跨文化交际参考资料

1、Unit 1Why China WorksExercises1. Answer the questions on the text:1) How does the author view the Chinese economy? It is the most important bright spot in the world economy under the global recession, the only major economy that is likely to show significant growth this year, and the only one that r

2、outinely breaks every rule in the economic textbook.2) According to the author, why can the Chinese economy perform so well? Because of:(1) the capacity for state control by the Chinese government.(2) its rejection of exotic financial innovations that are the melting core of the global credit crisis

3、.(3) the integration of its economic policies between traditional market tools and state control measures.3) In what way does the author imply that western economists are erroneous in their bias toward “Chinas market economic system”? The United States and Europe are moving toward state control by n

4、ationalizing their banking and car industries, and imposing heavy new regulation on the financial industry.4) What is the view of Stephen Roach on the Chinese economy system?Investment is the backbone of sustainable growth in the Chinese economy, which works more effectively than other market based

5、systems in times of economic stress.5) Why can China work in the eye of the author? It has followed a radical pragmatism focusing on a slow but steady shift toward freer markets.6) What is regarded as the strategic thinking of the Chinese leaders in market reforms? They understand even under the ser

6、ious financial crisis that it can stabilize the Chinese market and economy to introduce more sophisticated forms of securitization, including stock index funds, corporate bonds and other debt products. They also realize that, in the course of doing this, they should learn from the mistakes the weste

7、rners have made.7) What is the example given to illustrate the steadiness of the Chinese leaders in their policy execution? They continue to allow the value of yuan to rise despite of the American charges and the need for export competitiveness by their own enterprises. 8) What is “shock therapy”? I

8、t is the economic policy adopted in Russia from 1991 to 1992 that totally deregulated prices and lead to a runaway inflation. It proved to be all shock and no therapy.9) In what ways does the Chinese economic system work efficiently? It can get things done quickly, move in a coherent manner, and mar

9、shal its people and resources to a common target: economic growth and prosperity.11) What are the Internet and public opinion used for? For putting pressure on local officials and influencing policy decisions.2. Fill in each blank of the following sentences with one of the phrases in the list given

10、below. Make changes when necessary.1) At a time when the need is growing for mental health services, many countries are unfortunately cutting back on its spending.2) There is an increasing number of people out of work. But the western media often unfairly label them as lazy and reliable.3) Now that

11、the flow of oil has been stopped by BP, the impact of all the spilled oil and natural gas is still being measured.4) Once again its ability to steer economic policy will be tested against the ability to deliver on services and projects aimed at growing the economy and jobs.5) Housing prices are incr

12、edibly high today. But he bought his house for a song about five years ago.6) As people are complaining high prices, especially those related to daily necessities, the government feels rather urgent to hold down inflation rate immediately.7) Under the new economy policy investors are invited to buy

13、into state-owned enterprises.8) Since a serious gun shooting occurred in Arizona last week, security concerns have trickled down to all places, including residential buildings.9) Social unrest is a daily occurrence in the country nowadays. It is in the last place when it comes to investment for mult

14、inational companies.10) Efforts to ban smoking in China are so effective yet. Some chain smokers never think of quitting while many others have battled in vain to quit.3. Match the terms in column A with the definitions in column B:A_ B_1) financial innovation A) A reduction in the general availabil

15、ity of loans (or credit) or a sudden tightening of the conditions required to obtain a loan from the banks.72) stimulus package B) A non-bank entity or organization such as investment companies and mutual funds that invests in large quantities. 83) overheating C)A legal entity created by a governmen

16、t to undertake commercial activities on its behalf. 64) stamp tax D) The trading of a corporation's stock or other securities (e.g. bonds or stock options) by individuals with potential access to non-public information.9E) An industry that requires large amounts of capital, machinery and equipme

17、nt to produce goods. 55) capital-intensive sector F) Generation of new and creative approaches to securities, money management or investing. 16) state-run firm G) An economy that is expanding so rapidly that too much money is chasing too few goods and economists fear a rise in inflation . 37) credit

18、 crisis H) tax levied on certain legal transactions such as the transfer of a property such as building, copyright, land, patent, and securities. 48) institutional investor I) A plan or a series of measures taken by a government to jump-start its ailing economy, generally as a part of its fiscal pol

19、icy. 210) insider trading 4. Translate the following passage into Chinese.我们所面临的来自中国的真正挑战并不是他们向我们大量销售的货物，而恰恰相反，是他们正在提升的价值链。这在将来可能会对美国经济构成最严重的新挑战。在过去三十年的大部分时间里，中国集中精力建设基础设施，这主要靠廉价的劳动力和勤劳苦干的工人就行了。但工厂也都现代化、交通世界一流、港口大型化、机场高效化了，而且所有这些都是以人类历史上从未有过的速度和规模完成的。现在中国又想跨入更高质产品和服务的时代。这意味着由政府官员确定的经济发展的下一步是要以建设高速网般

20、的决心投资发展人力资本。自1998年来，中国政府已启动了大规模的教育发展计划，投入的资金按GDP比例计算增加了两倍，在而后的十年，中国的大学增加了一倍，大学生增加了四倍，从1997年的100万增长到2007年的550万。中国列出了顶级的9所大学为其常青藤大学联盟。欧洲各大学以及美国的州立大学因受大规模经费削减影响而处于崩溃状态，而中国的大学大发展趋势则恰恰相反。耶鲁大学校长理查德·雷文在今年年初的一次演讲中指出：“这次中国大学的扩展是前所未有的，在仅十年的时间里就建起了世界上规模最大的高等教育。实际上，2000年以来中国大学扩招的大学生人数超过了美国大学招生的总数。那么这一史无前例的

21、教育投资对中国和美国有何意义呢？诺贝尔经济学奖得主罗伯特·福格尔预测了训练有素工人的经济影响。在美国，高中毕业的工人的生产率是只受过9年教育的人的1.8倍，而大学毕业的则要高出两倍。中国正在大规模地扩大高中和大学生的人数。尽管目前中国在服务业上仍远远落后他国，但中国企业将会很快进入这一巨大市场。福格尔相信高技能工人的增多将在今后大大刺激中国的经济增长率，使其GDP在2040年之前达到惊人的123万亿美元。不管这一难以想象的数字是否准确，但有一点是很清楚的，中国正开始提升其价值链，进入一直来只有西方国家独占的产业和工种，这才是来自中国的真正挑战。应对这一挑战的最佳和最有效的方法不是威胁

22、和关税，而是深层次的结构改革和大规模的投资，使美国经济重新获得活力，使美国工人再具竞争力。5. Read the following text and choose the best sentence from the list (A-E) below to fill in each of the gaps in the text.1) It assembles more toys, stitches more shoes and sews more garments than any other nation in the world.2) China is home to 1.3 bill

23、ion people and has 100 cities of more than a million people.3) Even at 25 cents an hour, Chinese workers cost more than laborers in the poorer countries of Southeast Asia or Africa.4) Indeed, the country's embrace of market economy over the last decade and the government's insistence that fa

24、rmers fend for themselves are combining forces to all.5) That disparity has set in motion the largest human migration in history.Supplementary Reading China: The next branding superpower?1. China and the U.S disagree _.A. whether the Chinese should buy moreB. over who dominates the bilateral tradeC.

25、 whether the value of RMB is deliberately held downD. over what the Chinese consumers should buy2. The Americans assume that China will remain _ so that it will continue to import American higher value added products and services.A. a manufacturing superpowerB. a developing countryC. a service-based

26、 economyD. a regional economic power3. By moving up the value chain, China intends to become a _.A. manufacturing giantB. branding superpowerC. competitive nationD. political superpower4. According to the author, the work of branding in China would depend more on _.A. domestic companiesB. foreign in

27、vestorsC. the governmentD. multinational companies5. With better access to Chinese market for foreign companies, what do Chinese policy makers fear?A. Chinese consumers will prefer famous foreign brands.B. Chinese brands are unable to move up to the high end of the brand chain.C. China can also add

28、values through marketing and distribution.D. China will have to spend billions building brands.6. The Space Rate between the U.S. and the Soviet Union is mentioned to reflect _.A. military competition during the cold warB. the anxiety of the Americans in the space rateC. national economic security i

29、n ChinaD. the national anxiety of China over their brand competitiveness7. The author believes in less than a century the consumer trends in the world will be overwhelmingly dominated by _.A. consumer consciousnessB. competitive marketC. such brands as Coca-cola, Google, and ToyotaD. Chinese brandsU

30、nit 2A Changed Global RealityExercises1. Answer the questions on the text:1)What are the features of the two major economies that the world has seen for more than 200 years?One has dominated technological innovation and trade and amassed great wealth. The secondmuch of it politically under the thumb

31、 of the firsthas remained poor and technologically dependent.2)How much did low-and-middle-income countries contribute to world growth in 2010?Almost half (46%)3)Taking a long term view, why is it good news that developing countries are growing fast?As billions of poor people become more prosperous,

32、 they will be able to afford comforts their counterparts in the rich world have long considered the normal appurtenances of life.4)What are the worst-case scenarios that Europe has so far avoided?A collapse of the euro, a debt crisis that spills from small economies such as Greece and Ireland to muc

33、h bigger ones like Italy and Spain, and bitter social unrest in those nations that are having to massage wages down while cutting public budgets.5)Why does Jim Walker think that 2011 will be a “year of reckoning”?Because Jim Walker thinks that the rebound in the US is a mirage created by excessive s

34、timulus. He expects the US to slip into the double dip it dodged in 2010.6)Why has the private-sector debt crisis of 2008-2009 morphed into a public-sector debt crisis in 2010-11?It has been the result of the debt and deficits amassed in the process of stimulating economies and bailing out banks dur

35、ing the downturn.7)What are the risks that emerging economies face?a. sharp rise in inflation b. rising oil prices c. soaring food price8)What did China and India do to cope with inflation and rising food prices?China raised the reserve-requirement ratio; India resorted to diplomatic means when Paki

36、stan temporarily cut off some exports of onions to the country.9)How can the disaffection with global capitalism in the developed world be prevented from turning into a backlash against it?It would help if there were mechanisms in place to manage the stresses in the international economy.10)What is

37、the most serious division between countries that policymakers have to contend with?Economic disparity2. Fill in each blank of the following sentences with one of the phrases in the list given below:1) The search for the child was scaled back sharply today, with almost a third of the volunteers headi

38、ng home.2)The former Federal Reserve Chairman says there is a risk that the US could slip into a recession by years end.3) The CEO of the firm said that they would switch priority from traditional labor-intensive products to more hi-tech and value-added ones.4) In the aftermath of the financial cris

39、is the group has put on hold some of its ambitious regional expansion plans.5) Toyota Motor Corp. is offering widespread job buyouts to its US workers for the first time and cutting the workweek at some of its American plants by 10% to contend with falling sales.6) Eventually, it must morph into a s

40、ystem that functions on stability, or it will fail and cause an unstoppable breakdown and widespread hardship.7) Unfortunately most of the central banks in the world today are still firmly under the thumb of politicians.8) The stock markets endurance could depend heavily on whether economic and corp

41、orate performance remains uncertain, or begins indicating that the economy truly is out of the woods.9) Survivors were encouraged to talk about their horrible experiences to help them come to terms with the flood disaster.10) Other countriesnotably Australiahave also avoided a bust in their housing

42、markets, and have instead seen prices increases flatten out.3. Match the terms in column A with the explanations in column B:A B _1）double-dip recession A) A physical substance, such as food, grains, and metals, which is interchangeable with another product of the same type, and which investors buy

43、or sell, usually through future contracts 72) credit rating B) A measure that examines the weighted average of prices of  foodstuffs, often used as an important factor to assess the cost of living. 93) austerity C) A government policy of deficit-cutting, lower spending, and a red

44、uction in the amount of benefits and public services provided, sometimes coupled with increases in taxes to pay back creditors to reduce debt. 34) private sector D) A central bank regulation that sets the minimum reserves each commercial bank must hold to customer deposits and notes. 105）protective

45、tariffE) The part of the economy that is not state controlled, and is run by individuals and companies for profit. 46）beggar thy neighbor F) An expression in economics describing policy that seeks benefits for one country at the expense of others. Such policies attempt to remedy the economic problem

46、s in one country by means which tend to worsen the problems of other countries. 67) commodity G) A published ranking based on detailed financial analysis by a credit bureau, of ones financial history, specifically as it relates to ones ability to meet debt obligations. 28）sovereign-debt crisis H) A

47、crisis in which a national government owes so much debt that it is unable to repay or on the edge of bankruptcy. 89）food-price index I) A tariff which tries to ban imports to stop them competing with local products 510）reserve requirement J) A situation where economic growth slides back to negative

48、after a short-lived growth and the economy may move into a deeper and longer downturn. 14. Translate the following into Chinese:星期五，世界上20个主要经济体的领导人结束了在这座东北亚首都城市举行的为期两天的峰会。各国争论不休，然而却没有就避免破坏性货币和贸易战争的具体措施达成一致意见。会议遭遇的挫折远多于收获，而奥巴马总统最为沮丧，其采取统一方法推动全球经济的努力未能成功。 20国集团成员国突然拒绝支持美国迫使中国提高币值的尝试，延续了这场痛苦的争端，很多人认为争端

49、最终会导致全球贸易战。在离开这座城市之前，各国领导人发表了一项打了折扣的声明，仅仅同意避免货币的“竞争性贬值”。这份联合声明大致描述了他们推动增长，并平衡贸易和汇率以及避免贸易保护主义政策的意图。美国官员称此为一份重要协议，将会帮助减轻一些承受巨额贸易逆差的国家的压力。但是各国并没有义务遵守这些协议。在最后的讲话中，奥巴马对这次令人失望的峰会持积极态度，说世界上的发达国家和发展中国家已经成功地把世界经济引入通往复苏的道路。但是他也承认参与峰会的各国可能重陷一种险境：引起本次全球经济危机的经济失衡。尽管如此，他不会承认在后门会议上遭遇的失败。这样的会议经常被认为是处于陷入敌对状态的边缘。“我们在

50、此所做的工作并不一定那么激动人心、始终能改变世界，但我们确实是在稳步地增强国际管理机制和机构，减少世界各国间的摩擦”，奥巴马说。他强调二十国集团领袖们作出了巨大的努力，包括建立国际社会所要求的裁定当事国是否对贸易伙伴采取不公平做法的仲裁机制。“有时我觉得人们本能地聚焦于分歧也是很自然的，”美国总统说，但实际上“我们在每次这样的峰会上都取得实质性的进展。”但在首尔，世界领袖们一再显示他们无意妥协，只愿做出空泛的许诺，难以遮盖他们在寻求共识果敢行动上的无能。不能达成共识有时则会促使世界各国去追求各自的利益，而会损害有协调的全球均衡增长。5. Fill in each of the followin

51、g gaps with one of the sentences given below:1) This week the IMF predicted that global GDP should expand by 4.8% this year.2) Most obviously, there is the gap between the vitality of the big emerging economies, some of which have been sprinting along at close to 10%, and the sluggishness of many ri

52、ch ones.3) Poor countries, especially young ones, ought in theory to invest more than they save, and so be a net source of demand for richer, older ones, all the more so when the latter are in bad shape.4) Rich countries are planning tax rises and spending cuts worth 1.25% of their collective GDP in

53、 2011, the biggest synchronised fiscal tightening on record.5) Even in America the ageing of the baby-boomers points to a slower-growing workforce.Supplementary ReadingThe Survival of the Safest1. Which of the following is an important reason for the American economys persistent weakness?A. new risk

54、sB. damage to moraleC. distrust in one anotherD. John Maynard Keynes theory2. According to the passage, the book “Why Wages Dont Fall During a Recession” focuses on:A. the recession of 1999B. the recession of 1990-1999C. the recession of 1990-1991D. the recession of 2008-now3. What is unusual about

55、the market for labor compared with other productive factors?A. For other productive factors such as wheat, the price usually drops until the excess supply is mostly gone.B. Excess supply of labor shows up as unemployment.C. Unlike factors of productions such as wheat or trucks, human beings dont hav

56、e morale issues.D. For labor market, excess supply can be prominent and persistent. 4. The managers that Professor Bewley interviewed consistently told that:A. they are concerned about both the emotional and physical state of their core employees.B. they are concerned about the emotional state of th

57、eir core employees C. they are concerned about the physical state of their core employeesD. they are concerned about the emotional state of all their employees5. The underlined part in the sentence “they steel themselves against sentimentality”means:A. Become hard-hearted B. Wrap themselves with steel.C. Be equipped with steelD. Fight against6. Why do managers often lay off more people than necessary?A. To e