跨文化交际Unit3（课堂PPT）

1、1 1Unit 3Cultural Diversity2 2Warm Up Friendships China: People are willing to be indebted and to repay the debt more than owned. U.S.: People value more individual achievement and independence rather than relationship with one another, not willing to put themselves in others debt.3 3Different Lands

2、, Different Friendships In every country people value friendship. The difficulty is not a lack of appreciation of friendship, but different expectations about what constitutes friendship and how it comes into being.4 4Who is a friend? What does a Frenchman mean when he says: “This is my good friend.

3、” “This is my friend.” Who is closer to him? Simple translation from one language to another is difficult.5 5Friendships in comparison American friendships: superficial, casual, situational or deep and enduring French friendships: are of the same sex, basically between men; demands a keen awareness

4、of the others intellect, temperament and interests; are compartmentalize; not part of family life German friendships: more a matter of feeling, have much to do with family English friendships: based on shared activities6 6Common Elements in Friendships of Different Styles Friendship, in contrast wit

5、h kinship, is a matter of free choiceThe sense of being a special individualInevitably a kind of equality of give-and-take7 7Some Tools for Comparing and Contrasting CulturesKluckhohn & Strodtbecks Model (PP. 85-89)Hofstedes Model (PP. 99-105)Halls High-Context & Low-Context Cultures (PP. 11

6、0-115)8 8Kluckhohn & Strodtbecks ModelFive basic orientations:Human nature: good / evil?Relationship of man to nature: Man subjugated by nature; Man in harmony with nature; Man the master of natureSense of time: past, present, or future-orientedActivity: being, growing, or doingSocial relationsh

7、ips: authoritarian, group-oriented, or individualistic9 9Hofstedes ModelFive dimensions:Individualism versus collectivismUncertainty avoidancePower distanceMasculinity versus femininityLong-term versus short-term orientation1010Individualism versus collectivismThe degree to which a culture relies on

8、 and has allegiance to the self or the groupIndividualism: e.g. Australia, Belgium, the Netherland, and the U.S.Collectivism: e.g. Guatemala, Indonesia, Pakistan, and China1111IndividualismIndividual: primary source of motivationIndependence, privacy, self, and the all-important IHighly individualis

9、tic, believing that people are only supposed to take care of themselves, and perhaps their immediate familyDecision making: based on what is good for the individual, not for the groupDealing with interpersonal problems: confrontational strategies1212CollectivismGroup: the most important social units

10、Group-oriented, requiring an absolute loyalty to the groupObligations to the group, dependence of the individual on organizations and institutions, a “we” consciousness, and an emphasis on belongingDecision making: based on what is best for the groupDealing with interpersonal problems: avoidance, th

11、ird-party intermediaries, or the other face-saving techniquesThe ingroup and the outgroup1313Hofstedes ModelUncertainty avoidance: the extent to which the culture feels threatened by ambiguous, uncertain situations and tries to avoid them by establishing more structurePower distance: the degree to w

12、hich the culture believes that institutional and organizational power should be distributed unequally and the decisions of the power holders should be challenged or acceptedMasculinity versus femininity (achievement-nurturance): the degree to which a culture values such behaviors as assertiveness an

13、d the acquisition of wealth or caring for others and the quality of lifeLong-term versus short-term orientation: time-orientation, a persons point of reference about life and work1414Halls High-Context & Low-Context CulturesHigh-Context Cultures / Communication e.g. Japanese, Chinese, Korean cul

14、turesLow-Context Cultures / Communication e.g. German-Swiss, German, Scandinavian, American cultures1515High-Context Communication or MessageMost of the information is in the context or internalized in the person;Very little is in in the coded, explicit part of the message;Communication patterns of

15、indirect verbal mode;Listeners “read between the lines” to infer the implicit intent of the verbal message;Listeners need to observe the nonverbal nuancces and subtleties that accompany and enhance the verbal message;Stress the importance of multilayered contexts 1616Low-Context Communication or Mes

16、sageMost of the information is given in the explicit code;The context or situation plays a minimal role;Communication patterns of direct verbal mode;Speakers send clear, persuasive message that listeners can easily decodeimplicit intent of the verbal message;Stress the importance of explicit verbal

17、messages to convey personal thoughts, opinions, and feelings.1717Halls High-Context & Low-Context Cultures“I love you. Do you love me?” C: (blushing)You guess A: (smiling) I love you more.你问我爱你有多深 我爱你有几分 你去想一想 你去看一看 月亮代表我的心1818Case Study A New ProcedureMs. Cooper: The new tracking procedure hasn

18、t worked, has it?Mr. Wong: There were some small problems.Ms. Cooper: Whose idea was it anyway?Mr. Wong: We need to learn from this lesson.Ms. Cooper: Yes. It came from Mr. Tungs division, didnt it?Mr. Wong: Many people worked on this proposal.1919Case Study 9 Hierarchical structure in Japan:-Depend

19、ing mainly on seniority, social roles and gender-People in lower positions should be loyal and obedient to authorityAmerican culture: people are encouraged to challenge authority and voice their own opinions.2020Case Study 10 What is a company?The company in Japan: a big family-Manager take care of employees and the employees are expected to devote themselves (even sacrifice their own interests) to the development of the companyThe company in France: