词汇学常见词缀总结

1、Prefixes and suffixes1. Negative prefixes（否定前缀）:“not”-”不，非。”a-: not, without, opposite to as in apolitical, asexual, atypical, asocial, amoraldis-: not, the converse of as in disobey, discredit, disloyal, disorder, disusein- ：(il-, ir-, im-): same in meaning as for dis- as in inaudible, injustice, i

2、lliterate, illegitimate, irresistible, irresponsibility, improbable, immaturenon-: not, a productive affix expressing the idea that a person or thing does not have the qualities or characteristics referred to, as in non-classical, non-smoker, non-violence, non-president, non-virtueun-（more frequent）

3、: same in meaning as for dis-, a very productive affix as in undemocratic, ,unwillingly, unbuilt, unsmiling2.Reversative or Privative Prefixes (逆反前缀)de-:'reversing the action, depriving of, as in decentralize, demystify, dehumanize, deforestation; fixed to nouns to form verbs, as in deice, defea

4、ther, debug, descaledis-: “reversing the action”, with verbs as in disallow, dispossess, disunite; also meaning lacking, with adjectives, e.g. disinterested , discolouredun-: same in meaning as for de- with verbs as in unbug, unlock, unwrape; but meaning depriving of, releasing from in limited use w

5、ith nouns to make verbs, e.g. unseat , unhorse, unmask3.Pejorative Prefixes (贬义前缀)maltreat to treat roughly or cruellymalodorous having a bad smellmishear to hear mistakenlypseudoscience/friend pretended sciencemal-: badly, bad added to verbs, adjectives, and abstract nouns, e.g. maltreat, malformed

6、, malnourished, malodorous, malpractice, mala dministrationmis-: wrongly, astray, added to verbs and abstract nouns, e.g. misinterpret, mistrust, misleading, misconduct, misunderstandpseudo-: false, imitation, a productive affix with nouns and adjectives, e.g. -scientific, -classicism, -democratic;

7、often used to show disapproval, e.g. friend, -parent4.Prefixes of Degree or Size (表围、程度)arch-: supreme, most, with human nouns, e.g. archbishop, archduke, productive usually with pejorative effect, e.g. arch-enemy, arch-hypocrite, arch-capitalist, arch-rivalco-: jointly, on equal footing, productive

8、 with nouns and verbs, e.g. cohabit, codirect, co-star, co-manager, co-authorextra-: very, productive with adj., e.g. extra-large, extra-strong, extra-brighthyper-: extreme, with adj., sometimes pejorative, e.g. hyperactive, hypercreative, hypercautious, hypercriticalmacro-: large, forming technical

9、 terms, e.g. macroeconomics, macrostructure, macrocosmextra-: very, productive with adj., e.g. extra-large, extra-strong, extra-brighthyper-: extreme, with adj., sometimes pejorative, e.g. hyperactive, hypercreative, hypercautious, hypercriticalmacro-: large, forming technical terms, e.g. macroecono

10、mics, macrostructure, macrocosmmicro-: very small, the opposite of macro-, e.g. microsurgery, microwave, microfilm, microparticlemini-: little, productive with nouns, e.g. mini-bus, -camera, -tour, -market, -bikiniout-: surpassing, with verbs, nouns and adj. to form new transitive verbs, e.g. outswi

11、m, outlive, outwit, outclass, outnumber, outsmart, outbravesuper-: more than, beyond, very special, productive with adj., nouns to form words of the same classes, e.g. -sophisticated, -modern, -simplification, -natural, -human, -hero, -brainsur-: over and above, added to nouns, e.g. surcharge, surpa

12、ss, surtaxultra-: extreme, with adj., e.g. -conservative, -intelligent, -civilized, -feminineunder-: insufficient, beneath, productive with verbs, nouns and adj., e.g. -pay, -value, -surface, -ground, -growth, -nourished, -developed5.Prefixes of Orientation and Attitude (表方向、态度)Degree archenemy chie

13、f enemyhypersensitive extreme sensitiveoverwork to work too hardultra-conservative extreme conservativeanti-: against, opposed to, e.g. -abortion, -social -government, -nuclear; preventing, destroying, e.g. -bacterial, -inflation, -freeze, -aging, -aircraft; against traditional characteristics and o

14、f or belonging to the hypothetical world consisting of antimatter, e.g. -hero, -music, -theater, -man, -quarkcontra-: opposite, contrasting, e.g. -distinction, -factual, -flowcounter-: against, in opposition to, e.g. espionage, -accusation, -offer, -strike, -reformpro-: for, on the side of, producti

15、ve with nouns and adj. to form adj., e.g. pro-democracy, -authority, -student, -feminist6.Locative Prefixes (方位前缀)income what comes intransatlantic crossing the Atlanticinternational among nationsintra-class within classtelecommunication communication at a distanceante-: in front of; before, e.g. an

16、teroomapo-: away from, e.g. apogee, apocentriccircum-: around, e.g. circumstance, circumlunarendo-: inside, within, e.g. endocentric, endobiosisepi-: around, e.g. epidemic, epibiosisex-: outside, out of , away from, e.g. export, exitby-: near, close, e.g. byway, by pathextra-: outside, e.g. curricul

17、ar, -territorial, -maritalfore-: front part of, e.g. forearm, foreheadhypo-: below, beneath, under, e.g. hypodermic injectioninfra-: below, beneath, e.g. -structure, -red, -sonicinter-: between, among, e.g. city, -personal, -state, -marriage, -weave, -breeding, -playintra-: within, e.g. class, -part

18、y, -generation; introduceperi-: around, enclosing, e.g. -central, period, -meter, -derm, -carppro-: forward, e.g. -gress, -ject, -long, -trude, -mote, -spect, -pelretro-: backward, e.g. retrospect, retroactive, retrocedesuper-: above with nouns, e.g. structure, -scripttrans-: across, from one place

19、to another, e.g. atlantic, -continental, -plant, -late, -mit, -form, -cribe7.Prefixes of Time and Order (表时间、顺序)ante-: prior to, before, e.g. -cedent, -cipateex-: former, e.g. -lover, -husband, -convict, -servicefore-: before, e.g. -word, -thought, -fathers, -knowledgemid-: middle, e.g. -summer, -ni

20、ghtpost-: after, e.g. -election, -independence, -structuralismpre-: before, in advance, e.g. -trial, -retirement, -industrial, -prepared, -adolescent, -judge, -determinepro-: earlier, before, e.g. -phet, -loguere-: again, back, e.g. -marriage, -read, -consider, -distributionTime: ex-president former

21、 president preview to view beforehand postwar after war rethink think again foreword note before the book8. Number prefixes(数字前缀)hemi-, demi-, semi-: half (semi- most productive) as in semi-automatic, semi-naked, semi-skilled, demigod, demidevil, hemisphere mono-, uni-: one as in unisex, uniform, un

22、idirectional, monoculture, monocentric, monoraildi-, bi-: two as in bicycle, bilingual, bilateral, bimonthly, dichotomytri-: three as in triangle, tricolour, tripartite tetra-, quadr-: four, as in quadrilateral, tetralogypenta-, quint-: five, as in pentagon, quintethexa-, sex-: six, as in hexagon, h

23、exameter, sexennialhepta-, sept-: seven, as in heptagon, Septemberocta-: eight, as in octopus, Octoberennea-, nona-: nine, as in enneagon, nonagon, Novemberdeca-, deci-: ten, one tenth, as in decade, decimalhecto-, centi-: hundred, one hundredth, as in hectometre, centipede, centigradekilo-, milli-:

24、 thousand, one thousandth, as in kilowatt, milliamperemega-, micro-: million, one millionth, as in megaton, microamperepoly-, multi-: many (multi- more productive) as in multi-candidate, multi-purpose, multi-dimensional, polytechnic, polysyllabic9.Conversion Prefixes (转化前缀)Prefixes of this category

25、differ from those in other sections in having little semantic value, their chief function being to effect a conversion of the base form from one word class to another. English has only three traditional conversion prefixes.a-: added to verbs to produce predicative adjectives (表语形容词), e.g. asleep, aw

26、ash, aglow, atremble, alive10.Miscellaneous Prefixes (其他类型前缀)eco-: of environment, e.g. -crisis, ecology -catastrophe, -cide, -activity, -freakauto-: self, e.g. -biography, -suggestionneo-: new, revived, e.g. -Liberal, -Nazipan-: all, the whole of, e.g. -continental, -European, -Indianproto-: first,

27、 original with nouns, e.g. -fascist, -horse, -coalitionvice-: deputy freely with nouns, e.g. -provostquasi-: as if, to some degree, e.g. sovereign, -officialhetero-: different, e.g. sexual, -doxyhomo-: same, like, e.g. phone, -graph, -geneousVerb-forming prefixesbelittle/numb to make littlebefriend/

28、jewel/flower/dust to treat like a friendbewail/fall to cry over be + nadj v.iv.tembitter to fill with bitter feelings enlarge to make large enable to cause danger toempower to give sb the powerembody, encase, encircle, enclose, enjoy, enlist, enroll,/ enchain, enlace1. Noun suffixeso 1) Denominal no

29、uns 12 2) Deverbal nouns 10o 3) De-adjective nouns 2 4) Noun and adjective suffixes 4o de- :derived from, 从导出1) Denominal Nouns 12o a. Concrete. b. Abstract. o -eer profiteer, -age, -ism terrorismo -er engineer, -dom, freedom -ship friendshipo -ess hostess priestess, -ery -ery (-ry), slavery, o -ett

30、e cigarette, kitchenette, -hood childhood, o -let booklet, -ing farming, -ama, -rama: 全景、大型, e.g. telerama, cinerama, circusama-crat: e.g. technocrat, Eurocrat, meritocrat-eer: e.g. profiteer, racketeer, sloganeer, engineer, weaponeer, auctioneer, mountaineer-er: e.g. teenager, glover, Londoner, thr

31、ee-wheeler-ess: female, e.g. empress, priestess, stewardess, hostess-ster: involved in as in trickster, gangster, songster, youngster-age: measure of, process or state, e.g. mileage, poundage, footage, storage, wastage, coverage-dom: state, condition, e.g. martyrdom, dukedom, officialdom-ery, -ry: c

32、ondition or behavior associated with as in slavery, devilry, savagery, roguery; place, e.g. bakery, winery, nunnery; collection of, e.g. jewelry, machinery, pottery-ful: amount contained in, as in armful, houseful, mouthful, spoonful, pocketful-hood: state, condition, e.g. adulthood, daughterhood, s

33、pinsterhood, widowerhood, neighborhood-ing: the material of as in tubing, matting, carpeting; activity connected with, e.g. farming, golfing-ism: doctrine of, practice of, as in absenteeism, sexism, consumerism, terrorism, totalitarianism, ageism-itis: 炎, 发炎, as in bronch itis, arthritis, tonsilliti

34、s; 癖, 过多的派头, e.g. golfitis, interviewitis, professoritis-ship: occupation, position as in ambassadorship, governorship, authorship; skill and ability, e.g. craftsmanship, sportsmanship; relation, as in acquaintanceship, partnership, friendship, membershipDiminutive noun suffixes 小名词后缀-eteria, -teria

35、: e.g. luncheteria = luncheonette, roadeteria, restauranteria, chocolateria, fruiteria, grocerteria, smoketeria, cafeteria, washateria-ette: compact, e.g. kitchenette, dinerette, cigarette; also meaning imitation and female, e.g. leatherette, suffragette, usherette-let: small, unimportant, e.g. drop

36、let, booklet, starlet-cle: e.g. particle, corpuscle-cule: e.g. molecule, animalcule-en: e.g. kitten, chicken-ie: e.g. bookie, birdie, doggie-ling: e.g. duckling, weakling-y: e.g. doggy, Johnny2) Deverbal nouns-ant: occupations and participation, e.g. assistant, contestant, informant, applicant; an o

37、bject or substance, e.g. coolant, pollutant, decongestant -ee: receiver of the action as in addressee, intern ee, transferee, assignee; doer of the action, e.g. absentee, cohabitee, divorcee -er, -or: doer of the action, referring to both persons as in commander, photographer, collaborator, speculat

38、or, or non-persons as in recorder, strainer, cooker, mixer, elevator, escalator-ent: a person or thing, e.g. respondent, correspondent, descendent, dependent-age: action of, instance of, as in spillage, marriage, linkage, shrinkage, carriage-al: the process or state of, as in dismissal, portrayal, s

39、urvival, arrival, retrieval-ance, -ence: action, process, state, e.g. performance, insurance, attendance, adherence, persistence, existence, dependence, recurrence-ation, -ition, -tion, -sion, -ion: process or state of, product of, e.g. realization, imagination, addition, protection, commission, dec

40、ision, operation-ing: action of, as in christening, wedding, building, earnings, savings, opening-ment: result of, as in assessment, puzzlement, resentment, management, assignment3)De-adjective Nouns-ity: state or condition, e.g. productivity, intensity, superiority, respectability, morality, popula

41、rity-ness: state or quality, e.g. youthfulness, permissiveness, up-to-dateness Both ity and ness can be added to the same base to form new words, e.g. sensible-sensibility-sensibleness, pompous-pomposity-pompousness. It is also noticeable that the formations in ness exist together with other deadjec

42、tival formations, e.g. justness-justice appropriateness appropriacy normalness normality normalcy infiniteness infinitude - infinity4) Noun and Adjective SuffixesA small number of suffixes, when added to bases related to human beings or nationality names, yield words that can be used both as nouns a

43、nd adjectives.-ese: member of, language of, e.g. Chinese, Lebanese; style of, as in journalese, officialese, Americanese-an, -ian: citizen and language of as in Australian, Cambodian; adherent to, relating to, e.g. Darwinian, Chomskyan, Shakespearian, Elizabethan-ist: adherent to beliefs and behavio

44、r, as in methodist, loyalist, racist, socialist; occupations or study, e.g. artist, bassist, psychiatrist, violinist, environmentalist-ite: adherent to, member of, e.g. Darwinite, Thatcheriteaddress写信 addresser addresseedonate 捐献 donor donee nominate 提名 nominator nomineetrain 训练 trainer trainee2. Ad

45、jective suffixes1)Denominal Suffixes-ed: added to those noun (adj)-plus-noun compounds, e.g. pear-shaped, blue-eyed, giant-sized-ful: full of, providing, e.g. merciful, tactful, graceful, dutiful-ly: having the qualities of as in soldierly, friendly, cowardly, deathly; frequency, e.g. hourly, fortni

46、ghtly-ish: somewhat like, approximately, e.g. monkeyish, snobbish, nightmarish, coquettish, sixtyish; language and nationality as in Polish, Jewish; also productive with adjective bases in the sense of somewhat, e.g. wettish, thinnish, plumpish-like: like, e.g. animal-like, lady-like, childlike, dre

47、amlike Where like and ish occur with the same base, the latter is relatively pejorative and less literally close to the meaning of the base, for example, manly, manlike, mannish, the first referring to the physical or heroic qualities of a man, the second applied to nonhumans, and the third implying

48、 unwelcome masculine attributes usually in a woman.-y: somewhat like, characterized by, e.g. flowery, smoky, bloody, grassy, doggy, Johnny, birdy-esque: having the properties of, with names of famous writers, composers or painters, e.g. Beethovenesque, Dantesque, Chaplinesque -ous, -eous, -ious, -uous: having a particular quality, e.g. sensuous, marvellous, courageous, anxious-al, -ial, -ical: relating to, e.g. residential, sentimental, philosophical-ic: resembling, involving, connected with, e.g. patriotic,