泛读加拿大

1、Unit.22 Canadas International Relations Introduction Political Geography From Junior Partner to Middle Power Canadas Military Commitments Canadian-American Relations Overseas Development programs IntroductionWhat sort of role does Canada play in the world? On occasion, take a leading role. invented

2、the concept of UN peacekeeping and convinced the international community to put pressure on South Africas apartheid policies. womans issues and the environment have been put on the international agenda. the member of the powerful Group 8.Junior partnerSome people argue that Canada used to unquestion

3、ingly assist Great Britain in its foreign policy, and after World war II, Canada became a junior partner helping American global interests.During the 1900-1991 Gulf War Canadas contribution that provided the famous “air power” is overlooked. Middle powerLike Australia and India , though Canada may n

4、ot as important as the five great powers which sit on the UN Security Council , they play an important role in the international system. “Honest broker”, Canada can be relied on to mediate(调解) disputes and ensure good relations among nations rather than to try to score political points and further i

5、ts own power and influence. John Holmes one of Canadas most famous political historians , wrote that “not so much by conviction as by laziness-and a surfeit of territory-Canadians prefer to be a supplementary rather than a leading power.” UN Security Council: the US , China , Russia , the UK, France

6、Political GeographyCanadas geography is the major influence on its participation in the international system.Two geographical factorsFirst factor Bordered by three oceans , It has the longest coastline in the world. As the worlds second largest country, it has a vast territory needs to be defended.

7、Canadian population is too small.Second factor Canada lies between two superpowers ,Soviet Union and the United States. Canada has sometimes been described as being ”indefensible”. Because of its military vulnerability, Canadian policy-makers have had a great interest in promoting peace and cooperat

8、ion among nations. Play an active role in international organizations The United Nations The Commonwealth（英联邦） La Francophonie（法语国家联盟） The North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO) The World Trade Organization(WTO) The World Bank The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (first with the US ,lat

9、er Mexico joined the group)From Junior Partner to Middle PowerAlthough no wars have been fought on Canadian soil since the early 19th century, Canada has sent forces abroad in many instances . Participation has often provoked controversy. In both world wars ,when Canada entered into what Prime Minis

10、ter Wilfred Laurier famously called “the vortex of European militarism ”,leaders faced political problems at home.During the World War In 1914,at the beginning of the World War An army of only 3000 men,only volunteers were sent to fight But as the war dragged on for years , it become necessary to dr

11、aft fighters. In 1917 ,the Canadian government introduced conscription (征兵征兵), which provoked a huge debate in the country. French Canadians in particular were unwilling to become involved in the European squabbles and did not want to fight under the British flag. Then a bitterly divisive battle hap

12、pened, with French Canadian boys forced to fight in European or face arrest at home. The crisis ran so deep inThe crisis ran so deep in Quebec Quebec( (魁北克魁北克) that some ) that some historians consider the Conscription Crisis as the point historians consider the Conscription Crisis as the point at w

13、hich Canada truly became at which Canada truly became a country of two nations-a country of two nations-French and English.French and English.During the World WarBackground: Canada, like Australia and New Zealand ,was still considered to be very much influenced by the policies of the British motherl

14、and. Winston Churchill made his famous “Britain stands alone” speech after the fall of France to the Nazis. But of course Britain was not strictly standing alone: there were thousands of troops from former colonies helping.Result:The huge contributions these countries made to the Allied war earned t

15、hem a degree of respect and independence they had never enjoyed before. Canada become a mature and sovereign state.After the World War In the 1950s, Canada entered into its golden age of international diplomacy. In the 1956,the capping period in the Suez Crisis British and French planes attacked Egy

16、pt Suez Canal in order to safeguard their economic interests, and the US disagreed, with this “imperialist(帝国主义者帝国主义者)” action. The crisis was defused(调解调解) when Canada proposed that a UN peacekeeping force be introduced into the troubled region until a diplomatic settlement could be reached, and of

17、fered to supply troops.For this, the External Affairs Minister ,Lester Pearson ,earned a Nobel Peace Prize. In the 1960s,Canada began to steer a more independent course in world affairs. Proving that it was no mere appendage(附属物附属物) of US Cold War policy.Lester Pearson(19631968) carried on his agend

18、a of liberal internationalism.Pierre Trudeau(19681984),a Canadas best-known world leader , who followed Lester Pearson , worked especially hard to give Canada a foreign policy distinctive from the US. Canadas Military Commitments“Involuntary military guarantee” - the United States could not and woul

19、d not tolerate a radical change in the country it shares a long , undefended border with.On the one hand , the US would protect Canada because if Canada suffered an invasion , American security would also be threatened.On the other hand ,if Canada had become a socialist country , the US would use fo

20、rce if necessary to overthrow a government ot considered “hostile” to its interests.Though helped by the guarantee, Canada still can choose to deny the US on foreign affairs issues , for both sides know their security is interdependent. Canada pushed for the international recognition of the Peoples

21、Republic of China when the US opposed it in 1969.At the time, Lester Pearson argued that recognition was not a “reward ”for good behavior - that is, behavior the US felt was accepted but the right of all legitimate states.Military alliancesThe North Atlantic Treaty Organization The NATO has been the

22、 cornerstone(基础基础) of Canadas security policy . Compared to its allies , Canadas military spending is very low . In the 1960s,the government decided the country should concentrate its wealth on building up the economy and constructing a welfare state to benefit its citizens, so it has often been cri

23、ticized by its allies for being a “free rider”. There is a big gap between Canadas overseas commitments and its military capabilities , but they dont mind being criticized for being very militaristic(崇尚崇尚武力的武力的).Canada has the ability to develop nuclear weapons , but it has always refused to do so ,

24、 and it is a staunch supporter of arms control efforts and nuclear technology for peaceful civilian uses only.Canadian-American RelationsCanadian-American relationship is a unique one.Unique RelationshipThey are two of the most open and interconnected societies in the world.The sovereignty of the tw

25、o countries is less formal and concrete. It is more like a relationship between two farmers whose lands lie side by side.(By Louis ST . Laurent) Long-term interests in commonThey share a long, undefended border.They participated in the same military alliance. (NATO)The North American Free Trade Agre

26、ement (NAFTA)But there are also different opinionsPrime Minister Pearson American President Lyndon Johnson1965An often-told storyIn 1965,Canada disagreed with US involvement in Viet Nam and Person had been making public statement which criticized American policy . When the two leaders met at Camp Da

27、vid , a very angry President Johnson took Prime Minister Person outside and yelled at him , and grabbed his shirt collar and twisted it. Such a story seems unbelievable , but in a way it characterizes the closeness of the two countries.Even though in many respects-population ,wealth ,economy ,milita

28、ry capability-the United States is at least ten times more powerful than Canada, Canada has been able to hold its own in disputes with the US.In 1990,the Gulf War broke outThe US decided to intervene , the first world leader to be notified was Prime Minister Brian Mulroney . He was important in pers

29、uading the US not to take independent action , but to work through the UN to ensure the steps taken would have an international dimension , rather than just like a US action. Overseas Development ProgramsA special commitment to help the Third WorldREASONSimilarity In the past, Canada was a colony ,

30、and therefore feels that to some extent it can empathize with the problems countries face. Like other resource-based economies , economic well-being has been at the mercy of fluctuating world commodity prices over Canada has little control. Canada has been very dominated by the US economy ,so share similar concerns with smaller economies which run the risk of being sw