1独立主格结构讲析

1、 独立主格结构讲解一、独立主格结构的概念独立主格结构（Absolute Structure）是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，它的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。二、独立主格结构基本构成形式名词(代词)+（形容词；副词；介词短语；动词ing形式；不定式；过去分词；名词；）1. 名词(代词)+形容词 An air accident happened to the plane,nob

2、ody alive. 那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。 So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。 The Trojans asleep, the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse 特洛伊人睡着了，于是希腊士兵从中空的木马里悄悄爬了出来。Computers very small, we can use them widely. 电脑虽小，我们却能广泛地利用它们。2.名词(代词)+副词He put on his sweater

3、 ,wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。 The meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束，他们就都回家了。 The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting room. 散会了，校长很快就离开了会议室。The lights off, we could not go on with the work. 灯熄了，我们不能继续工作了。3.名词(代词) +介词短语The boy goes to the classroom,book in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。 Mary was

4、 sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。 4.名词(代词)+ 动词ing形式The girl staring at him(= As the girl stared at him), he didn't know what to say. 姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。 Time permitting(= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。There being no bus, we ha

5、d to walk home. 由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。5. 名词(代词)+不定式在“名词/代词+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，动词不定式则用主动的形式；如果是动宾关系，则用被动形式。He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help.借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。 They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书

6、店。 The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter of the book. 我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 种上许多的树、花和草后，我们新建的学校看上去将更美。6. 名词(代词)+过去分词The problems solved(= As the problems were solve

7、d), the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。 Her glasses broken(= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn't see the words on the blackboard. 由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved. 由于工人们的生活条件大大提高，他们工作得更起劲了。He was listening attentiv

8、ely in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. 他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。7. 名词(代词)+名词His first shot failure，he fired again他第一枪没击中，又打了一枪。Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children. 两百人死于事故，其中有许多儿童。8.其他形式 There being +名词（代词）如： There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。 Th

9、ere being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。 It being +名词（代词）如：It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。 It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。 三、with，without 引导的独立主格结构with ( without)+宾语（名词/代词）+宾语补足语，宾语通常由名词或代词充

10、当，但代词一定要用宾格。上文的独立主格结构的几种情况都适用于此结构。with结构的构成 它是由介词with或without+复合结构构成，复合结构作介词with或without的复合宾语，复合宾语中第一部分宾语由名词或代词充当，第二部分补足语由形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式或分词充当，分词可以是现在分词，也可以是过去分词。With结构构成方式如下： 1. with或without-名词/代词+形容词； 2. with或without-名词/代词+副词； 3. with或without-名词/代词+介词短语； 4. with或without-名词/代词 +动词不定式； 5. with或wit

11、hout-名词/代词 +动词ing形式。6. with或without-名词/代词 +过去分词。 下面分别举例： 1、 She came into the room，with her nose red because of cold.（with+名词+形容词，作伴随状语） 2、 With the meal over ， we all went home.（with+名词+副词，作时间状语） 3、The master was walking up and down with the ruler under his arm。（with+名词+介词短语，作伴随状语。） The teacher ent

12、ered the classroom with a book in his hand. 4、He lay in the dark empty house，with not a man ，woman or child to say he was kind to me.（with+名词+不定式，作伴随状语） He could not finish it without me to help him.（without+代词 +不定式，作条件状语） 5、She fell asleep with the light burning.（with+名词+现在分词 ，作伴随状语）二、with结构的用法 在句子

13、中with结构多数充当状语，表示时间、条件、原因(前)方式，伴随（后）情况。1、She came into the room，with her nose red because of cold.（with+名词+形容词，作伴随状语） 2、With the meal over ， we all went home.（with+名词+副词，作时间状语） 3、The master was walking up and down with the ruler under his arm。（with+名词+介词短语，作伴随状语。） The teacher entered the classroom wi

14、th a book in his hand. She left the office with tears in her eyes.她眼里含着泪，离开了办公室。4、He lay in the dark empty house，with not a man ，woman or child to say he was kind to me.（with+名词+不定式，作伴随状语） He could not finish it without me to help him.（without+代词 +不定式，作条件状语） 5、She fell asleep with the light burning.

15、（with+名词+现在分词 ，作伴随状语） Without anything left in the cupboard， shewent out to get something to eat.（without+代词+过去分词，作为原因状语）6.He was covered with a national flag with his face exposed.一面国旗盖在他身上，脸露在外面。表示伴随状况7.With his key lost, he couldn't get into the office.由于钥匙丢了，他进不了办公室。表示原因8.With the weather ch

16、anged, we decided to put off the sports meet.由于天气变化，我们决定推迟举行运动会.表示原因9. The children began to watch TV with the homework done.孩子们完成作业以后开始看电视。表示时间11.The meeting was over with the problem settled.问题解决以后，会议结束了。表示时间12.Id like to see the new film with time permitting.如果时间许可，我想看那部新电影。表示条件13.We will have an

17、 outing tomorrow with weather fine.如果明天天气好的话，我们要去郊游。表示条件14.The battle ended with the enemy defeated.战斗结束了，敌人被打败了。表示结果15.They have finished the peace talks with the agreements reached.他们结束了和谈，达成了协议。表示结果 .With结构在句中也可以作定语。例如： 1.I like eating the mooncakes with eggs. 2.From space the earth looks like a

18、huge water-covered globe with a few patches of land sticking out above the water. 3.A little boy with two of his front teeth missing ran into the house.4.She saw a brook with red flowers and green grass on both sides.她看到一条两岸长着红花、绿草的小溪。5.The woman with a baby in her arms is Tom”s aunt.抱着小孩的那位妇女是汤姆的姑姑

19、。6.The city lies in a valley with high mountains around it.这位城市位于一个由高山环抱的山谷中。7.Any man with eyes in his head can see that he”s exactly like a rope.任何头上长了眼睛的人都会看出他十足像一条绳子三、 with结构的特点 1. with结构由介词with或without+复合结构构成。复合结构中第一部分与第二部分语法上是宾语和宾语补足语关系，而在逻辑上，却具有主谓关系，也就是说，可以用第一部分作主语，第二部分作谓语，构成一个句子。例如： With him

20、 taken care of，we felt quite relieved.（欣慰）（He was taken good care of.） She fell asleep with the light burning. （The light was burning.） With her hair gone，there could be no use for them. （Her hair was gone.） 2. 在with结构中，第一部分为人称代词时，则该用宾格代词。例如： He could not finish it without me to help him. 几点说明： with

21、结构在句子中的位置： with 结构在句中作状语，表示时间、条件、原因时一般放在句子前面，并用逗号与句子分开；表示方式和伴随状况时一般放在句子后面，不用逗号分开。若with结构作定语，则放在所修饰的名词之后，一般不用逗号隔开。 2. with结构作状语时，不定式、现在分词 、和过去分词的区别： 在with结构中，不定式、现在分词作宾补，表示主动，但是不定式表示将要发生的动作，而现在分词表示正在发生或发生了的动作；过去分词表示被动或完成。 例如： With the boy leading the way，we found he house easily.（小男孩已领过路） With the bo

22、y to lead the way，we will find the house easily tomorrow.（小男孩明天将领路） He lay on the bed with the bedroom door shut.（寝室被关着）The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was. 小女孩把盒子藏了起来，没有人知道它在哪里。（without +名词/代词+动词的-ing形式）Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room. 她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。（with

23、out+名词/代词+动词的-ed形式）The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit. 有这么多的名胜可参观，小孩很激动。（with+名词/代词+动词不定式）The boy was walking, with his father ahead. 父亲在前，小孩在后走着。（with+名词/代词+副词）He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或He stood at the door, computer in hand.他站在门口，手里拿着一部电脑。（with

24、+名词/代词+介词短语） With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhappy. 由于儿子如此令人失望，老人感到很不快乐。（with+名词/代词+形容词）在with (without) 的复合结构中，多数情况下with 能省略，但without 不能省略。with结构可以作定语，独立主格结构则不能；独立主格结构通常在句中作状语，但也可以作主语，而with结构则不能。 独立主格在口语中不常用，往往由一个从句代替，而with结构较口语化，较常用。例如： There were rows of white houses with trees i

25、n front of them.（"with+复合宾语"结构，在句中作定语） A strong man working a whole day could not jump this high.（名词+现在分词构成的独立主格结构，作主语） The boy said，turning to the man，his eyes opened wide and his hand raised.（独立主格结构，表示伴随状况或行为方式，作状语） Then last night，I followed him here，and climbed in，sword in hand.（名词+介词短

26、语构成的独立主格结构，作状语，表示伴随情况）四、独立主格结构的句法功能独立主格结构在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。 1.用作时间状语The work done(=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。 2.用作条件状语Weather permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。Such being the

27、 case，you have no grounds for dismissing him如果情况如此的话，你没有理由解聘他。3.用作原因状语The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave. 由那个男孩带路，我们很容易就找到了那奇怪的洞。There being no further business to discuss, we all went home. 没有别的事可讨论，我们都回家了。An important lecture to be given tomorrow(=As an important l

28、ecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。 4.用作伴随状语He was lying on the grass,his hands crossed under his head(=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。 5.表示补充说明We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们

29、加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。 Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12.十个学生报名参加了这次竞赛，年纪最小的是个12岁的男孩。*注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。 五、独立主格结构注意事项1. 独立主格结构多用于书面语，尤其是描述性语言中，在口语和非正式文体中，一般用从句或两个句子来代替。独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在，名词或代词与后面的分词等逻辑上是主谓关系，

30、独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。2. 动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生，动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束，动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。The manager looks worried，many things to settle. 经理看上去很着急, 有这么多的事情要处理。（事情还没有处理，而且是由经理本人来处理，用不定式to settle，表示将来的时间）The manager looks relaxed, m

31、any things settled. 许多事情已经处理好了，经理看上去很轻松。（事情已经处理好了，用过去分词settled表示动作已经结束）The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 小孩一边做饭，一边看电视。（两个动作同时进行）3. 独立主格结构介词使用的问题 当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制。A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. ( hand前不能加his)劫匪手里拿着刀闯进房间。当表人体部位的词做逻辑主

32、语时，及物动词用现在分词，不及物动词用过去分词。He lay there, his teeth set, his hands clenched, his eyes looking straight up. 他躺在那儿，牙关紧闭，双拳紧握，两眼直视上方。4. 独立主格结构与独立成分的异同有些分词短语可以独立存在，在句子中没有逻辑上的主语，作为习惯用法。这些短语有：Generally speaking （总的说来），Frankly speaking （坦率地说），Judging from （从判断），Supposing （假设），等等。Generally speaking, the rule is

33、 very easy to understand. 总的说来，这条规则很容易懂。Judging from what he said, he must be an honest man. 由他所说的来判断，他一定是一个诚实的人。有些固定短语是带 to 的不定式，表明说话人的立场或态度，在句中作独立成分。这些短语有：to be honest（老实说），to be sure （确实），to tell you the truth （说实话），to cut a long story short （长话短说），to be frank （坦率地说），to make matters / things wors

34、e （更糟糕的是），等等。To tell you the truth, I made a mistake in the word spelling. 说实话，我犯了一个拼写错误。To make things worse, many of the men have gone off to cities in search of higher pay, leaving women from nearby villages to carry on with the work. 情况更糟的是，许多男人都去城市找工资较高的工作，而留下附近村庄的妇女来继续承担修复工作。5独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为

35、状语从句。但是独立主格结构转换为状语从句后，它有自己的逻辑主语，与主句的主语不一致；而分词短语转换为状语从句后，从句的主语与主句的主语一致。If time permits, we'd better have a holiday at weekends. 转换为：Time permitting, we'd better have a holiday at weekends. 如果时间允许,我们最好周末去度假。When we see from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.转换为：Seeing from the h

36、illtop, we can find the city more beautiful. 从山顶上看，我们发现这个城市更美了。还必须注意，分词结构的逻辑主语并不总是和主句的主语一致，也可以是主句的其他成分。Searching for the thief in the city, it had taken the policemen a long time. 在城市里搜查小偷，花费了警察很长一段时间。（Searching短语的逻辑主语是主句中的policemen）注意事项1.独立主格与状语从句的转换当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。如：

37、After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下课后，学生很快离开了课室。 2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形：在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being（或having been）不能省略。 (1) 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如：It being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天，我们去了做礼拜。 (2)在There being+名词的结构中。如：There being no bus, we ha

38、d to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。 3. 在“名词（或代词）+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如： Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯小姐走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。比较with的复合结构。如：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in her hand. 4. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来了，我们开始开会。(比较动名词复合结构。) 示例请看下面一道题： Not far