北京联大专升本英语专业考试[语法篇]

1、2014专升本英语讲座 语法篇时态时态：所谓时态时态，就是时间+状态。 过去 现在 将来一般 did do will/shall do进行 was/were doing am/is/are doing will/shall be doing完成 had done have/has done will/shall have done完成进行had been doing have/has been doingnMy father was doing his paperwork when the guests arrived.nYou should have seen the look on her

2、 face when I told her I had won the first prize.nBy the end of 2002 we had trained more than 5000 teachers of English all over the province.nIts expected that the new highway will have been completed by next July.nAs soon as he comes back, Ill tell him when you will come and see him.n过去时：表示过去某时发生的动作

3、或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作n现在完成时：到目前为止发生的某个动作结束。意图说明过去的事情对现在的影响，强调影响。n过去完成时：过去某一时刻之前发生的动作，强调动作的先后n将来完成时：将来某个时刻之前发生的动作。n现在完成进行时：某个动作从过去持续到现在，并且仍然在进行，强调动作的持续和延续。特殊情况nhardly/scarcelywhennno soonerthan nScarcely had they left when soldiers arrived, armed with rifles.nNo sooner had the thief disappeared into a side

4、 street than the police arrived.情态动词 n语法特征语法特征 1） 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生。2） 情态动词 除ought 外，后面只能接不带to 的不定式。3） 情态动词没有人称，数的变化，即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。4） 情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式，分词，等形式。nCars play an important role in modern life, but they can also cause many problems like air pollution.n- Where will you s

5、tart your work after graduation?n- Mm, its not been decided yet. I might continue my study for a higher degree.肯定推测 mustn1) must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测，意为“一定”。n2) must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时， 用must be或must be doing nYou have worked hard all day. You must be tired. 你辛苦干一整天，一定累了。（对现在情况的推测判断）n3) must 表示对已发生的事情的推测

6、时，用must have done I didnt hear the phone. I must have been asleep.4) must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测，must have been doing-Why didnt you answer my phone call?-Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didnt hear it.5) 否定推测用cant。The room is in a terrible mess; It cant have been cleaned.nmay/might 用于不太肯定的推测，或对将来可能发生事

7、情的推测。nThere may be a terrible storm in the following days.情态动词+have donen见书20页nYou neednt have come to meet me here at the station. The tube is quite convenient in this city.特殊情况nneed want be worth require + doing表示被动的意思The novel is really worth reading at least twice.非谓语动词 在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形叫做非谓语

8、动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式：n动词不定式 to study (to +动词原形 )n分词 studying (现在分词) studied (过去分词)n动名词 studying (形式与现在分词相同)I will do everything I can to help you with the work.动词非谓语形式有以下几种形式变化: 主 动 被 动 动词不定式 一 般 to write to be written 进 行 to be writing 完 成 to have written to have been written 完 成 进 行 to have been writing

9、 现 在 分 词 和 动 名 词 一 般 writing being written 完 成 having written having been written 过 去 分 词 一 般 written不定式 动词不定式能起名词,形容词,和副词作用,充当谓语以外的各种成分.n作主语. To learn English is not an easy thing. n作表语. My suggestion is to carry out the plan right nown作定语. Mary has a lot of things to do. n 作宾语. He wants to visit N

10、anjing.n作宾语补语 I expect you to write to me. I asked him to show me his new dictionary. n有些动词如感官动词和使役动词后面的不定式不带to,如:make, let, hear, see, notice, feel, watch, have等. I heard Mary cry.n 用被动语态时,这些动词后面的不定式要带to. She was heard to use strong language. 注：动词不定身的否定式只须在to前加not.固定表示法nshould/would like someone to

11、 do something ; would prefer something to do/to be done， nonly to do somethingnDo nothing/anything/everything but (except) do somethingnhad better do, would rather do(than) do, would donrather than do, would sooner do(than) do, cannot but do ,ncan not help but do, may/might as well do动名词：（作主语、宾语、表语）

12、nFighting broke out between the South and the North.nWould you mind turning down your radio a little, please? nHer job is washing，cleaning and taking care of the children.nThere is no + doingn It is no use/good +doing nThere is no point in +doingnhave (no) difficulty (in)+ doing/ there is (no) diffi

13、culty (in) +doingnfeel like +doing ;be busy (in) +doing something; cannot help +doing; would you mind +doing固定表示法nforget, remember, stop, regret, try, mean + to do sth./doing sth.1) She tried to do more exercises so as to lose weight. 设法去做2) She tried doing more exercises so as to lose weight. 努力尝试3

14、) I regret having done such a foolish thing.4) I regret to say George failed in the exam.n分词作定语分词作定语 We can see the rising sun. He is a retired worker. There was a girl sitting there. 注：过去分词作定语，与其修饰的词是被动关系。Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists. 分词（作定语、状语）选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看与主句主

15、语的关系。n主动关系，用现在分词n被动关系，用过去分词(Being ) used for a long time, the book looks old. 由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧。Using the book, I find it useful. 在使用的过程中，我发现这本书很有用。nThe students, surprised at the way the questions were put, didnt know the answers to them.分词作状语分词作状语 （可以表达时间、条件、原因、结果、伴随等）nBecause I havent prepared to

16、morrows lessons, I have no time to go out with you.= Not having prepared tomorrows lessons, I have no time to go out with you.nIf you see from the top of the TV tower, you will find the city far more beautiful at night. =Seeing from the top of the TV tower, you will find the city far more beautiful

17、at night. n注：分词的逻辑主语必须与主句主语一致。独立主格独立主格 一）： 独立主格结构的构成： 名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词；名词(代词)+形容词；名词(代词) +介词短语构成。 Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. = If weather permits, we are going to visit you tomorrow.His work finished, he left his office with joy. = After his work was finished, he left hi

18、s office with joy. The bus being late, we missed our train the day when we were back to Paris. nHe came into the room, his ears red with cold.他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆n二） 独立主格结构的特点：1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，介词短语等是主谓关系。3）独立主

19、格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。定语从句 n结构结构 先行词 + 关系词 + 句子 n关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。关系副词有：when, where, why等。被修饰的名词词组或代词关系代词或关系副词n关系代词（主语、宾语、定语）1）who, whom, that He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.2) Whose They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 3）which, thatI called Mr. Smith at

20、his office this morning, but the voice which answered the phone was not his.n关系副词（表示时间、地点或理由，在从句中作状语。 when, where, why =介词+ whichnThe name of the castle came from the time when (=at which) it was dominated by a duke.nThey live in a developing area where (=in which) the only means of transport is by

21、river.nIs this the reason why (=for which) he refused our offer?从句使用关系代词，还是关系副词？ 从句用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词谓语动词。 Is this the museum that you visited a few days ago? Is this the museum where the exhibition was held?The village where I was born and grew up is quite far from here.He regretted the days

22、 that he wasted in the woods and when he should have studied.The name originated from the days when this house belonged to the local policeman.1. 限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉主句意思往往不明确； 非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也 不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开， This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。The house, whi

23、ch we bought last month, is very nice. 这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句区别2. 非限制性定语从句可做插入语，例如：Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.3. 非限制性定语从句可修饰整个主句。这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：We had to sleep in our wet clothes, which was

24、most uncomfortable.注：关系代词注：关系代词that和关系副词和关系副词why不能引导非限制性不能引导非限制性定语从句。定语从句。lthere be 句型l不定代词作先行词时（anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, littlel先行词有the only, the very修饰时 l先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时l先行词既有人，又有物时。举例： Mother has never been to Tibet but thats the only city that she most likes to visit.只

25、能用只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况作为定语从句的关系代词的情况n由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可修饰整个主句. As一般放在句首，which在句中。nAs is often the case, we have worked out the production plan.nThe sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. l the same as；suchas 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和一样。 I have got into the same trouble as he (has).

26、l as可引导非限制性从句，常带有正如的意思。As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health.As is known, smoking is harmful to ones health.As 的用法状语从句n表示时间：when while （+doing） as before after since until as soon asn表示原因: because since as now thatn表示目的: so that in order that in casen表示条件:if unless if only only if provided thatn表示让步: though although as名词性从句（that+句子） nThat只起连接连接主句和从句的作用，在