15第五章采收与采后商品化处理第2节

1、第五章 采收与采后商品化处理曹建康曹建康 一、分级目的与意义一、分级目的与意义促进果蔬产品标准化和商品化，实现优质优价促进果蔬产品标准化和商品化，实现优质优价 二、分级标准二、分级标准品质等级品质等级 一般是根据产品的形状、色泽、损一般是根据产品的形状、色泽、损伤及有无病虫害状况等分为特等、一等和二伤及有无病虫害状况等分为特等、一等和二等等大小等级大小等级 则是根据产品的重量、直径、长度则是根据产品的重量、直径、长度等分为特大、大、中和小等分为特大、大、中和小第二节 分 级 Sorting 水果分级根据：在果形、新鲜度、颜色、品质、水果分级根据：在果形、新鲜度、颜色、品质、病虫害和机械伤等方面

2、已符合要求的基础上，病虫害和机械伤等方面已符合要求的基础上，再按大小（果实横径最大部分直径）进行分级再按大小（果实横径最大部分直径）进行分级 蔬菜分级根据：坚实度、清洁度、大小、重量、蔬菜分级根据：坚实度、清洁度、大小、重量、颜色、形状、鲜嫩度以及病虫感染和机械伤颜色、形状、鲜嫩度以及病虫感染和机械伤 分级标准分级标准 （该内容见果蔬质量标准部分）（该内容见果蔬质量标准部分）三、分级方法及要求三、分级方法及要求1人工分级人工分级2机械分级机械分级形状分选形状分选重量分选重量分选颜色分选颜色分选滚筒式分级滚筒式分级 滚轴式分级滚轴式分级四、非破坏性品质检测与分级四、非破坏性品质检测与分级Nond

3、estructive quality assessment by sensor technology1. 利用光学特性进行无损检测利用光学特性进行无损检测Sensing Optical Properties光反射和传播光反射和传播 Light Reflection and Transmission颜色分选与瑕疵检测颜色分选与瑕疵检测 Color sorting -Blemish detection叶绿素荧光法叶绿素荧光法 Chlorophyll Fluorescence光谱分析光谱分析 Light spectroscopyShaphape SortortingColor Color Sorto

4、rtingDefects SortingAutomatic detecting of surface defects on applesAs far as size, shape and colour is concerned, apples can be graded by automatic systems.a bruise or blemish can also be detected水果光电分级系统在线应用水果光电分级系统在线应用北京海华天安技术有限责任公司北京海华天安技术有限责任公司基于线扫描工业相机的蔬果颜色分级视觉检测设备，适用领域主要是蔬菜颜色、伤痕、形状等的分类，可自动检查蔬

5、菜、水果等农产品的外观、颜色等进行测定、评级及等级分类。基于机器视觉技术的小型智能化红枣分级分选机，以颜色、大小、形状、表面缺陷等外部品质综合指标判断作为分级标准，对红枣进行快速无接触检测分级。四、非破坏性品质检测与分级四、非破坏性品质检测与分级2. 利用电磁学特性进行无损检测利用电磁学特性进行无损检测Sensing Electromagnetic Properties 近红外近红外 Near Infrared, NIR 射线射线 X-Ray CT (Computerized tomography，电子计算机轴性断层扫描，电子计算机轴性断层扫描) 核磁共振核磁共振 Nuclear Magnet

6、ic Resonance (NMR)电磁波谱电磁波谱 Electromagnetic SpectrumInteraction of Electromagnetic Radiation With Fruit TissuesReflectance & Transmittance Measurement SystemNIR Signals of 522 ApplesLiu et al., Nondestructive measurement of internal quality of Nanfeng mandarin fruit by charge coupled device near

7、infrared spectroscppy. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 2010, 715: 510-514Performance of NIRS Soluble Solids Contents Models for Different FruitsCurrent SSC modelperformanceFruitGoodPeach; Nectarine;Apple; KiwifruitReasonableMandarin; MangoOnionPoorMelons; PineappleTomato(Walsh et al., 2004

8、)近红外近红外 Optical Configuration of the NIR SensorNear-infrared spectroscopy (NIR)光纤固体探头光纤固体探头NINIRFl lex-NN500 偏振干涉仪偏振干涉仪AccuNIccuNIR212100台式果品近红外分析仪台式果品近红外分析仪AccuNIccuNIR222200便携式果品近红外分析仪便携式果品近红外分析仪NINIR1131130 CT MRI &NMRNMNMR TechchnoloologyFig. 1. Visual evaluation of watercore disorder in Reb

9、elln apple after cutting the fruit at the equator (a) and the corresponding MRI (b) and CT images (c). The MRI imagewas exactly matched to the CT image because we obtained 3D data. The photograph is from approximately the same, however obviously not identical, position. Scale barsmeasure 10 mm.Fig.

10、1. Central slices of MR images belonging to the four watercore levels, classified by three experts. (1) Sound apple; (2) light watercore; (3) medium watercore; (4) strong watercore. Melado-Herreros et al. / Postharvest Biology and Technology 86 (2013) 125133Fig. 2. Examples of a tomography of two di

11、fferent apples that have block (on the top) and radial (on the bottom) watercore. Melado-Herreros et al. / Postharvest Biology and Technology 86 (2013) 125133李李 果实内部组织损伤的核磁共振图像（果实内部组织损伤的核磁共振图像（M MRI I）NMI20 | 核磁共振成像分析仪 核磁共振仪器核磁共振仪器四、非破坏性品质检测与分级四、非破坏性品质检测与分级3. 利用振动波进行无损检测利用振动波进行无损检测超声波超声波 Ultrasonic

12、Techniques敲击波敲击波 Forced Vibration声声 波波 Acoustic Testing超声技术超声技术 D Det termrmining Fruruit t Propropertrties sb by Ultraso Ultrasonic c Techchniqu ues sMizrach A. Determination of avocado and mango fruit properties by ultrasonic technique. Ultrasonics 38 (2000) 717722D Det termrmining Avocavocado o P

13、ropropertrties sb by Ultraso Ultrasonic c Techchniqu ues sD Det termrmining Ma Mango o Propropertrties sb by Ultraso Ultrasonic c Techchniqu ues s美泰美泰MUMUT62620CC超声波探伤超声波探伤仪仪敲击振动敲击振动/声学特性声学特性 无损检测技术无损检测技术Acoustic Impulse ResponseTest硬度的声学测定硬度的声学测定 Microphone Based System for Acoustic Firmness Testin

14、gAcoustic firmness sensor (AFS)Measurement cupAir connection point for cleaning insideLocker to protect instrument during transportationMicro phoneUSB connection to computerEstimate flesh firmness from acoustic firmnessThe Acoustic Parameters of a Fruit四、非破坏性品质检测与分级四、非破坏性品质检测与分级4. 果实质构硬度无损检测技术果实质构硬度

15、无损检测技术压力测试压力测试 Mango Fruit Quality Assessment using Restricted Nondestructive Mechanical Force四、非破坏性品质检测与分级四、非破坏性品质检测与分级5. 压电效应无损检测技术压电效应无损检测技术Piezoelectric transducers for real-time evaluation of fruit firmness压电效应：某些电介质在沿一定方向上受到压电效应：某些电介质在沿一定方向上受到外力的作用而变形时，其内部会产生极化外力的作用而变形时，其内部会产生极化现象，同时在它的两个相对表面上

16、出现正现象，同时在它的两个相对表面上出现正负相反的电荷。当外力去掉后，它又会恢负相反的电荷。当外力去掉后，它又会恢复到不带电的状态，这种现象称为正压电复到不带电的状态，这种现象称为正压电效应。当作用力的方向改变时，电荷的极效应。当作用力的方向改变时，电荷的极性也随之改变。性也随之改变。依据电介质压电效应研制的一类传感器称为依据电介质压电效应研制的一类传感器称为为压电传感器。为压电传感器。Fig. 1. Photograph of the piezoelectric transducer. It is a bending bimorph deviceQ220-A4-303-YB by Piezo Systems embedded in a Delrin support. Macrelli et al., Sensors and Actuators A 201 (2013) 487 496Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the non-destructive setup for the evaluation ofkiwifruit firmness. Two identical piezoelectric devices are in contact with the fruitsample: