.suitable 合适的48.application 使用，应用49.phenomenal 惊人的50.scrape 刮，削，擦51.mill 开炼机52.incorporate 加入，综合的pound 化合物，胶料54.crude 天然的，未加工的55.ingredient 配料，配合剂56.uncombined 未化合，未结合57.economical 经济的，节约的58.manufacture 制造59.cost 成本，花费60.in addition 另外61.facilitate 使容易，使便利，推进62.masticat

30、ion 塑炼63.beneficial 有益的，有利的64.calendar 压延机，压延65.extrude 挤出，压出66.extent 范围，广阔，程度67.to be based on 以为根据，根据68.exclusive 孤高的，排外的，专有的，唯一69.vulanizate 硫化胶 70.unfavorably 不利的，不顺利地71.case 情况，事例72.abrasion 摩擦，磨损73.tear 撕裂74.resistance 抗耐性，耐力75.tensile 拉力的，抗张力的76.strength 力，强度Lesson FourVulcanizing Agents、Acc

31、elerators and ActivatorsDuring vulcanization, the long chain of the rubber molecules become crosslinked by reactions with the vulcanizing agent to form three-dimensional structures. In pratice, sulfur is used almost exclusively for vulcanization of rubber. Other vulcanizing agents, such as sulfur ch

32、loride, selenium, tellurium, and thiuram disulfide, are used only in special cases.Accelerations can increase the speed of reaction between sulphur and rubber, or lower the vulcanization temperature. They can also decrease the physical and technical properities of the vulcanizate.Inorganic accelerat

33、ors were discovered accidentally early in the history of the rubber industry when inorganic compounds were added go rubber as coloring agents and fillers. Among the basic salts and metal oxide recommended as accelerators, line, magnesium oxide, and litharge were the most common ones, litharge is sti

34、ll used to some extent, but its blackening effect on the vulcanizate limits its application to black compounds.Oenslagers discovery, in 1906, of the acceleration effect of aniline marked the beginning of a long line of organic accelerators which belong to many different groups.A very small quantity,

35、 about 1 per cent, of these organic compounds has a remarkable accelerating effect. Organic accelerators were classified according to their technical effects and were placed in the following categories:ultra-accelerators semi-ultra-accelerators medium-fast-acceleratorsslow acceleratorsActivators act

36、ivate accelerators. Most accelerators are much more active in presence of activators than they are alone. The activator reacts with the accelerators. As a result, an intermediate complex is formed. The complex is more effective in activating the sulphur present in the rubber mixture.There are two la

37、rge classes of activators: metal oxides and fatty acids. Representatives of both groups must be present simultaneously. The most common member of the first group is zinc oxide which is in the proportion of about 3 to 5 percent as activator in almost every rubber compound. The second group includes o

38、leic palmatic and especially stearic acid. They are used in amounts of 0.5 to 3 percent.New Words and Expressions1. agent 剂，媒介物，代理人2. activator 活化剂3. vulcanization 硫化4. chain 链，链条5. molecule 分子6. crosslink 交联7. reaction 反应8. dimensional 维的，度的，尺寸的9. structure 结构10. chloride 氯化物11. selenium 硒12. tellu

39、rium 碲13. thiuram 秋兰姆14. disulfide 二硫化物15. special 特殊的，专门的16. increase 增加，提高17. temperature 温度18. decrease 减少，降低19. considerably 相当，大大地20. inorganic 无机的21. accidentally 意外地，无意地，偶然地22. recommend 介绍，推荐23. lime 氧化钙，生石灰24. magnesium 镁25. oxide 氧化物magnesium oxide 氧化镁26. zinc 锌27. litharge 一氧化铅28. limit 限

40、制，限度29. aniline 苯胺30. organic 有机的31. remarkable 显著的，明显的32. according 依照according to 按照，依据33. technical 技术的，专门的34. category 种类，部门，范畴35. ultra 超，过渡的ultra-accelerators 超促进剂36. semi 半37. medium 中等（的），适度，普通38. activate 活化39. intermediate 中间的40. complex 络合物，合成物，复杂的41. effective 有效的42. representative 代表，代表的43. simultaneously 同时发生地，同时进行44. include 包括45. oleic 油酸的46. palmatic 棕榈酸47. stearic acid 硬脂酸Lesson FiveFillersMost rubber products contain fillers which belong to two groups: reinfor