CCC-1Introduction + Addressing__ Forms

1、跨文化交际/sarahzhaoCase 1 Xiao Li (an interpreter): You must be very tired. Youre old Catherine (an elderly American lady): Oh, Im NOT old, and Im NOT tired. Quite offended跨文化交际/sarahzhaoCase 2 美国教授Davis曾在中国讲学三个月，回去之后，当有人问他对中国之行的感觉时，他的回答竟是“中国人不尊重知识和学术”。中国人都称呼他为“戴维斯先生”，很多时候他都浑然不知是在叫自己，他甚至于对一些常见的中国人说：“你可以

2、正式地称呼我教授，或是亲切些称呼我博士，或是把我当朋友，叫我小名，可是不要叫我先生。”可惜的是听者渺渺，新见面者更是十之八九叫他先生。 Our Most basic common link is that we all inhabit this planet. -John F. Kennedy Studying a second language without learning the culture is like learning how drive a car by studying a drivers manual and never getting behind a steerin

3、g wheel. -K. J. Irving跨文化交际/sarahzhao To know anothers language and not his culture is a very way to make a fluent fool of ones self. -Winston Brembeck 学习别人的语言而不学习人家的文化完全就是把自己变成是一个能说会道的傻瓜。 跨文化交际/sarahzhao Developing intercultural awareness usually goes along with learning a new language and being ex

4、posed to a new culture. Intercultural awareness is the ability to understand cultures. Intercultural communication studies involve a variety of factors and is relatively a new field.跨文化交际/sarahzhao跨文化交际跨文化交际CCC Cross-Cultural Communication 1. What is culture? 什么是文化？ 2. What is communication? 什么是交际？

5、3. What is cross-cultural communication? 什么是跨文化交际？跨文化交际/sarahzhaoWhat is culture? 什么是文化？什么是文化？跨文化交际/sarahzhao Culture involves at least three components: what people think, what they do, and the material products they produce. Thus , mental processes, beliefs, knowledge, and values are parts of cult

6、ure.跨文化交际/sarahzhaoAn Iceberg of Culture跨文化交际/sarahzhaoWhat is culture? 什么是文化？什么是文化？ 文化是人类社会物质产品和精神产品的总和。 Culture is the sum total of the ways of life, beliefs, customs, etc.跨文化交际/sarahzhaoWhat is communication? 什么是交际？什么是交际？ The activity or process of giving information to other people or to other l

7、iving things, using signals such as speech, body movements, or radio signals，and so on.交际是通过符号向他人传递信息的过程跨文化交际/sarahzhaoModels of communication交际的模式 Source of information encoder code channel decoder retrieval of information 信息源 编码者 编码 渠道 解码器 - 获取信息跨文化交际/sarahzhaoMeanings in communication交际中的意义 1） Ut

8、terance Meaning话语意义 is what an utterance normally means. 2.）Speakers meaning说话人的意图 is what the speaker has intended to convey by way of utterance meaning. 3） Hearers meaning听话者的理解 is what the hearer has understood on the basis of the utterance meaning. 跨文化交际/sarahzhaoCase 6 A: 你知道谁拿了我的手机吗？ B: 我没拿 A:

9、 我不是那个意思跨文化交际/sarahzhaoCase 7 A: Do you like rugby? B: I am a New Zealander, you know A: (confused.) （Of course I do. You know, I am a New Zealander.）跨文化交际/sarahzhaoCommunicative Breakdown/Failure 交际失败 信息源 编码者 编码 渠道 解码器 - 获取信息跨文化交际/sarahzhaoWhat is cross-cultural communication? Cross-cultural commun

10、ication looks at how people, from differing cultural backgrounds, endeavor to communicate. Its core is to establish and understand how people from different cultures communicate with each other. Its charge is to also produce some guidelines with which people from different cultures can better commun

11、icate with each other. 跨文化交际/sarahzhaoFactors in CCC影响跨文化交际的因素 语言交际(verbal communication) 非语言交际(non-verbal communication) 一切不使用语言进行的交际活动，包括：眼神、手势、身势、微笑、面部表情、服装打扮、沉默、身体的接触、讲话人的距离、讲话的音量、时间观念、对空间的使用等。跨文化交际/sarahzhaoFactors in CCC影响跨文化交际的因素 语言因素：语音，语法语言因素：语音，语法 非语言因素：文化背景非语言因素：文化背景跨文化交际/sarahzhao Our ul

12、timate goal of English learning: To learn how to understand and effectively communicate有效的交流 with people from other nations and cultures.跨文化交际/sarahzhaoNames & Addressing William Jefferson Clinton Hillary Rodham ClintonBarack Hussein Obama跨文化交际/sarahzhaoCase 2 美国教授Davis曾在中国讲学三个月，回去之后，当有人问他对中国之行的

13、感觉时，他的回答竟是“中国人不尊重知识和学术”。中国人都称呼他为“戴维斯先生”，很多时候他都浑然不知是在叫自己，他甚至于对一些常见的中国人说：“你可以正式地称呼我教授，或是亲切些称呼我博士，或是把我当朋友，叫我小名，可是不要叫我先生。”可惜的是听着渺渺，新见面者更是十之八九叫他先生。跨文化交际/sarahzhao跨文化交际/sarahzhaoMr. Vs. 先生先生 My name is John Davis. But you can call me John. 美国有一家杂志曾就称呼问题在150种工商行业中做过调查，结果发现其中85%的称呼只喊名字。跨文化交际/sarahzhaoWhen d

14、o they use MR.?Strangers 陌生人称呼同学的爸爸，爷爷等长辈，邻居的长辈（但不是亲属） 称呼没有特殊头衔的上级/教师 （not very close）跨文化交际/sarahzhaoMr. Vs. Professor 对于有头衔的人，加上其头衔以示尊重 Professor 教授 Pro. Ambassador 大使 Doctor 博士Dr. President 主席，总统Pres.跨文化交际/sarahzhao“先生先生” 鲁迅先生，蔡元培先生，杨振宁先生 江蓝生先生？ 在中国文化中，“先生”的称呼用于学术界人士时是为对高级学者既严肃又亲密的尊重称谓。跨文化交际/sarah

15、zhao Please Translate： 这位是我们的赵老师。 这位是我们的张经理。 跨文化交际/sarahzhao头衔、职位称呼头衔、职位称呼 赵老师、 韩书记、 李部长、 张处长、 王秘书、 赵经理、 陈主任、 Teacher Secretary Minister Section chief Secretary Manager Director跨文化交际/sarahzhao以头衔相称以头衔相称 Queen Elizabeth Prince Charles Your/His/Her Majesty Your Highness President Roosevelt Mr. Preside

16、nt Senator Fulbright General Patten Colonel Quail Judge Harley Your Honor Father White Reverend Brown Sister Mary 跨文化交际/sarahzhao以职业相称以职业相称 Waiter 服务员 Conductor 售票员 Usher剧院领座员 Porter 行李搬运工，守门员 Boy(旅馆、餐厅的男服务员、男勤杂员或家庭男仆)跨文化交际/sarahzhao Please Translate: 嘿，先生，您/你的钱包掉了。 小姐，你手帕掉了。 Hey，Sir/Mister, you dro

17、pped your wallet. You dropped your handkerchief, Lady!跨文化交际/sarahzhaoSir & Madam 通用于社会各界人士，不分职务和职业，不分年龄，表达的人际关系不亲密.（下级对上级、晚辈对长辈，士兵对长官，老百姓对警察、学童对教师、店员对顾客） 一般不与姓氏连用： Dear SirMadam Sir John White; Sir John 约翰-怀特爵士 Madam President 总统女士 Madam Chairman 主席女士 Madam Ambassador 大使女士跨文化交际/sarahzhaoLady Lad

18、ies （and gentlemen） （敬称） Lady+姓：称呼贵族/有地位的人的妻子或女儿 Lady Smith史密斯夫人、史密斯小姐 Lady President 总统女士跨文化交际/sarahzhaoRight or Wrong? Bess Fitz, your neighbor, is about 70 years old. You call her “Grandma” to show closeness. Sam Strange is your uncle. When you introduce him to your classmates, you say, “This is

19、my uncle Strange.”亲属称谓称呼亲属称谓称呼非亲属成员：非亲属成员：叔叔、阿姨；叔叔、阿姨；爷爷、奶奶；爷爷、奶奶；大哥、大姐、大哥、大姐、大嫂；大爷、大嫂；大爷、大妈、大叔大妈、大叔 But seldom in English!Uncle/aunt + first name 跨文化交际/sarahzhao亲属称谓亲属称谓 Father/dad(dy)/pa Mother/mom(my)/mum/ma Grandfather/grandpa Grandmother/grandma/granny Uncle Aunt (Auntie) 父亲/爸爸 母亲/妈妈 爷爷/外公 奶奶/外

20、婆 伯伯，叔叔，舅舅 阿姨，姑妈跨文化交际/sarahzhao亲属称谓亲属称谓 Sister Brother Cousin Sister-in-law Brother-in-law Father-in-law Mother-in-law 姐姐，妹妹 哥哥，弟弟 堂兄弟姐妹/表兄弟姐妹 嫂子，弟妹 姐夫、妹夫 岳丈、公公 岳母、婆婆跨文化交际/sarahzhao亲属称谓亲属称谓Give me some milk, Ma. Can we go now, mum? What are you doing, dad? Hi! Aunt (Mary). (玛丽)姑妈，你好!Take me swimming

21、, Uncle (John). (约翰)叔叔，带我去游泳吧。Whats your name, son? 孩子，你叫什么名字?Heres a letter for you, Grandma Margaret. 玛格丽特奶奶，这是你的信。跨文化交际/sarahzhaoCan we say these? 妹妹，过来一下：Sister, come over here. 哥哥，接着。 Brother, catch! 表哥，你好。 Hello, Cousin. Sister Mary；Brother Joseph 宗教、职业、社会团体的称呼。 跨文化交际/sarahzhaoWhich one do you

22、 choose? If a professor is called by his first name by his students, it indicates that: A. He is not respected. B. He is affable（平易近人）. C. He has a sense of equality. D. The students are impolite.跨文化交际/sarahzhaoWhich one do you choose? If a professor is called by his first name by his students, it i

23、ndicates that: A. He is not respected. B. He is affable. C. He has a sense of equality. D. The students are impolite.跨文化交际/sarahzhaoDo you know why? 如果一个妇女，年龄已经四五十岁，你称呼她为“小姐”? “小姐？！我做你大妈都差不多了！” But in the West, if you call a woman about 40 or 50 “Miss”, she would be rather happy. 跨文化交际/sarahzhao英汉语中

24、都有的头衔职位称呼语英汉语中都有的头衔职位称呼语Doctor医生，博士Professor教授Chairman主席Prime minister/premier总理President总统，主席，会长Captain船长，上尉 Nurse 护士 Colonel 上校 General将军 Lieutenant 陆军中尉、海军上尉 Judge 法官 Governor 州长，地方长官 Mayor市长跨文化交际/sarahzhao 汉语中没有的称呼： senator( 议员)跨文化交际/sarahzhaoHow do the differences happen? Why does the Chinese l

25、anguage have so much more detailed and specific kinship terms than in English? Why kinship terms are so much more often used in Chinese than in English? Why do we use titles to call people so much more often than western people ?跨文化交际/sarahzhaoHow do the differences happen? All the addressing habits

26、 have been formed through history. They have deep roots in the culture in which they are formed. 跨文化交际/sarahzhao China: agricultural; people of the same family (family name) live together; people have a strong sense of family (large family) West: industrial and commercial; people move very often; nu

27、clear family (small family)跨文化交际/sarahzhao 以血缘家庭为纽带的中国传统社会；农耕经济；大一统的专制体大一统的专制体制制 （patriarchal家长制的）家长制的） 以地缘政治为基础的希腊城邦制国家；工商业工商业，小国寡民；民主民主政治体制政治体制 （Democratic民主的）民主的）Power distance权力差距权力差距跨文化交际/sarahzhaoPower distance权力差距权力差距 Power distance is the extent to which less powerful members of institutions

28、机构 and organizations组织 within a country expect and accept that power is distributed分布 unequally. (Hofstede) 某个社会接受某些机构或组织间存在不平等的程度，它能反映社会中弱势成员和强势成员的价值观。 跨文化交际/sarahzhaoPower distance权力差距权力差距 Power distance describes also the extent to which employees accept that superiors上级 have more power than they

29、 have. In countries with high power distance employees are too afraid to express their doubts and disagreements with their autocratic专制的 and paternalistic家长作风的 bosses. 跨文化交际/sarahzhao 孔子： 君君，臣臣，父父，子子。 Thomas Jefferson: (The Declaration of Independence) All men are created equal.人生而平等。跨文化交际/sarahzhao

30、较小的权力差距较小的权力差距 (奥地利、英、德、美奥地利、英、德、美)较大的权力差距较大的权力差距 （日本、印度、中国、马来西亚）（日本、印度、中国、马来西亚）社会不平等最小化社会不平等最小化 在这个世界上每个人都有其合适的不同位置在这个世界上每个人都有其合适的不同位置 所有的人都是独立自主的所有的人都是独立自主的 只有少部分人是独立的，其他大部分人都是不独立的只有少部分人是独立的，其他大部分人都是不独立的 等级制只是为了方便，只是作用的不平等等级制只是为了方便，只是作用的不平等 等级制意味着实质性的不平等等级制意味着实质性的不平等 上级把下级看作和自己一样的人上级把下级看作和自己一样的人 上

31、级把下级视为是不同的人上级把下级视为是不同的人 下级把上级看作和自己一样的人下级把上级看作和自己一样的人 下级认为上级适合自己根本不同的人下级认为上级适合自己根本不同的人 上级可以接近上级可以接近 上级很难接近上级很难接近 权力的运用要合法，并要求确认其使用的权力的运用要合法，并要求确认其使用的目的是好还是坏目的是好还是坏 权力是原本就好或坏的社会基础，它的使用与其是否合权力是原本就好或坏的社会基础，它的使用与其是否合法无关法无关 每个人都有同样的权力每个人都有同样的权力 权力拥有者具有特权权力拥有者具有特权 那些有权力的人总认为应该做到表面上不那些有权力的人总认为应该做到表面上不是那样强大是

32、那样强大 那些有权力的人应该总是尽可能地做到强大那些有权力的人应该总是尽可能地做到强大 不同层次的人很少感觉受到威胁，并尽力不同层次的人很少感觉受到威胁，并尽力去相信他人去相信他人 其他人都是潜在威胁者，并很少相信其他人其他人都是潜在威胁者，并很少相信其他人 强势成员和弱势成员本质上是和谐的强势成员和弱势成员本质上是和谐的 强势成员和弱势成员本质上是冲突的强势成员和弱势成员本质上是冲突的 弱势成员之间的合作是稳固的弱势成员之间的合作是稳固的 弱势成员由于互不相信，所以很难合作弱势成员由于互不相信，所以很难合作跨文化交际/sarahzhaoScene 1 (United States)Jeff:

33、 (Approaches Dr. Newcomers office unannounced) Hey, Dr. N., hows it going on?Dr. Newcomer: Hey, Jeff, whats up?Jeff: (Steps /into/ the office) I thought I would stop by if I could talk to you about my paper assignment.Dr. Newcomer : Sure, come in, have a seat. What are you thinking about?Jeff: Well

34、. I have some trouble coming up with a topic. Do you have any ideas?Dr. Newcomer : I suggest doing something that is very interesting to you, otherwise the assignment might bore you to death. Also . you might try doing a search on the Internet. Sometimes youll find topics that you might not ever hav

35、e thought of yourself.Jeff: Yeah . thats good idea. If I find something can I stop by and show it to you before I get started?Dr. Newcomer : Sure, just stop by or leave a message on my voice mail.Jeff: OK, yeah. OK, well . thanks a lot.Dr. Newcomer : Sure.跨文化交际/sarahzhaoScene 2 (China)Mino: (Approac

36、hes Dr. Chous office and knocks on the door) Good morning, Professor Chou.Dr. Chou: Hello, Mino.Mino: I am here for my appointment.Dr. Chou: Yes.Mino: May I come in?Dr. Chou: Yes.Mino: Thank you. (Enters Dr. Chous office) I am here to approve my topic for the research paper assignment, as you reques

37、ted.Dr. Chou: Yes, what have you decided?Mino: I would like to research the natural resources of Northern India, if that is acceptable.Dr. Chou: Yes, that topic is fine.Mino: Thank you. Thank you for seeing me this morning.Dr. Chou: Yes, you are welcome. 跨文化交际/sarahzhao? What difference have you fou

38、nd in the above two scenes? Which do you prefer?跨文化交际/sarahzhao商务英语商务英语跨文化交际案例分析跨文化交际案例分析 跨文化交际/sarahzhaoCCC BreakdownAmerican: How long will it take you to finish this report?Chinese: I do not know. How long should it take?American: You are in the best position to analyze time requirements. Chinese

39、: 10 days.American: Take 15. It is agreed you will do it in 15 days.跨文化交际/sarahzhaoAmerican: where is my report?Chinese: It will be ready tomorrow.American: But we agreed that it would be ready today.The Chinese hands in his resignation.The American is surprised. 跨文化交际/sarahzhaoDiscussionWhats wrong

40、 ？ 跨文化交际/sarahzhaoAmerican: How long will it take you to finish this report? American: I asked him to participate. Chinese: His behavior makes no sense. He is the boss. Why doesnt he tell me?Chinese: I do not know. How long should it take? American: He refuses to take responsibility. Chinese: I asked him for an order.American: You are in the best position to analyze time requirements. American: I pres