世界贸易组织研讨(共37页).ppt

1、The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the one and only international organization that deals with the global rules of trade between nations. 世界贸易组织是世界唯一处理国际贸易问题的国际组织 Replaced the General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT) on January 1, 1995. 它于1995年1月1日取代了关税及贸易总协定Toensurethemultilateraltradingsyst

2、emworksassmoothly,predictablyandfreelyaspossibleby:确保多边贸易系统尽可能平稳的，可预计的，自由的运行lProvidingaforumfornegotiatingtraderightsandobligationsand提供一个协商贸易权力和责任的论坛lOfferingadisputesettlementsystemforresolvingtradeissuesbasedoncommonlyagreedrules.提供争端解决机制在大多数同意的基础上解决贸易问题。 Agreementsarenegotiatedandsignedbygovernm

3、ents,buttheirultimateobjectiveistohelpproducersofgoodsandservices,exportersandimportersconducttheirbusinessassmoothlyandfreelyaspossible各国政府协商并签署协议，但各国政府的最终目标是帮助商品和服务的生产者，进口商和出口商尽可能的平稳的，自由的进行他们的生意。Byfacilitatingmutuallybeneficialtradeagreements,theWTOstrivestoimprovethewelfareofthepeoplesofthemember

4、countries通过促进相互收益的贸易协议，世界贸易组织努力改善其成员国的公民收益Tradeagreementsbetweenmembercountriesarereachedthroughtradenegotiationrounds.成员间的贸易协定由多轮贸易协商决定WTOtradeagreementsarenegotiatedandpassedbyconsensus世界贸易组织的贸易协定由多数意见协商和通过lTheagreementsconstitutethelegalground-rulesforinternationalcommerce. 协定为国际商业制定法律法规 Essentia

5、lly,theyarecontracts,guaranteeingmembercountriesimportanttraderights.本质上，成员签订合同，保证成员国的重要的贸易权力Theyalsobindgovernmentstokeeptheirtradepolicieswithinagreedlimitstoeverybodysbenefit.他还约束政府保持他们的同意限制每个人利益的贸易政策TheWTO,aspartofitsfunction,monitorstheconsistencyofnationalpolicieswithestablishedtraderulesandme

6、mberscommitments. 世界贸易组织的部分功能，监管已制定的贸易法规和成员许诺的各国政策的一致性ThehighestgoverningbodyoftheWTOistheMinisterialConference.世界贸易组织的最高统治机构是部门的会议lMeetsatleastonceeverytwoyears最少每两年聚会lCantakedecisionsonallmattersunderanyofthe multilateraltradeagreementsandnegotiation processes.可以在各种多边贸易协定和协商过程上作决定TheGeneralCouncil

7、isthenexthighestgoverningbody.常任理事会是第二高的统治机构lOverseestheday-to-dayoperationsoftheagreementsandministerialdecisions监管每天协定和部门决定的执行lBranchesintosubsidiarybodiesandspecialcommittees辅助机构和特别会议有分支AllWTOmemberscanparticipateinallthenegotiations,councilandcommitteemeetings. 所有世界贸易组织的成员可以参加所有协商，理事会和成员会议Thecur

8、rentround,knownastheDohaDevelopmentAgenda(DDA)waslaunchedinNovember2001atDoha,Qatar.现在的回合，就是著名的多哈发展议程于2001年在卡塔尔的多哈进行Includenegotiationsonarangeofsubjectsincluding:协商包括许多不同课题：Agriculture,Non-agriculturalmarketaccess,Services,traderelatedintellectualpropertyrights,disputesettlementrules,WTOrules,envir

9、onment,developmentandoutstandingimplementationissues.农业，非农业市场准入，服务业，和贸易相关的知识产权，争端解决机制，世界贸易组织机制，环境，发展和显著的执行问题AgriculturaltradewaseffectivelyoutsideoftheGATTuntilthelastround,calledtheUruguayround(1986-1994).农业贸易在关税及贸易总协定外指导最后的一轮谈判，即乌拉圭回合InthecurrentWTOnegotiations,agriculturaltradehasprovedtobethemos

10、tproblematicarea.现在的世界贸易组织协商，农业贸易是问题最多的领域Thenegotiationsonagriculturaltradeliberalizationfocusonthreemainpillars:农业贸易自由化的协商集中在3个主要方面lMarketaccess-tariffs,tariffratequotasandspecialsafeguard市场准入关税，关税率配额和特别保护lExportcompetition-exportsubsidies,exportcredits,foodaid,andstatetradingenterprise出口竞争出口补助，出口信

11、用，食品救援和国营贸易企业lDomesticsupport-Amber,blue,greenprogramsSpecialanddifferentialtreatmentfordeveloping countries特别和差异对待发展中国家AFrameworkAgreementreachedonJuly31,20042004年7月31日框架协议达成NextphaseisforestablishingModalities(numericaltargetsandrules)下个阶段要建立特征（多个目标和法规）NextMinisterialConferencescheduledforDec2005.

12、Modalitiescouldbeestablishedbythen.下一个部门会议定于2005年12月，特征应该在那时建立Countryconcessionsandschedulingphasefollows国家让步和行程安排阶段随后Completionofround-2006or2007or2008(?)完成回合-2006or2007or2008(?)OBJECTIVE:tosettledisputesbetweenMemberstoensurethattheWTOtradingrulesarerespectedandenforced目标：在成员间协调争端以保证世界贸易组织的贸易法规被尊重

13、和执行WHOCANINITIATEADISPUTE:onlyWTOMembergovernments谁可以开始一个争端：只有是世界贸易组织的成员国政府WHATARETHEGROUNDSFORDISPUTE:aviolationofaWTO Membersrightsandobligationscoveredbytheagreement争端的范围是什么:违背世界贸易组织成员协定中包括利益和义务STRENGTH:优点lRulingsarebinding裁决有限定性lUnbiasedruling裁决没有偏见lSettimelinesforprocess进l程有时间表lStructuredproces

14、s有结构的进行lOnesetofdisputesettlementrules一套争端解决法则WEAKNESS:缺点lLengthyprocess进程长lHighlylegalinnature过高的法律性lCostly-legalexpenses法律费用高lNointerimrelieforcompensationforharmsufferedduringdisputeprocess对于争端进行期间的损失无补偿减轻或补偿Consultation咨询PanelEstablished座谈小组确立PanelReview座谈小组回顾PanelReport小组报告AppellateBodyEstablis

15、hed申诉组织成立AppellateBodyReview申诉组织回顾Panel/AppellateBodyReportAdopted修改小组/受理上诉组织报告Implementation执行Appeal申诉lInCasesofNon-Implementation假设没有执行Complainingmembercanapplyforretaliation上诉成员可以实施报复ComplainingmembercanrequestanImplementationpanelfollowssameprocessofinitialrulingandappeal上诉成员可以要求执行小组遵循同样的最初的裁决和上

16、诉过程l295requestforconsultation295要求咨询l110Panelsestablished110座谈小组建立l71Paneland47AppellateBodyreportswereadopted71座谈小组和47受理上诉的团体报告被采用l7authorizationsgrantedtotakeretaliatoryactions7个授权被授予采取报复性行动lCanadahasbeeninvolvedinthreesignificantagriculturaldisputes加拿大有三期显著的农业争端EUBeefhormones欧盟荷尔蒙牛肉Canadadairy加拿大

17、牛奶品CanadianWheatBoard加拿大小麦协会lIn 1989, the European Union (EU) banned the use of growth-promoting hormones in livestock and imposed a ban on the importation of meat derived from cattle treated with these hormones1989年,欧盟禁止对牲畜使用促进生长的荷尔蒙并对使用这种和恶梦的牛的肉类进口实施了禁止lBoth Canada and the United States consistent

18、ly opposed the EUs import ban on the grounds that it was not based on scientific evidence and therefore created an unjustified barrier to trade.加拿大和美国一致抗议欧盟的进口限制,基于此限制不是基于科学依据因此对贸易造成了阻碍lTheWTOagreementbecameeffectivein1995andgaveCanadaandtheUSanopportunitytochallengethebanusingtheAgreementonsanitary

19、andPhytosanitarymeasures(SPSAgreement)世界贸易组织协定1995年生效,并给与加拿大和美国用卫生检疫和植物卫生检疫条约挑战欧盟禁令的机会lWTO members, including Canada and the EU, negotiated the SPS Agreement to ensure that, while countries have the right to provide the level of health protection they deem appropriate, sanitary and phytosanitary mea

20、sures must be based on science and they should not be used as disguised restrictions on trade.世界贸易组织的成员,包括加拿大和欧盟协商协定以却表，在成员国有权提供他们认为正确健康保护水平的同时，卫生检疫和植物卫生检疫措施必须基于科学的基础并且不能伪装用于限制贸易lCanada conducted a review of all six growth-promoting hormones at issue and found them to be safe when used in accordance

21、 with good veterinary practices.加拿大对种促进生长的荷尔蒙进行了检验，发现根据兽医实践他们都是安全的lIn July 1996, Canada held formal WTO consultations with the EU regarding the ban. The consultations were unsuccessful in resolving the dispute, and Canada requested the establishment of a WTO dispute settlement panel. 年月，加拿大对于欧盟的相关禁令

22、举行了世界贸易组织正式的咨询咨询自解决争端方面没有成功，加拿大要求成立世界贸易组织争端解决小组l年10月小组成立lThe Dispute Settlement Panel released its final report in August 1997. The report concluded that there was no justification for the ban and that the EU was in violation of its WTO obligations. 1997年8月争端解决小组发表了他们最后的报告.报告指出禁令是没有正当道理的,欧盟违反了世界贸易组织

23、的职责lThe EU exercised its right under the WTO dispute settlement procedures and appealed the panel report in September 1998.欧盟行使了其在世界贸易组织争端解决程序中的权力,于1998年9月向小组报告申诉lThe Appellate Body, which released its report on January 16, 1998, also concluded that there was no scientific basis for the ban and that

24、 the EU was in violation of its WTO obligations.受理上诉的团体，在1998年1月16日发表了报告，总结了禁令没有科学依据，欧盟违反了世界贸易组织的职责。l年2月13日世界贸易组织的争端解决机构采取了小组和受理上诉团体的报告lFollowing the adoption of the reports, the EU requested four years to implement the rulings. Canada did not agree since the time requested was well in excess of the

25、 15-month guideline given to WTO members to implement rulings, and the matter was referred to an arbitrator.报告采用后，欧盟要求4年的时间去实行其规则。加拿大不同意，因为欧盟要求的时间超过了15个月的方正，根据世界贸易组织成员国执行的规则，此事件提交给仲裁机构lThe WTO Arbitrator concluded that there were no particular circumstances to justify giving the EU more than 15 mont

26、hs to implement the rulings and gave the EU until May 13, 1999, to comply with its WTO obligations.世界贸易组织仲裁机构决定没有特殊情况合理的给欧盟超过15个月的时间去执行规则，并要求欧盟在1999年5月13日之前遵从其世界贸易组织的义务。lThe EU did not meet the May 13, 1999, deadline for implementation.欧盟没有达到1999年5月13日的最终限制去实现。lOn May 14, 1999, the Canada announced

27、that it would be requesting authorization from the WTO Dispute Settlement Body to retaliate against the EU for its continued ban. 1999年5月14日，加拿大宣布其相会要求世界贸易组织争端解决小组的授权报复欧盟仍在实行的禁令。lOn July 12, 1999, the WTO Arbitrators determined that the value of Canadas nullification or impairment suffered as a resu

28、lt of the EU ban was $11.3 million annually.1999lOn July 29, Canada announced the list of products that will be subject to a 100-percent duty beginning on August 1, 1999.7月29日，加拿大宣布了100%关税的产品清单，将越1999年8月1日实行lCanadahasasystemofdomesticsupplymanagementfordairyproductsthathasthreemajorcomponents加拿大有国内牛

29、奶产品的供应管理系统，有3个主要成分Productionlimitingquotasformilk牛奶生产限制配额Administereddomesticprices(milkclasses)管理的国内价格（牛奶种类）Tariffsonimporteddairyproducts对进口牛奶产品有关税lSince1996(?)CanadaalsoexporteddairyproductsthroughtheSpecialMilkClasssystem自从1996(?)加拿大通过特别牛奶种类系统也出口牛奶产品lTwooftheSpecialmilkclasses(Classes5dand5e)pro

30、videdmilktodairyprocessorsatpricessignificantlybelowdomesticpricesandwereforexportonly两个特别牛奶种类(种类5d和5e)提供牛奶给牛奶也加工者已显著低于国内价格的价格而且借给出口者lNewZealandandtheUnitedStatesobjectedtothesespecialclassesonthegroundsthattheywereprohibitedexportsubsidies新西兰和美国抗议这种特殊种类是禁止性出口补助lTimelineofdispute争端时间表ConsultationsNo

31、vember1997,January1998咨询-1997年11月,1998年1月PanelestablishedMarch25,1998小组建立1998年3月15日PanelRulingMarch17,1999小组结论1999年3月17日lThePanelfindsCanadasexportsofdairyproductsunderSpecialMilkClasses5(d)and5(e)tobesubsidized.小组发现加拿大的特别牛产种类5d和5e牛奶产品的出口是补助的lCanadafilesnoticeofappealJuly15,1999加拿大提出申诉通知1999年7月15lWT

32、OAppellatebodyreportreleasedOctober13,1999世界贸易组织受理上诉的机构报告发布1999年10月13日lAppellatebodyupholdsoriginalpanelfinding受理上诉小组支持原来的小组的发现lCanadatakesstepstoimplementWTOruling加拿大采取政策实施世界贸易组织的法规lEliminatesClass5eexportsCreatesCommercialExportMilk(CEM)system取消种类5e出口创造商业出口牛奶政策Asystemofcontractswherefarmeragreesto

33、produceandsellmilktoprocessoratworldprices,processorexportsallproductsproducedfromthismilk一个农民同意的生产和销售牛奶给加工者以世界价格,加工者出口以这种牛奶生产的产品的合同系统Nomarketingboardsareinvolvedinestablishingcontractsorsettingprices没有市场协会参与建立合同或设定价格lUSandNZdonotacceptCEMsystemclaimingthatitisalsoanillegalexportsubsidy美国和新西兰不接受CEM系

34、统,声称系统还是不合法的出口补助lUSandNZrequestCompliancepanelFebruary16,2001美国和新西兰要求依从小组2001年2月16日lCompliancepanelreportJuly11,2001依从小组报告2001年7月11日ReportfindsthatCEMsystemisanillegalexportsubsidy-报告发现CEM系统是一个不合法的出口补助lCanadaappealsCompliancepanelfindingSeptember4,2001加拿大上诉依从小组的发现2001年9月4日lAppellatebodyreleasesreportDecember3,2001受理上诉的团体发表报告2001年12月3日