语法讲课提纲

1、 语法讲课提纲第一部分：词法 （十大类词）名词代词、冠词、形容词、副词、数词；动词、介词、连词、感叹词。第二部分：句法 （三种句型）简单句；并列句；主从复合句（含特殊句型）。第一部分：词法 （十大类词）1名词：单复数变化； 所有格； 名词在句中做:主语、宾 语、表语，同位语；2代词：英语中代词分人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、不定代词，反身代词。(1).人称代词:有主格（做主语）与宾格（做宾语）之分：有单复数的区别（他们）like _(我)。（我）like_(他们)(2.)物主代词:分两类； 形容词物主代词：不能单独使用，放在名词前修饰名词名词性物主代词：单独使用，相当于形容词物主代词名词 例：

2、（我们的）classroom is bigger than _(他们的)(3.)指示代词：放在名词前，修饰限定名词，主要有： this (that):放在单数名词前 these(those)放在复数名词前例: _（这些）books are in their rooms. _ （那个）man is my father.(4).不定代词：放在名词前，修饰限定名词，表示“一些”、“许多”、“所以的”、“每一个”等概念。有修饰可数名词，如：many, (a) few,Some, any, every, each a lot of, all等；有修饰不可数名词，如：much, a little, , e

3、ither, neither_ animals have diseases. A rocket has _ parts._ information is now transmitted through E-mail.（5）反身代词：表示动作发出者本身，有单复数之分。例：翻译：他们自己学英语。 他经常自学。3冠词4形容词用法：单个形容词放在名词前修饰名词，或放在系动词之后做表语。形容词有三个级别：原形，比较级，最高级。原形：没有进行比较或程度相同比较级：两个人或事物进行比较最高级：三个及三个以上事物进行比较。注意形容词最高级前要加the翻译：我的英语口语比他好。北京的天气比上海糟糕些。上海是中国

4、的大城市之一。他和我一样高。5副词用法：修饰动词（放在动词前后均可）或者形容词（放在形容词之前）。副词也有三个级别：原形，比较级，最高级。原形：没有进行比较或程度相同比较级：两个人或事物进行比较最高级：三个及三个以上事物进行比较翻译：我的英语学得比他好。他是我们班英语学得最差的。他和我一样努力学英语练习题1 （comfort）It was pleasant and _ to sit here.2（explain）Is there any _ for his strange way of doing things?3（require）The new pills met all the _ set

5、 by the government.4（commit）What is needed is a total _ to the best interests of the people.5 （able）The childs reading _ was advanced for his age lever.6(mean) She gave her husband a _ look.7(effect) His efforts to improve the school have been very _.8(person) I would like to see her _. It would be

6、better. 9The son has almost been driven mad by his parents (end) _ complaints.10 You can consult the (law) _ when you have some trouble in the divorce.11The young boy had no friends there. His (lonely) _ made him unhappy.12I doubt the (true) _ of the story but many people believe it.13 The company c

7、hiefs have protested (angry) _ that the others stealing their staffs. 6介词 ：不能单独使用，后接名词或相当于名词的词。7数词 ：分基数词和序数词8感叹词：9连词： （1）并列连词： （2）从属连词：10动词（一）分类按在句中的语法作用：实义动词，助动词，情态动词，系动词按是否做谓语：谓语动词和非谓语动词谓语动词和非谓语动词。（1）助动词(a)英语中基本助动词有三个：be do have 本身没有词汇意义，只在动词词组中起语法作用。例如：I am listening to a Beethoven symphony.My wi

8、fe doesnt know Russian. Joan has seen that movie.(b)半助动词半助动词指某些兼有主动词和助动词特征的语法结构，比如have to , seem to之类的结构既可以与主动词搭配构成复杂动词词组，又能与其他助动词搭配。例：I have to buy a new car. I dont have to buy a new car.(2)情态动词情态动词共13个：can/could , may/might , will/would ,shall/should , must , ought to , dare ,need , used to . 情态动

9、词不能单独使用，其后无一例外的跟动词原形，即 情态动词动词原形 。must：表示推测1 表示对现在的情况的推测；例：You must be wrong.2 表示对过去情况的推测；例：Mary has got a full mark in the test. She_ very hard all these days.(01-06-21)A) Will work C) Must have worked B) may work D) could have worked（3）系动词（二）时态与与语态不同的时态（动作发生时间）和语态（主动与被动）有不同谓语动词形式： 分类时态 主动谓语动词形式被动谓语

10、动词形式一般时一般现在时动词原形或第三人称单数形式be (am ,is, are)+过去分词一般过去时动词过去式was/were+过去分词进行时现在进行时be (am ,is, are)+现在分词am /is/are+ being+过去分词过去进行时was/were+现在分词was/were+ being+过去分词将来时现在将来时shall/Will+动词原形shall/Will+ be +过去分词过去将来时should/would+动词原形should/would +be+过去分词完成时现在完成时have/has+过去分词have/has+ been+过去分词过去完成时had+过去分词had

11、+ been+过去分词（三）非谓语动词（1）图表：不定式：表示将来发生的动作或具体的动作。具有名词性、形容词性、副词性。在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等。分词：分为现在分词和过去分词。动名词：具有名词的性质。名称性质含义在句中可做成分不定式名词性、形容词性、副词性将来发生的动作或具体的动作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语分词形容词性、副词性现在分词表主动进行；过去分词表被动完成表语、定语、状语动名词名词性表抽象概念主语、宾语、表语、定语宾语补足语（2）非谓语动词用法比较(a)做主语不定式It will be a great advantage to be abl

12、e to speak a foreign language , especially if you are in business.动名词Doing a second job to earn more money also means you have to pay additional income tax.It is no use crying for the splitting milk.(b)做宾语不定式：offer , learn , plan 提出学会的打算 demand , promise , help要求答应来帮助prepare ,decide , refuse准备决定遭拒绝

13、fail , pretend .未能做到莫假装例：I decide to leave the company next month , where I will have worked for exactly three years.动名词suggest / advise , finish , practise建议完成多练习avoid , miss , delay 避免错过少延期appreciate , image , cant help doing喜欢想象禁不住bear , keep , mind 忍受保持不在意Admit , deny , envy 承认否定与妒忌例：The teacher

14、 didnt mind helping the students in her spare time.(c)做表语To see is to believe.The visit is to promote the relationship between the two countries.It is interesting.The cup is broken.Seeing is believing.(d)做定语I have something important to do.This is a sleeping boy.This is a sleeping car. (e)分词短语做宾语补足语

15、When I caught him cheating me I stopped buying things there and started dealing with (f)做状语In order to learn a foreign language well , you must study hard.We left the meeting , there obviously _ no point in staying.A) were B) to be C) being D) havingThese surveys indicate that many crimes go by the

16、police , mainly because not all victims _ report them.A) unrecorded B) to be unrecorded C) Unrecording D) to have been unrecorded非谓语动词做状语与独立主格结构的区别：非谓语动词做状语时其逻辑主语是句子主语，作独立主格结构时其逻辑主语是其前面的名词。例：All flights having been cancelled,we had to go there by train .( TF ) On entering the classroom,the students

17、stood up and said，“Good morning ！（ TF ） Stuck in the mud ,they had to push the car. （ TF ） To look at a map ,the importance of this new railway will be seen . （ TF ）练习 1(frighten)_ by the explosion , we all rushed out of the hall.2The cost of meals in big cities varies greatly , (depend)_ on choices

18、.3I dont regret (tell) _ her what I thought , even if it upset her.4When (heat)_ ,water can be changed into vapour.5We appreciate your (invite)_ us to your party.6The doctor ordered the nurses (watch) _ the patient carefully.7(hold)_ the note in his hand , the fellow stood there dumbfounded.8He got

19、(kill)_ by the bus.9Living without an aim is like (sail)_ without a compass.10The night (be) _ dark , she was afraid to go there.11The workers (build)_ the bridge are from Guangzhou.(四)虚拟语气（1）if条件句中的虚拟语气例：Jean doesnt want to work right away because she thinks that if she _ a job she probably wouldnt

20、 be able to see her friends very often. A) has to get B) were not get C) had got D) could have got 例_ before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party. Had they arrived Would they arrivedWere they to arrive Were they arriving例He must have had an accident, or he _ then

21、.would have been here Should be hereHad to be here Would be there（2）特殊词的虚拟语气(a)表示愿望、建议、命令等意思的动词desire, recommend, suggest(主语必须是人)、名词desire, recommendation, suggestion或一些形容词essential, important, vital等这些词在虚拟语气中应用时，其后从句（一般为同位语从句）动词或宾语补足语用should加原形动词形式，其中should可省略。例1. It is recommended that the project

22、 _ until all the preparation have been made.A) not be started B) will not be started C) is not started D) is not to be started 2. The suggestion that the mayor _ the prizes was accepted by everyone.A) would present B) present C) presents D) ought to present(b)Lest, if, only, wish后的虚拟语气1. The mad man

23、 was put in the soft-padded cell lest he _ himself. A) injure B) had injured C) injured D) would injure2. Jack wishes that he _ business instead of history when he was in university.A) Studied B) study C) had been studying D) had studied(五)主谓一致：指谓语要和主语在人称，单复数方面保持一致。 例：The jury was asked to return to

24、 their seats .( )(六)倒装：英语中根据实际需要（有特殊的词在句首），把谓语全部或谓语的一部分放在主语之前 。（七）强调：英语中在谓语动词前加助动词do,does ,did表示强调 第二部分 句法（一）英语句子类型英语句子按其结构可分为：1.简单句2.并列句3.主从复合句1.简单句简单句（一个谓语或并列谓语）有两种：主谓宾例：I study English in the college. She works hard but fails in the exam.2.并列句用连词把两个或以上简单句连接而成。例：She is tall but he is short.3.复合句英语

25、中复合句有三类：(1)名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句）(2)定语从句（限制性和非限制性）(3)状语从句（8种：时间、地点、原因、条件、结果、让步、目的、比较）(1)名词性从句That 在名词性从句中不做成分，What做主语或宾语，关键:分析属于哪类从句要看其所在的位置。What I said is not true.This is what I said.（2）定语从句在名词或代词之后，引导词做一个成分。关键是分析从句句子结构，看从句缺少那一个成分。That 与 Which的用法As的用法（3）状语从句注意When/While的用法not until强调句型练习I felt some what disappointed and was about to leave _ something occurred which attracted my at