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1、NIZ LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE NIZ动词一、被动语态1、被动语态的构成: 语态是动词的一种形式,用来说明主语和谓语动词间的关系,英语动词有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be+过去分词”构成,在句中be动词要有人称和数的变化。【口诀】被动语态be字变,过去分词跟后面。注意:只有及物动词才有被动语态。时态被动语态一般现在时am/ is/ are +过去分词一般过去时was/ were +过去分词一般将来时will
2、160;be +过去分词或am/ is/ are/ going to + be过去分词现在进行时am/ is / are + being +过去分词过去进行时was / were + being +过去分词现在完成时have / has + been +过去分词过去完成时had +been +过去分词过去将来时would be
3、+过去分词或was/ were + going to be +过去分词情态动词情态动词+ be +过去分词2、被动语态的用法: 【口诀】谁做动作不知道,说出谁做没必要;承受者需被强调,被动语态运用到。用法说明例句不知道动作的执行者Salt is produced in East and South China.没必要指出动作的执行者Our school was set up in 197
4、3.需突出或强调动作的承受者Chinese is spoken by the largest number of people.3、主动语态和被动语态的转换: 主动语态变被动语态 把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。 把谓语变成被动语态结构(be +过去分词) 把主动语态中的主语放在介词by后作宾语,将主格改为宾语。 口诀:宾变主,主变宾,by短语后面跟。谓语动词变被动,be后“过分”来使用。 如:-He mended that bike yesterd
5、ay. -The bike was mended by him yesterday. 含有情态动词的被动语态: 含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时,由“情态动词+be +过去分词”构成,原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后“to”仍要保留。口诀:情态动词变被动,情态加be加“过分”,原来带to要保留。 如:-We have to look after the dog. -The dog has
6、;to be looked after by us. 含有宾语补足语的被动语态: 好久不见 别来无恙 含有宾语补足语的句子,宾语变为主语后,宾语补足语改为主语补足语,原来的位置一般不变。NIZ LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE NIZ 如:-We keep food cold in the fridge. -Food is
7、 kept cold in the fridge. 注意:主动句中的宾语补足语如果是不带to 的不定式,在变成被动句的主语补足语时,to不能省去。 如:-She heard him sing a song just now. -She was heard to sing a song just now.二、过去完成时1、概念:表示过去的过去2、过去完成时:即过去的
8、过去所发生的事情!3、构成:主语had过去分词。4、用法: 表示过去某一时刻之前已经完成的动作,常与由by,before引导的时间状语连用。 如:We had learned 5000 words by the end of last month. 到上个月底为止我们已经学了五千个单词 I had finished the composition before supper.
9、晚饭前我就已经把作文写完了 表示过去某一动作前已完成的动作,常与when,before等连词引导的时间状语从句连用。 如:When I woke up it had already stopped raining. 我醒来的时候雨就已经停了 I hadnt learned any English before I came here. 我来这儿之前没学过英语 用于宾语从句或间接引语中。 如
10、:I wondered who had taken the umbrella without permission. 我想知道谁不经允许就把雨伞拿去。 He told me that he had passed the exam. 他告诉我他已通过考试。三、情态动词1、概念: 情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义,但要与动词原形及其被动语态一起使用,给谓语动词增添情 态 色 彩,表 示 说 话 人 对 有 关 行 为
11、或 事 物 的 态 度 和 看 法,认 为 其 可 能、应 该 或 必 要 等。情 态动词后面加动词原形。2、分类: 只做情态动词:must,can(could),may(might), 可做情态动词又可做实意动词:need,dare 可做情态动词又可做助动词:shall(should),will(would) ,ought to 具有情态动词特征:have(had,has) to,used to 情态动词表猜测3、位置:下雨了 你有在想我吗 情态动词有一定的词义,但并不完整,必须与动词原形一
12、起构成谓语。4、用法:NIZ LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE NIZ 情态动词+行为动词原形 首先它是动词,而且不同于行为动词,行为动词表示的是可以通过行为来表达的动作,而情态动词只是表达的一种想法。5、功能: 助动词主要有两类:基本助动词和情态助动词。基本助动词有三个:do, have和be;情态助动词基本的有十四个:may, might; can, could; will, would;
13、;shall, should; must,need, dare, used to, ought to.had better,6、can和could的用法: 表示能力或客观可能性,还可以表示请求和允许。 表示惊异、怀疑、不相信的态度。(主要用在否定句、疑问句或惊叹句中) 【注意】could可表示请求,语气委婉,主要用于疑问句,不可用于肯定句,答语用can(即could不能用于现在时态的简略答语中)。 can表示能力时,还可用be able to代替。我在等一个 可以陪我走很久
14、的人宾NIZ LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE NIZ语从句在复合句中用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。1.语序:无论主句是陈述句还是疑问句,宾语从句都必须使用陈述语序,即“主句+连词+宾语从句(主语+谓语+)”句式。 1)连接词+谓语。连接词在从句中作主语。常见的连接词有: who,what,which等。 2)连接词+名词+谓语。连接词在从句中作主语的定语。常见连接词有:whose,what,which,how many,how much等。 3)连接词+主语+谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语、
15、状语或表语。常见的连接词有:who(m),what,which,how many,how much, when,why,how,where,if /whether(在句中不充当任何成分)等。 4)连接词+名词+主语+谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语或表语的定语。常见的连接词有:what,which,how many,how much,how等。2.连接词: 1)陈述句充当宾语从句时,用that引导,that无词义,在口语或非正式文体中常省略2)一般疑问句充当宾语从句时,用if或whether引导,意为“是否”具选择意义,有or或or not时,直接与or not连用时,用whether(ifor n
16、ot也可使用)在介词之后用whether在不定式前用whetherwhether置于句首时,不能换用if引导主语从句和表语从句时宜用whether别告诉他 我还想他若用if会引起歧义时,则用whether 3)如果宾语从句原来是特殊疑问句,NIZ LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE NIZ只需用原来的特殊疑问词引导3.时态:1)如主句的谓语动词是一般现在时,从句的谓语动词可根据需要,选用相应的任何时态。2)如果主句的谓语动词是过去时,宾语从句的谓语动词只可根据需要,选用过去时态即一般过去
17、时、过去进行时、过去将来时或过去完成时的某一种形式。3)如果宾语从句所表示的是客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象或习惯性动作等,不管主句用什么时态,从句时态都用一般现在时。4.注意:if和when既可以引导宾语从句,也可以引导状语从句,应注意它们在两种从句中的意思和用法的不同。if和when引导宾语从句时,分别意为“是否”和“何时”,其时态应和主句时态相呼应;它们引导状语从句时,意思分别为“如果,假如”和“当时候”,当主句时态是一般将来时时,其时态用一般现在时。它们常常放在含有状语从句和宾语从句的题干中进行综合考查。故事很长 只有风听我讲NIZ LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE
18、LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE NIZ定语从句详细的定语从句讲解 : 定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句,其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分,定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。状语从句分为时间状语从句,结果状语从句,让步状语从句,原因状语从句,条件状语从句以及行为方式状语从句。名词从句包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句和同位语从句及there be句型。 一、 限定性定语从句:1. that即可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物;它们在从句中作主语
19、或宾语,that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词,which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且,如果which在从句中作“不及物动词介词”的介词的宾语,注意介词不要丢掉,而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边,但有的则放在它原来的位置2. which作宾语时,根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系,先行词与which之间的介词不能丢3. 代表物时多用which,但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which,这些词包括all, anything, much等,这时的that常被省略4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人,分别作从句中的主语和宾语,whom作宾语时,要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作
20、介词的宾语5. where是关系副词,用来表示地点的定语从句6. when引导定语从句表示时间注值得一提的是,表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导,有时不用任何关系代词,当然也不用that引导7. whose是关系代词,修饰名词作定语,相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时,常用there is来引导二、非限定性定语从句:非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明,通常和主句间用逗号隔开
21、,将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立。 1.which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分2.引导限定性定语从句时,that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which3.有时as也可用作关系代词4.在非限定性定语从句中,不能用that,而用who, whom代表人,用which代表事物三、定语从句结构错误:1. 缺关系词2. 从句中缺成分外面风大 跟我回家在英文中,有两种定语从句:限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句。这两种定语从句在其功能和形式方面都有明显的区别: 限定性定语从句限定性定语从句与主句的关系很紧奏,对其先行
22、词起限定、修饰的作用。如果将其去掉,会影响句子意思的完整性;有时甚至于引起费解、误解。非限定性定语从句非限定性定语NIZ LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE NIZ从句在形式上就与主句很松散,它与主句之间有一个逗点","隔开;它对其先行词没有限定、修饰的作用,只起补充、说明的作用。有时也用它来对全句进行补充、说明。即使将其去掉,也不会影响句子意思。由于上述原因,非限定性定语从句在表达意思方面也有别于限定性定语从句。另外,非限定性定语从句在中文译文里,我们往往将其作为一
23、个分句处理,而不把它作定语翻译。四、定语从句的讲解: 定语从句在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。 1.关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 who/that在从句中作主语;whom/that在从句中作宾语Whose 用来指人或物(只用作定语, 若指物,它还可以同of which互换)which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句
24、中可作主语、宾语2.关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。 when, where, why相当于"介词+ which"结构,常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用that代替关系副词 ,that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略故事不够动人 讲故事的人却总流泪构NIZ LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LU
25、WENJIE LUWENJIE NIZ词法1构词法(Word Formation):A词根(Root) 定义:英文词形成的“根基”部分称为词根(亦称字根)。like像a-like相像un-like不像like-ness相像un-like-ness互不相像 【例如】 B派生词(Derivative) 定义:由词根利用前缀或后缀派生而成的词称为派生词(亦称转成语)C合成词(Compound Words) 定义:由两个或两个以上独立且语义不同的词结合成一个表达新语义和语词功能的词称为合成词2.词是什么? “词”的英语是“Word”。依据词典“Wo
26、rd”可译为“语言、言、话、字、文字、词”等。人类在学习一种语言时最基本的两件事就是认识词和使用词来表达思想。3.那么“Word”是什么? 从表达思想来说。大凡人要把心中所感觉到的和所想的表达出来时,一个共通的表达模式就是“举出主题并说明他”。这种表达模式我们叫“一句话”,在语言学上称为句子。定义: 词、短语、从句等称句子组成要素。词是句子的组成要素中不能再细分的最小表意单位。构词法:英文词和中文词的最大不同点在于中文词是属于象形文字语系,字形是固定不变,而且是一字一音;英 文 词 是 属 于 符 号 文 字 语 系,其 字 形(拼写法)须配合语意和句意表达的条件并受其约束,同时有一字一音、一
27、字二音等。转化法: 把一个词从一种词类转化为另一种的方法称为转化法合成法:两个或两个以上的词结合成一个新词的方法称作合成法。派生法: 由词缀(分前、后缀)和词根相结合构成单词的方法。大多数词缀都有一定的含义。人啊 总是不珍惜专项练习一、动词1.John, you cant go out to play until your homework _. A. finishes B. has finished C. is
28、0;finished 2.My e-mail _ to you last night. A. sent B. is sent C. was sent 3.-The 2010 Asian Sports Meet _ this November in Guangzhou. - Yes. I hope
29、60;Chinese players will do well. A. will be held B. has been held C. was to be held D. would be held4.-Dear Eric, your room is too dirty. It should
30、;_ right now. - Sorry. I ll do it now. A. is cleaned B. be cleaned C. was cleaned D. cleans 5. We will fly a kite as soon as your homework _.
31、 A. Finishes B. will be finished C. has finished D. is finished 6.-Your classroom is very clean. -Yes, it _ every day. A. is cleaned B. cleans C. is clean
32、ing7.The terrible earthquake destroyed thousands of houses in that area. Thousands of houses in that area by the terrible earthquake. 8.More and more foreigners speak
33、Chinese in the world now. Chinese by more and more foreigners in the world now. 9.Dangerous driving causes many accidents. Many accidents by dangerous driving.10.Look! The stud
34、ents _ (clean) the classroom.11.What _ your after _ (do) yesterday?12.My uncle to see us. He'll be here soon.A.comes B.has come C.is coming D.had come13. The girl enjoys _ to the radio very much .
35、; A. listen B. to listen C. listening D. listene14.I won't believe it until I it with my own
36、eyes.A.saw B.have seen C.will see D.had seen15.In the past ten years , there great changes in our family life.A.had been B.are C.have been D.were16.On
37、 Sunday afternoon, Mrs .Green went to the market, some bananas, and visited her cousin.A.bought B .buying C.to buy D.buy17. Lets _ a talk about learning Chinese . A. had B. having
38、 C. to have D. have18.We haven't heard from Jane for a long time. What do you suppose to her?A.was happening B.to happen C.
39、has happened D.having happened19.We half an hour for the bus, but it has not come yet.A.have waited B.are waiting C.had been waiting D.have been waiting20.He thanked me for what I &
40、#160; .A.has had B.had done C.did D.have done二、宾语从句1.I don't know _ he will come tomorrow_ he comes,I'll tell you A.if;Whether B.whether;Whether C.if;That D.if;If2.I don't know _ the day after tomorro
41、w A.when does he come B.how will he come C.if he comes D.whether he'll come3.Could you tell me _ the nearest hospital is? A.what B.how C.whether D.where4.Could you tell me _ the radio without any help? A.how did he mend B.what did he mend C.how he mended D.what he mend
42、ed5.I want to know _ A.whom is she looking after B.whom she is looking C.whom is she looking D.whom she is looking after6.Do you know where _ now? A.he lives B.does he live C.he lived D.did he live7.Do you know what time _ ? A.the train leave B.does the train leave C.will
43、 the train leave D.he train leaves8.I don't know _ Can you tell me,please? A.how the two players are old B.how old are the two players C.the two players are how old D.how old the two players are9.The small children don't know _ A.what is their stockings in B.what is in their
44、stockings C.where is their stockings in D.what in their stockings10.I can't understand _ A.what does Christmas mean B.what Christmas does mean C.what mean Christmas does D.what Christmas means11.The teacher didn't begin her class_ the students stopped talking.Auntil Bbecause
45、Cafter Dwhen12.If it _ tomorrow, we'll go to the Great wall. Adoesn't rain Bwon't rain Cnot rains Disn't rain13.Could you tell me_ we get to the plane?Ahow BWhether Cwhere Dwhat14.When they got to the cinema, the film _ for the ten minutes.Ahad been on Bhas begun CBegan Dh
46、ad begun15.The teacher says _ she will leave a message on the headmaster's desk.Aif BWho Cthat Dwhat16.Lucy looks stronger _ Lily.Athan Bas CThen Dnot as17.I know nothing about it _ he told me.ABecause BSince CUntil Dafter18.You must make your new house clean and safe _ you move in.Abecaus
47、e BWhen Cbefore Duntil19.I was _ tired _ I couldn't walk on.Asothat Btooto Cverythat Dveryto20.I thought he _ to see his mother if he _ time.A.will gohas B.will go will have C.would go would have D.would go had三、定语从句1. Dont talk about such things of _
48、60;you are not sure. A. which B. What C. As D. those 2. Is this the factory _ you visited the other day? A. that B. where C. in which D. th
49、e one 3. Is this factory _ some foreign friends visited last Friday? A. that B. where C. which D. the one 4. Is this the factory _ he worked
50、ten years ago? A. that B. where C. which D. the one 5. The wolves hid themselves in the places _ couldnt be found. A. that B. where C. in which
51、160; D. in that 6. The freezing point is the temperature _ water changes into ice. A. at which B. on that C. in which D. of what 7. This book will&
52、#160;show you _ can be used in other contexts. A. how you have observed B. what you have observed C. that you have observed D. how that you have observ
53、ed 8. The reason is _ he is unable to operate the machine. A. because B. why C. that D. whether 9. Ill tell you _ he told me last week. A.
54、0;all which B. that C. all that D. which 10. That tree, _ branches are almost bare, is very old. A. whose B. of which C. in which D. on which
55、60;11. I have bought the same dress _ she is wearing. A. as B. that C. which D. what 12. He failed in the examination, _ made his father very angry. A. which B. it C. that D. what 13.the computer _ last week has gone wrong.A. which i bought it B. i bought C. what i bought
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