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1、在明铭,每个孩子都能学好!高考精品英语精选精讲(冲刺)学 科:英语 任课教师:杜忠艳 授课时间: 年 月 日姓名杜忠艳年级高二课时 Module 3教学课题高中英语必修5 教学目标知识点:非谓语动词考 点:不定式,动名词和分词能 力:运用语法造句方 法: 多读多练难点重点分词和不定式作宾语补足语的区别;不定式、过去分词和现在分词的被动式作定语的区别课堂教学过程课前检查作业完成情况:优 良 中 差 建议_一、知识点大集锦概述非谓语动词:英语中不能做句子的谓语而担任其他语法功能的动词,叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分动词不定式、动名词和分词三种形式,分词又分过去分词和现在分词两种形式,现在分词和动名词

2、在现行语法中统称为动词的-ing形式,为了便于区别,我们仍然按照传统语法把它们区分开。 动词不定式动词的非谓语形式 动名词 动词的-ing形式 分词 现在分词 过去分词非谓语动词的句法功能名称主语宾语宾语补足语表语定语状语不定式üüüüüü动名词üüüü现在分词üüüü过去分词üüüü一、 动词不定式不定式是一种非限定动词,有两种形式:带to的不定式和不带to的不定式,其构成形式是“to+动词原形”和“动词原形”,其

3、否定形式是“not to+动词原形”不定式在句子中可以作主语、宾语、定语、表语、状语、插入语等。不定式的句法功能:1、不定式作主语To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard. 十分钟之内完成这项工作是很难的。To lose your heart means failure. 灰心意味着失败。1动词不定式短语作主语时,常用it作形式主语,真正的主语不定式置于句后,例如上面两句可用如下形式:It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes. 十分钟之内完成这项工作是很难的。It means fail

4、ure to lose your heart. 灰心意味着失败。常用句式有:(1) It+be+名词+to do(2) It takes sb.+some time+to do(3) It +be+形容词+of sb. to do常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,等表示赞扬或批评的形容词,不定式前的sb.可作其逻辑主语。2.不定式做宾语(1)不定式作宾语时,往往跟在某些及物动词后面,常见的有:afford,agree,ask,decide,desire,except,fail

5、,hope,manage,promise,pretend,plan,intend,refuse,wish,o ffer,learn,refuse,help,prefer,等。如果不定式(宾语)后面有宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,真正的宾语(不定式)后置,放在宾语补足语后面,例如:Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.马克思发现研究俄国的情况是很重要的。(2)动词不定式作动词tell,show,understand,explain,teach,learn,advise,discuss等词的宾语时,前面常带疑问词。即疑问

6、词(how,when,where,what,who)+to do。 He showed us how to do the work. Please tell us what to do next.(3)动词不定式在介词but后面时,如果介词之前有行为动词do的某种形式,那么这些介词后的不定式不带to;否则就要带to。另外,在cant choose but和cant help but等后面的不定式也省略to。I have no choice but to stay here. 我只能留在这里,别无选择。We had nothing to do but wait.He did nothing la

7、st Sunday but repair his bike. 他上周日除了修他的自行车什么也没干。3、动词不定式作宾语补足语 动词不定式作feel,hear,see,watch,notice,observe等感官动词以及have,make,let等使役动词后面的宾语补足语时,不定式符号to要省略掉。但如果这些句子变成被动机构时,就必须带toI saw him cross the road. 我看见他横过公路。He was seen to cross the road. 他被我看见横过公路。I often hear him sing this song.He is often heard to

8、sing this song.在复合宾语中,动词不定式可充当宾语补足语,如下动词常跟这种复合宾语:want,wish,ask,tell,order,beg,permit,help,advise,persuade,allow,prepare,cause,force,call on,wait for,invite.此外,介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用,如:With a lot of work to do,he didn't go to the cinema 他有很多工作要做,所以没去电影院。4、作定语(1)作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词时,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具

9、等,不定式后面应有必要的介词,如:He found a good house to live in. 他找到了一个居住的好房子。The child has nothing to worry about. 这个孩子无忧无虑2。What did you open it with? 你用什么打开它?如果不定式修饰time,place,way,可以省略介词:He has no place to live. 他无处安身。This is the best way to work out this problem. 这是解决这个问题的最好办法。(2)如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者,不定式可用主动式也

10、可用被动式但其含义不同Have you got anything to send? 你要送什么东西吗?(动作的执行者是“你”)Have you got anything to be sent? 你有什么东西需要送吗?(不定式to be sent的动作执行者是“我”或者“别人”)(3)用不定式作定语的几种情况:不定式表将来。I borrowed some books to read during my holiday.用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no,all,any等限定的中心词He was the best man to do the job.She was the first woman to

11、 win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.Women and children were the first to get into the lifeboats.用来修饰的词是抽象名词,常见的有:ability,chance,idea,fact,excuse,promise,answer,reply,attempt,belief,way,reason, moment,time等。Do you have the ability to read and write English?I have no chance to go sightseeing. 5、作

12、表语Her job is to clean the hall. 她的工作是打扫大厅。He appears to have caught a cold. 他似乎感冒了。6、作状语(1)表目的He worked day and night to get the money. 他夜以继日地工作来赚钱。She sold her hair to buy the watch chain. 她卖掉了自己的头发来买那条表链。注意:so as to不能置于句首,in order to可以。不定式放句首时,逻辑主语与句子主语要一致:To save money,every means has been tried.

13、 ×To save money,he has tried every means. 为了省钱,他使出了浑身解数。 To learn English well,a dictionary is needed. ×To learn English well,he needs a dictionary. 为了学好英语,他需要一本词典。(2)表结果(往往是与预期愿望相反的结果 意料之外):常放 only后He arrived late only to find the train had gone. 他来晚了,只见火车已经走了。I visited him only to find h

14、im out. 我去拜访他,只见他出去了。tooto太以至于(to后面译作否定)The child is too small to dress himself.注意:当不定式前的形容词为nervous,pleased,willing,delighted,happy,glad等时,tooto中的to可以译作肯定。They are too nervous to leave.We are only too pleased to help you.当不定式前有否定意义的词时译作肯定。 We are never too old to learn.adj.(adv.)enough to do sth.He

15、 was quick enough to catch the ball.不定式可放在一些形容词后面作状语,而且要用主动形式表示被动意思。这样的形容词有:hard,difficult,easy,simple,fine,nice,pleasant,heavy,fit。如果不定式为及物动词,后面不必接宾语,如果不定式为不及物动词,要用相应的介词。The mountain is difficult to climb.(动宾关系:climb the mountain, 不定式不说to climbit 或to be climbed)This kind of fish is nice to eat.有时候形

16、容词+to do结构一起做宾语补足语I find the grammar difficult to learn.省to 的动词不定式1) 情态动词 ( 除ought 外,ought to): 2) 使役动词 let, have, make: 3) 感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补,省略to。 注意:在被动语态中则to 不能省掉。 I saw him dance. =He was seen to dance. The boss made them work th

17、e whole night. =They were made to work the whole night. 4) would rather dothan do/prefer to do rather than do5) Why / why not: 6) help 可带to,也可不带to, help sb (to) do sth: 7)常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等词后,可以省去to be: He is supposed (to be) nice.他应该是个好人。 8)but作介词,后接不定式结构时,前面谓语动词部分若含有d

18、o的形式时,but后的不定式要省去to,否则要带to。 He wants to do nothing but go out. He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 9)当两个或多个不定时短语由连词and,but或or连接时,后一个或几个不定式符号to常省略。但若表示对比、对照关系时,则不能省略。 He wants to move to France and marry the girl. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier,not to make i

19、t more difficult. 10)不定式做表语时,一般要带to,但若主语部分中含有do的各种形式时,符号to可省去。 We've missed the last bus.All we could do now is walk home.习题1)Tell him _ the window. A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut 答案:B。 tell sb to do sth 的否定形式为tell sb not to do sth. 2)She pretended _ me when I passed by

20、. A.not to see B. not seeing C. to not see D.having not seen 答案:A。 pretend 后应接不定式。其否定形式为pretend not to do sth.。 3)Mrs. Smith warned her daughter _ after drinking. A. never to drive B. to never driver C. never driving D. never drive 答案:A。warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式为warn sb not to do sth. 此处用的是否定词never.

21、4) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street,but his mother told him _. A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to 答案:A。not to 为not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用to这个词,而不必重复整个不定式词组。及物动词do后应有名词、代词等,否则不对,因此B,D不对。 5) The patient was warned _ oily food after the operation. A. to eat no B. eating not C

22、. not to eat D. not eating 答案:C。warn一词要求后用不定式,此处为不定式的被动,否定形式为be warned not to do。二、动名词英语中的动名词是由动词变化而来,它仍一方面保留着动词的某些特征,具有动词的某些变化形式,用以表达名词所不能表达的较为复杂的意念,另一方面动名词在句子的用法及功能类同与名词:在句子可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语。它也可以被副词修饰或者用来支配宾语。1、作主语Reading is an art. 读书是一种艺术。Climbing mountains is really fun. 爬山真是有趣。Working in these co

23、nditions is not a pleasure but a suffer. 在这种工作条件下工作不是一件愉快的事而是一件痛苦的事。动名词作主语,谓语动词一般用三单形式动名词作主语,在动词的基础上加Ing,使该动词或 动词短语,有名词的各种特征,可作名词灵活使用。如:It is no use/no good crying over spilt milk.覆水难收It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us. 劝说这样的人加入真是浪费时间。It was hard getting on the crowded street

24、car. 上这种拥挤的车真难。It is fun playing with children. 和孩子们一起玩真好。There is no joking about such matters. 对这种事情不是开玩笑。动名词作主语的几种类型1) 直接位于句首做 主语。例如:Swimming is a good sport in summer.2) 用 it 作 形式主语,把动名词(真实主语)置于句尾作后置主语。动名词做主语时,不太常用 it 作先行主语,多见于某些形容词及名词之后。例如:It is no use telling him not to worry.常见的能用于这种结构的形容词还有:

25、better,wonderful,enjoyable,interesting,foolish,difficult,useless,senseless,worthwhile,等。注意:important,essential,necessary 等形容词不能用于上述结构。3) 用于“There be”结构中。例如:There is no saying when he'll come.很难说他何时回来。4) 用于布告形式的省略结构中。例如: No smoking ( =No smoking is allowed (here) ). (禁止吸烟) No parking. (禁止停车)5) 动名

26、词的复合结构作主语当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时,常可以在前面加上一个名词或代词的所有格,构成动名词的复合结构(这时,名词或代词的所有格做动名词的逻辑主语)。动名词的复合结构也可以在句中作主语。例如:Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.6)例词shopping fishing cycling swimming这些都是很常见的动名词动名词作主语与 动词不定式作主语的比较:动词不定式和动名词都可以用作主语。在意义上相近。但动名词多用来表示泛指或抽象动作,不定式多用来表示特指或具体动作。比较:Smoking is not good f

27、or health.It is not good for you to smoke so much.注意:1) 在口语中,用动名词作主语位于句首的较不定式多见。2) 在“It is no use.”,“It is no good.”,“It is fun.”,“It is a waste of time.”等句型中,通常用动名词作真实主语: It is no use/good/a waste of time talking about that.3) 在疑问句中,通常用动名词的复合结构,而不用不定式的复合结构作主语: Does your saying that mean anything to

28、 him? *Does for you to say that mean anything to him?4) 当句子中的主语和表语都是非限定动词时,要遵循前后一致的原则,主语和表语在形式上要求统一: Seeing is believing. *To see is to believe.2、作宾语(1)作动词的宾语某些动词后出现非限定性动词时只能用动名词作宾语,不能用不定式。常见的此类动词有:admit,appreciate,excuse,stand,advise,allow,permit,avoid,consider,enjoy,finish,give up,cannot help(can&

29、#39;t help),imagine,include,keep,understand,keep on,mind,report,risk,miss,put off,delay,practise,resist,suggest,depend on,think about,set about,succeed in,worry about,burst out,insist on,feel like,be used to,get used to,devoteto,look forward to,pay attention to,get down to,escape 等。如:They went on wa

30、lking and never stopped talking. 他们继续走,说个不停。I found it pleasant walking along the seashore. 在海滩上走真是乐事。Mark often attempts to escape being fined whenever he breaks traffic regulations.每当马克违反交通规则时,他常常企图逃避罚款的处分。有些动词之后既可接动词不定式,又可接动名词,可把这类动词分为三种类型:两种形式所表达的含义基本相同,可以互换。这类动词有:attempt ,begin,cease,continue,i

31、ntend,omit,start,cannot bear,decline,disdain,loathe,neglect,commence。例如: They ceased talking/to talk. 他们停止说话。Prices will continue to rise/rising. 物价将继续上扬。宾语用不定式和动名词所表达的含义略有变化。用不定式作宾语时,表示特定的一次性的未来动作;用动名词则表示一般的行为,或者是目前正在进行的行为。也可以说,动名词表示泛指的动作,而不定式表示特指的动作。常这样用的动词有:hate,like,love,prefer,dread等。例如:Woula y

32、ou like to go with me?你想跟我一起走吗?He preferred to do this rather than do that.他宁愿做这件事,而不愿做那件事。(2)作介词的宾语动词+介词+动名词例如:The rain prevented us from completing the work.下雨妨碍我们完成工作。 She complains of the book being too difficult.她抱怨这本书太难。形容词+介词+动名词例如:I know who is responsible for breaking the window.我知道窗户是谁打破的。

33、名词+介词+动名词例如:There are many ways of doing it.有许多方法可以做这件事。We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term.我们正考虑为下学期制定新的计划。 Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work?我们休息呢还是开始干活?there be和it is也可变为动名词there being 和it being与介词连用。例如:The car stooped because of there being no fuel in the tank

34、.介词+动名词也可在句中作状语,表示时间、条件等。例如:On leaving school,he went into business.一离开学校,他就投身到商业中去了。(3)作形容词的宾语The music is well worth listening to more than once. 这种曲子很值得多听几遍。We are busy preparing for the coming sports meet. 我们正为马上到来的运动会忙着做准备。3、作表语动名词作表语时句子主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。表语动名词与主语通常是对等的关系,表示主语的内容,主语、表

35、语可互换位置。如果句中的主语和表语同为动词时,要注意保持两个动词在形式上的一致。例:Your task is cleaning the windows.你的任务就是擦窗户。(Cleaning the windows is your task.)What I hate most is being laughed at.我最痛恨的就是被别人嘲笑。(Being laughed at is what I hate most.)The most popular pastime is playing chess. 最大众化的消遣是下棋(The most popular pastime is to play

36、 chess.)4、作定语动名词作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。如:a walking stick =a stick for walking =a stick which is used for walkinga washing machine =a machine for washing =a machine which is used for washinga reading room =a room for reading =a room which is used for readinga measuring tape =a tape for measuring =a tape wh

37、ich is used for measuringsleeping pills =pills for sleeping =pills which is used for sleeping5 、复合结构通常情况下,动名词的逻辑主语为谓语动词的主语。如果动名词动作的发出者不是谓语动的主语时,则需要有自己的逻辑主语物主代词或名词所有格加动名词就构成了动名词的复合结构,这种结构在句中可以作主语,宾语等。1)逻辑主语是有生命的名词作主语时,必须用名词或代词所有格,作宾语时(尤其在口语中),也可用名词普通个或人称代词 宾格。如:Do you think my going there will be of

38、any help?你看我去会有什么帮助吗?(宾语)The students knowing English well helps him in learning French.Do you mind my(me) smoking?你介意我抽烟吗?(宾语)They insist on Marys (Mary) going with them there.他们坚持要玛丽跟他们一起去那儿。(介词宾语)2)逻辑主语是无生命名词是,通常只用名词普通格。如:Do you hear the rain pattering on the roof?你听见雨点打在屋顶上了吗?Is there any hope o

39、f our team winning the match我们对赢得比赛有希望吗?3) 逻辑主语是指示代词或不定代词this ,that,somebody,someone,nobody,none,anybody,anyone 时,只用普通格。如: She was woken up by somebody shouting outside.她被外面喊叫的人吵醒了。带有逻辑主语的动名词称为动名词的复合结构。当动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时,要在动名词之前加上物主代词或名词所有格,这便构成了动名词的复合结构。其中物主代词(名词所有格)是逻辑上的主语,动名词是逻辑上的谓语。动名词复合结构在句中可作

40、主语、宾语、表语等,分别相当于一个主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句。如:Her coming to help encouraged all of us. 他来帮忙鼓舞了我们所有人。(=That she came to help encouraged all of us.)Janes being careless caused so much trouble. 简的粗心惹来了不少麻烦。(=That Jane was careless caused so much trouble.)Whats troubling them is their not having enough food. 烦扰他们的是

41、食物不足。(=Whats troubling them is that they have not enough food.)在口语中,如果动名词复合结构作宾语,其中的物主代词常用人称代词宾格,名词所有格常用名词普通格来代替,但在句首作主语时不能这样来代替。如:Would you mind my/me using your computer? 用下你的电脑介意吗?The father insisted on his sons/his son going to college. 爸爸坚决要求儿子上大学。Marys (不可用Mary) being ill made her mother upset

42、.玛丽病了,使她妈妈很着急。His (不可用Him)smoking made his family angry. 他抽烟使他一家人非常生气。在下列情况下动名词的逻辑主语必须用名词的普通格或人称代词宾语:a. 无命名词The baby was made awake by the door suddenly shutting. 这个婴儿被猛烈的关门声吵醒。b. 有生命名词但表示泛指意义Have you ever heard of women practising boxing? 你听说过妇女练拳击吗?c. 两个以上的有生命名词并列Do you remember your parents and m

43、e telling about this? 你记得你父母和我都告诉过你这事吗?一般结构(1) 动名词的一般式: doing所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,或在谓语动词表示的动作之后。如:We are very interested in collecting stamps.我们对集邮很感兴趣。His coming will be of great help to us .他来对我们大有帮助。但是有些明确表示时间的动词和介词after,on,upon,或for之后,常用一般式代替完成式,表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。如:I shall never forget seeing the G

44、reat Wall for the first time.我永远不会忘记第一次看到长城的情景。On hearing that bad news,the mother couldnt help crying.Excuse me for coming late.我来晚了,请原谅。Thank you for giving us so much help.谢谢你给了我们这么多帮助。(2) 动名词的完成式: having done所表示的动作或状态在谓语动词之前完成或结束。He regrets not having taken part in the work.他后悔没有参加这项工作。We were p

45、raised for having finished the work ahead of time.我们因提前完成了这项工作而受到了表扬。(3) 动名词的被动式:being done当动名词的逻辑主语是行为承受者时,用被动语态。如:I like being given harder work. 我喜欢接受难点的工作。She is proud of being admitted into the university. 她为被大学录取而感到自豪。 He doesnt mind having been criticized. 他不介意过去受到的批评。常见题型1) 动名词做主语时,谓语动词为单数2)

46、 在动名词和不定式中,作为介词的宾语是动名词3) 动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语例:I would appreciate_ back this afternoon.Ayou to call Byou call Cyou calling Dyoure calling (Key:C;换成your calling也对)4) 有些词后面只能接动名词acknowledge;admit; advise;advocate;allow;appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; d

47、eny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; cant help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest

48、; understand.5) 另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法its no good; its no/little/hardly any/ use; its not/hardly/scarcely use; its worthwhile; spend money/time; theres no; theres no point in; theres nothing worse than; whats the use/point.6) 有些词后面加不定式和动名词均可remember,forget,try,stop,go on,continue,stop,regret,cease,mean后

49、面均可用不定式和-ing形式,但意义截然不容。例:remember to do/doing:I remembered to post the letters.(指未来/过去未来将要做的动作)I remembered posting/having posted the letters.(我记得做过这个动作)forget与remember的用法类似。I regret to inform you that(我很遗憾地通知你)I regretted having left the firm after twenty years.(为了“二十年前的离开”而遗憾。)try to(努力)与try +ing(

50、试验):You really must try to overcome your shyness.Try practicing five hours a day.典型例题:Do you mind_ me with my work.? A. to help B.help C.helping D.helped 解析:本题考查动名词的用法。Mind后跟动名词,表示“介意做某事”,不可以跟不定式。答案:C 误区提醒 有些词后面加不定式和动名词均可,但意义截然不容,那几个词以及两种句型的不同之处必须牢记在心,因为这是我们经常出错的地方。 典型例题:Don't forget _ this book

51、 to John when you see him. A. to return B. returning C. return D. to returning 解析:本题考查forget加不定式和动名词的区别。Forget to do表示“忘记曾经做过某事”,事情已经做过; forget doing表示“忘记去做某事”,事情还没做。根据语境“当你见到John 的时候,别忘记把这本书给他”,可知事情还没做,应该用不定式。 答案:A三、现在分词在英语这一科目中,也是比较重要的一部分,具有双重性,一面具有动词的特征,可以有自己的宾语和状语;另一面具有形容词和副词的特征,可以充当表语,定语,状语,补足语

52、,可以表示主动或正在进行的动作,是非谓语动词的一种。一般在动词原形末尾加ing,如dodoing、singsinging、comfortcomforting以不发音的e、ue结尾的动词,先去e,再加ing,如dancedancing、hikehiking、writewriting、make making,taketaking以ee、oe、ye结尾的动词加ing,如seeseeing、toetoeing、dyedyeing以重读闭音节结尾的动词,并且末尾只有一个辅音字母,应双写这一字母注意,再加ing,如cutcutting、swimswimming以ie结尾的动词,要把ie变成y再加ing,如

53、diedying,lielying.以ic结尾的动词,要把ic变成ick再加ing,如picnicpicnicking,traffictrafficking注意 结尾是x则不必双写,如relaxrelaxing(1)作定语 单个分词作定语时放在所修饰名词前。分词短语作定语时放在后,并且名词与现在分词之间存有逻辑上的主谓关系。这是区分现在分词作定语和动名词作定语的判断方法之一。arunning boy thegirlstandingthere并且一般都可以转化为一个进行时的定语从句。e.g.aboywhoisrunningagirlwhoisstandingthere注意1:分词的完成时不可作定语注意2:messagelettersignnewsnotice等词后要用现在分词作定语,不用过去分词,这是考试的易错点。注意3:某些现在分词作定语时,已不再表示动作,已经从分词变为了形容词词性,如interesting story,an exciting match。这些也可以属于现在分词作定语,但是不能转化为相应的定语从句,但是可以有三级变化(原级比较级最高级)和被某些副词如very修饰。(2)作补语 高中阶段只研究分词作宾补的情况,不研究作主补的情况。只有两类动词可以加现在分词作宾补:1)感官动词:seehearwatchfeelnoticeobservekeepfin

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