Unit11非谓语动词(1)

1、轻轻家教-您的私人家庭教师Unit11 非谓语动词（1）（一）非谓语动词概述：非谓语动词是指由动词变化而成，仍具有动词的性质与意义，但不作谓语动词使用，而具有除谓语外其它语法功能。非谓语动词有动词不定式（the Infinitive）；动名词（the Gerund）；现在分词（the Present Participle）；过去分词（the Past Participle）。（二）非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成：非谓语形式构成特征和作用时态和语态否定式复合结构不定式to doto be doing to have doneto be doneto have been done在非谓语前加notf

2、or sb. to do sth.具有名词，副词和形容词的作用在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语分词现在分词doinghaving donebeing donehaving been done具有副词和形容词的作用在句中做定、表、宾补和状语过去分词done动名词doinghaving donebeing donehaving been donesbs doing具有名词的作用在句中做主、宾、定和表语（三）非谓语动词的句法功 句子成分非谓语 主语表语宾语补语定语状语同位语不定式üüüüüüü动名词üüü

3、（极少）üü现在分词üüüü过去分词üüüü（四）非谓语动词的结构形式主动形式被动形式动词不定式to doto be done现在分词一般式doingbeing done现在分词完成式having donehaving been done过去分词done一、 分词的时态和语态1.分词的时态：分词一般式表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；或一个动作发生后，另一个动作紧接着发生。分词的一般式常在书面语中用作背景的描写。例如：Walking down the street, I ran into

4、 Lily.Hearing the news, I jumped with joy.Switching off the lights, I turned over and buried my head in the pillow.Living in the country, we had few social engagements.分词完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生。Having noted down our names and addresses, the policeman dismissed us.Having passed my driving test, I was

5、 able to buy my first car.I was able to buy my first car, having passed my driving test.分词一般式和完成式均可表示已完成的动作，但在说话人心中，用一般式把2个动作看做是几乎同时发生，用完成式则强调2个动作的先后。例如：Looking at the door, she went out.Having studied in the university for three years, he knows the place very well.2）分词的语态：分词一般式的被动语态强调动作正在进行中。例如：The

6、 house being built will be our office building.Being surrounded, the rebel troops were forced to surrender.分词完成式的被动语态强调先于谓语动词。例如：Having been criticized by the teacher, Li Ming gave up smoking.Not having been invited, he felt very unhappy.过去分词也表示被动，但没有强调动作先后的含义。例如：The concert given by the symphony or

7、chestra was a great success.They are problems left over by history.Seen from the hill, the city looks magnificent.Given good health, I hope to finish the work this year.二、分词的语法作用一）分词作定语1） 分词短语作定语时，放在被修饰的名词之后；单个分词作定语时，放在背被修饰的名词之前。例如：The man standing at the window is our teacher.Polluted air and water

8、 are harmful to peoples health.2)现在分词作定语，表示动作正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生，或表示某个经常的动作或状态。例如：The gentleman standing over there is our principal.A rolling stone gathers no moss. (滚石不生苔；转行不聚财)3）分词完成式不能做定语。表示发生在位于动词之前的动作，用定语从句。如果是被动结构，直接用过去分词。例如：The teacher criticized the student who had broken the window.The

9、thief who took her bag has been arrested.The Town Hall completed in the 1800s was the most distinguished building at that time.现在分词和过去分词作前置定语时的区别1） 现在分词作前置定语 表示正在进行的主动动作。例如：the rising sun=the sun that is rising 正在升起的太阳注意下列短语：a sleeping child 熟睡的孩子 boiling water 沸水a falling star 流行 a waiting crowd 等待

10、的人群increasing demand 日益增长的需求 lasting peace 永久的和平 表示主动但不正在进行。例如：He is a promising student. 他是一个有前途的学生。注意下列短语：remaining days 剩下的岁月 a tiring day 劳累的一天an embarrassing position 窘境 guiding principle 指导原则neighboring country 邻国 a walking dictionary 活字典2) 过去分词作前置定语表示被动，且又是有已完成的含义。例如：The risen sun= the sun th

11、at has just risen 初生的太阳I dont like to eat fried eggs. 我不喜欢吃煎蛋。注意下列短语：Boiled water 开（过的）水 required courses 必修课Furnished room 有家具的房间 a written report 书面报告 表示主动，且有完成的含义（仅限于某些不及物动词的过去分词作定语）。例如：Where are the escaped prisoners？ 那些逃犯在哪里？注意下列短语：departed friends 离去的朋友 an arrived visitor 一位来客fallen leaves 落叶

12、an escaped prisoner 一个逃犯returned students 归国留学生 faded flowers 凋谢的花retired workers 退休工人 a sunken ship 一艘沉船 过去分词用在表示情绪的词语中。 例如：He gave a satisfied smile. 他给了个满意的微笑注意下列短语：a frightened glance 惊恐的扫视a worried look 愁容an excited scream 激动的尖叫声the intended effect 预期的效果his embarrassed manner 他尴尬的举止a puzzled/ a

13、n embarrassed expression 困惑的/尴尬的表情但是： relaxed/relaxing environment 放松的环境【考题链接】1. Don't use words， expressions， or phrases _ only to people with specific knowledge.A. being known B. having been known C. to be known D. known2. The first textbooks _ for teaching English as a foreign language came o

14、ut in the 16th century.A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. written3. Mr. Smith， _ of the _ speech， started to read a novel.A. tired； boring B. tiring； bored C. tired； bored D. tiring； boring4. The Olympic Games， _ in 776 B.C.， did not include women players until 1912.A. first play

15、ing B. to be first playedC. first played D. to be first playingKeys：ABAC二 ）分词作表语1) 现在分词作表语表示主语的性质或特征，常可用very修饰；过去分词作表语表示主语所处的状态。例如：The news is very inspiring. You shouldnt try to stand up if you are badly hurt.2） 下列表示变成、保持、感觉等意义的动词有系动词的特征，可与某些现在分词或过去分词构成主系表结构：Appear, become, come, feel, go, grow, go

16、, lie, look, remain, rest, stay, sit, stand接现在分词：come running/hurrying in get going/chatting/movinglook tempting/promising remain standing/listeninglie dying sit waiting stand looking接过去分词：appear disappointed/amazed/touchedbecome annoyed/interested/acquaintedcome untied/undone/unwrapped/unfastened/u

17、nstitchedfeel troubled/distressed/puzzled/upset/exhaustedgo unnoticed/unpunished/uncorrected/undetected/unrecordedgrow used/excited/frightenedlook/seem startled/concerned/troubledremain unfinished/unconvinced/unsolvedget absorbed/caughtlie woundedstay seated/unarmedrest assured【考题链接】1. The pilot ask

18、ed all the passengers on board to remain _ as the plane was making a landing.A. seat B. seating C. seated D. to be seating2. -I'm very _ with my own cooking. It looks nice and smells delicious. - Mm. It does have a _ smell. A. pleasant; pleased B. pleased; pleased C. pleasant; pleasant D. please

19、d; pleasant Keys：CD三）分词作宾语补足语1）接现在分词作宾语补足语的有以下2类动词第一类包括feel, hear, listen to, see, watch, look at, notice, observe等感官动词。例如：We saw the teacher making the experiment.Did you notice the man leaving the house?说明：在以上感官动词后，既可用现在分词构成复合宾语，也可用不带to 的不定式构成复合宾语，但两者的含义是有差别的。 Feel/hear/listen to/watch doing主语+ +宾

20、语+ something See/look at/notice/observe do 用现在分词作宾语补足语表示动作正在发生（即处于发生的过程中，还没有结束，或是一个反复进行的动作）。例如：I saw the girl crossing the street. 我看到那女孩在横穿马路。I saw the young mother slapping her child.我看到那个年轻的母亲反复打她的孩子。用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语描述某个单一的动作，或表示动作发生了（即全过程结束了）。例如：We saw a young mother slap her child in the superma

21、rket.我们看到那个年轻的母亲在超市打了一下他的孩子。I saw the girl cross the street and run away. 我看到那个女孩穿过马路跑了。第二类包括discover, find, smell, catch, get, have, keep, leave, send, set, start等表示发现、闻到、致使的动词。例如：I discovered Mr. Jack sitting near the fires, reading a book.We could smell the dinner cooking in the next room.The vic

22、tory sent our spirits rising.2） 接过去分词作宾语补足语的有以下3类动词：第一类包括see, hear, watch, find, feel, consider等表示感官和心理状态的动词。例如：I saw them assembled in the hall.We found her greatly changed.I considered this problem settled.第二类包括get, have, keep, leave, make, 等表示使役、致使的动词。例如：I try to make myself understood.Please kee

23、p me informed of the latest developments.She will get the fence mended.第三类包括 declare, like, need, order, want, wish等表示要求、希望、命令的动词。例如：He declared the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games closed.I should like the matter (to be) settled immediately.The commander ordered the army unit (to be) reorganized.I dont w

24、ant any of you (to be) involved in the scandal.Do you wish your breakfast (to be) brought to your room?【考题链接】1. You should understand the traffic rule by now. You have had it _ often enough.  A. explaining          B. to explain   

25、0;    C. explain         D explained2. When I opened the door， I found the ground covered by fallen leavesA. covered B. to be covered C. covering D. having been coveredKeys: DA四）分词作状语分词或分词短语作状语，可以表示时间，原因，结果，条件，让步，方式等，例如：Hearings the news, t

26、hey all danced for joy. (时间)Heated, water changes into steam. (时间或条件)Being a student, I must study hard.(原因)Filled with excitement, this is more than a novel about war at sea.(原因)Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay. (结果)United, we stand, divided, we fall.(条件)Exercising ever

27、y morning, you will improve your health.(条件)Wounded, the brave soldier continued to fight.(让步)The children run out of the room, laughing and talking merrily.(方式)简单概括为： _, 主句。Not knowing his address, I made him a call. 主 _, 句 The bridge, built 10 years ago, is renovated. 主句，_. The children run out of

28、 the room, laughing and talking merrily 注意1：状语从句改为分词结构从句主语与主句主语一致，从句为主动语态，用现在分词。As we turned the corner we saw the hospital in front of us.Turning the corner, we saw the hospital in front of us.It rained three days on end, so that it completely ruined our holiday.It rained three days on end, complet

29、ely ruined our holiday.She will be unable to answer your questions because she is not qualified. Not being qualified, she will be unable to answer your questions.After I have seen my brother, I felt much relieved.Having seen my brother, I felt much relieved.Since I havent met him, I cannot tell you

30、what he is like.Not having met him, I cannot tell you what he is like.从句主语与主句的主语一致，从句为谓语为：be + 过去分词，改为简单句用过去分词。If the fabric is treated gently, it could last for years.Treated gently, the fabric could last for years.As she is exhausted by the journey, he soon felt asleep.Exhausted by the journey, he

31、 soon felt asleep.If they had been given better condition, the flowers could grow better.Given better condition, the flowers could grow better.从句主语与主句的主语不一致，用带逻辑主语的分词短语。As there is nothing else to do, we left.There being nothing else to do, we left.He rushed into the room, his face was covered with

32、sweat.He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat.Becaues John had run a red light, the police fined him.John having run a red light, the police fined him.注意2：分词与不定式作状语的区别1. 目的状语通常用不定式，可放在句首或句末，分词通常不能用作目的状语。分词可表示伴随状况，不定式不能表示伴随状况。2. 作结果状语时，不定式常和tooto，only to, enough to, so as to 等搭配，有时则表示出乎意

33、料的结果，常表示一种自然结果，有时可由thus引起。例如：I consider him too lazy to be a good student.I went to his house, only to find him was out.The boy is always telling lies, thus losing all of his friends.He dropped the cup, breaking it into pieces.3. 分词常用语表示方式或伴随情况的状语中，这类句子常可改写为并列句。不定式表示伴随仅用于独立结构中。例如：He walked down the

34、hill, singing(= and sang)softly to himself.We divided the work, he to clear the window and I to sweep the floor.【考题链接】1. _the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation.A. Given     B. To give       C. Giving   

35、0;  D. Having give2. 16. A small plane crashed into a hillside five miles east of the city,_ all four people on board.A. killed B. killing C. kills D. to killKeys: AB【练习A】Fill in the blanks with the proper forms of the words in the brackets 1The story was so _ that nearly everybody was _ to tea

36、rs（move）2We are _ in the novel which is very _ （interest）3I am _ about the resultI have never spent a more _ day（worry）4We were all _ out when we got to the top of the hillWe never thought the climb was so _ （tire）5His kind words were very _ Though we had lost the match，we were _ and were determined

37、 to train harder（encourage）6There is a _ expression on his face and I am _ what to do（puzzle）7Ten years later，Mother and daughter met again，_ tears came into their eyes（excite）8Greatly _ by his words，the boy went up to his teacher，and said “sorry”（touch）9He was so _ at seeing a tiger that he stood s

38、till（terrify）10I am not _ with either of the two pictures（satisfy）参考答案：1moving；moved 2interested；interesting 3worried；worrying 4tired；tiring 5encouraging；encouraged 6puzzled；puzzled 7excited 8touched 9terrified 10satisfied True or false1. Entering the house, a letter was found on the desk. 2. Playin

39、g in the forest, a snake suddenly bit the little in the arm. 3. Hearing the news, tears blurred her eyes.Keys: FFF【练习B】Multiple choice1. On a _ morning the little match girl was found_ at the corner of the street.A. freezing; freezing B. freezing; frozen C. frozen; frozen D. frozen; freezing2. Jack

40、was a lazy boy, I often caught him_ in class.A. sleeping B. slept C. to sleep D. sleep3. His words left me _ what he was driving at.A. to wonder B. wondering C. wondered D. wonder4. Your explanation left me even more_.A. to confuse B. confuse C. confused D. confusing5. I wont have you _ to your moth

41、er like that.A. to talk B. to talking C. talked D. talking6. I wont have my instruction _ in this way.A. disobey B. disobeying C. disobeyed D. to disobey7. W e cant get the car _. We need someone _ us.A. to go; to help B going; to help C. going; helping D. gone; helping8. He sat _ her _ the chair.A.

42、 to watch; to climb B. watching; to climb C. watching; climb D. watching; to climbing9. He managed to make himself _ with his _ English.A. understand; breaking B. understand; broken C. understood; breaking D. understood; broken10. I will keep you _ of how our business is going on.A. inform B. inform

43、ing C. to inform D. informed11. I m please to see the problem _ so quickly.A. settled B. having been settled C. be settled D. settle12. The lady _ an experience diamond necklace looked.A. with; worrying B. wore; worried C. worn; worrying D. wearing; worried13. _ very small, computers are widely used

44、.A. To be B. Having been C. For being D. Being14. _ in the fog, we were forced to spend two hours in the house.A. To lose B. Losing C. Lost D. Having lost15. She had said little so far, responding only when_.A. speaking B. spoken to C. spoken D. speaking to 16. The idea for the new machine came to M

45、r. Baker_ to his invention.A. while he was devoted B. while devoting C. while devoting himself D. while devoted17. With exams _-, its a good idea to review your class notes.A. approaching B. approached C. approach D. to be approach18. _, the new medicine is now in mass production.A. With the solved

46、problem B. With this problem being solved C. With the problem solved D. With this problem to solve 19. The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience _ on benches, chairs or boxes.A. having seated B. seating C. having been seated D. seated20. After a few rounds of talks, both side

47、s regarded the problem _.A. being settled B. to be settled C. had settled D. as settled Keys: BABCD CBCDD ADDCB AACDD【练习C】Translation1. 街道上小店纵队排列 2. 他是个很有前途的学生。3. 那个站在窗户旁边的人是我们的英语老师。4. 我看到那女孩在横穿马路。5. 他匆忙赶到车站，却发现火车已经开走了。Keys：1. The street is lined with small shops 2. He is a promising student. 3. The

48、 man standing at the corner is our English teacher. 4. I saw her crossing the street. 5. He hurried to the station, only to find that the train had gone.Multiple choice 【真题链接 北京上海分词高考真题】北京1._ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.A. Having suffered B. Suffering C

49、. To suffer D. Suffered2. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it.A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen3. _ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.A. To wait B. Have waited C. Having

50、waited D. To have waited4. I couldnt do my homework with all that noise_.A. going on B. goes on C. went on D. to go on 5. There have been several new events _ to the program for the 2008 Beijing Olympic GamesA. add B. to add C. adding D. added6. _ twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters un

51、less we chained our dog.A. Being bitten B. Bitten C. Having bitten D. To be bitten7. It s necessary to be prepared for a job interview. _ the answers ready will be of great help.A. To have had B. Having had C. Have D. Having上海1. He sent me an e-mail, _ to get further information.A. hoped B. hoping C. to hope D. hope2._ in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States.A. Being founded B. It was founded C. Founded D. Founding3. The _ boy was last seen _ near the East Lake.A. missing; playing B. missing; play C. missed; played D. missed; to play4.