中英文光学知识分享

1、2002年医学界的重大发现:在人眼的视网膜上发现了出杆状和椎状细胞以外的地三种视觉细胞.它连接着上视交叉神经核(suprachiasmatic nucleus,SCN)和松果腺（pineal gland),SCN直接控制着周期时钟及接受时间线索以进行校准，而松果腺制造腿黑激素（melatonin)可以调节上视交叉神经甚至是视网膜细胞的周期活动而其他非光线的时间线索则可经由大脑其他部位来转传讯息至上视交叉神经核。上视交叉神经核除了接受时间线索的输入讯号之外，也会输出讯号到达生理行为或活动调控有关的其他大脑区段，以呈现体温、睡眠等日夜节奏。light    波长在380nm78

2、0nm间的，可以直接为人眼所察觉的电磁辐射 。    Electromagnetic radiation that has a wavelength in the range from about 380nm(violet) to about 780nm (red) and may be perceived by the normal unaided human eye.light source：光源Thermal radiation light source ：热辐射光源    for instance :incandescence lamp（白炽灯）

3、,                          halogen lamp（卤钨灯）Gas discharge light source ：气体放电光源    for instance :fluorescent lamp（荧光灯）,                      

4、   HID lamps（高压气体放电灯）Others light source    EL（场致发光光源）,LED（发光二极管）incandescence lamp(白炽灯)  白炽灯发光是基于钨丝在高温下发热发光，达到白炽状态。Tungsten-Halogen Lamps (卤钨灯)  卤素灯也属于白炽灯，围绕在灯丝旁的卤素气体会捕获蒸发的钨，使其再度凝结在灯丝上。卤素循环可以防止钨原子聚积在玻壳上，确保了灯泡的高光效并延长了灯泡的寿命。fluorescent lamp（荧光灯）  荧光玻璃

5、管内部,低压汞蒸气放带电,产生的紫外线通过荧光粉转化为可见光.HID lamps（高压气体放电灯）mercury vapormetal halidehigh pressure sodiumlow pressure sodiumSome fundamental terms SPD (spectral power distribution): 光谱能量分布Eyes sensitivity curve :视觉灵敏度曲线Luminous Flux (F):光通量光源单位时间所发出的光能量是视觉响应的计量Luminous flux (lumens) is the measure of the total

6、 light     producing power of the light source. It is the amount of     light leaving the source without regard to direction. A     typical 100 watt incandescent lamp has about 1700 lamp     lumens. A 400W HPS lamp has 5

7、0,000 lumens. The     luminous flux rating is provided by the lamp  manufacturers and a listing of common lamp and lumen values can be     found in the lamp matrix.Units（单位）: Lumens 流明(lm)    Symbol（符号）: FLuminous intensity (I):光强发光体在特定方向单位

8、立体角内所发射的光通量  The luminous intensity is the luminous flux emitted from a point per unit solid angle into a particular direction. Units: Candela坎德拉  (cd)     Symbol: I  Luminous Intensity Distribution :光强分布   灯或灯具 在所有空间方向的光强分布Distribution of

9、the luminous intensities of a lamp or luminaire in all spatial directions.Candlepower Distribution Curve(配光曲线）    表示灯或灯具，在通过其中心的平面的光强分布曲线，通常是有极性的曲线  A curve, generally polar, representing the variation    of  luminous intensity of a lamp or luminaire in a plan

10、e  through the light center.直角坐标Illuminance (E):照度物体表面每单位面积接受到的光通量1. The density of luminous flux on a surface. Measured in footcandles or lux (metric.) The former term for this quantity was illumination.2. Illuminance is the measure of the quantity of luminous flux that arrives on a surfa

11、ce. Illuminance is affected by the intensity of the fixture in the direction of the lighted surface, the distance from the luminaire to the surface, and the angle of incidence of the arriving light. Although illuminance cannot be detected by the eye, it is the most often used criteria in specifying

12、lighting designs.Units: Lux勒克司 or Footcandles 英尺烛光(fc)    Symbol: E    E=F/A=4I/4r2 =I/ r2   （r：光源与被照物之距离）           照度=光度/距离平方    1fc=10.76lux ( 1foot=0.3048m )Notice:    1) One of the most fundamental and imp

13、ortant terms in the lighting field.    2) The orientation of the surface may be defined, e.g. horizontal, vertical, hence horizontal illuminance, vertical illuminance.Luminance (L):亮度发光体在特定方向单位投影面积，单位立体角内所发射的光通量 ；或发光体在特定方向单位投影面积内所发射的光强 (Photometric brightness) The luminous intensity of any

14、 surface in a given direction per unit area of that surface as viewed from   that direction. Measured in candela/m2. All visible objects have   some luminance.Units: Candela per unit area,   Symbol : LAdaptation:视觉适应眼睛从一种环境到适应于另外一种不同明暗或不同颜色的过程The process by which the ey

15、e becomes accustomed to varying quantities of light or to light of a different color than it was exposed to during an immediately preceding period. Luminous efficacy (h):光效电能转化成光能的效率（光通量与功率之比）Of a source. Quotient of the luminous flux emitted and the power consumed. Unit lumen per watt, lm/W.For exa

16、mple: the luminous efficacy value of the incandescent lamp is just about 20lm/W, while the compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) is about 60lm/W, the High-pressure sodium (vapour) lamp (HPS) is about 120lm/W, and so on.   Luminaire efficiency: 灯具效率灯具发射的光通量与灯具所采用光源的光通量之比Luminaire efficiency is the

17、 ratio of lumens emitted by a luminaire in relation to those produced initially by the lamps contained within.Glare: 眩光视野内有亮度极高的物体或强烈的亮度对比，则可以造成厌恶、不适或丧失视觉功能。眩光分为失能性眩光和不舒适性眩光。眩光是影响照明质量的重要因素。 The effect of brightness or differences in    brightness within the visual field sufficiently high t

18、o cause annoyance, discomfort or loss of visual performance.Disable glare （失能性眩光）Discomfort  glare （不舒适性眩光）UGR ：统一眩光等级     In 1995, the UGR (United Glare Rating) System that CIE recommended is a new development of glare system, it can calculate the numerical quantity of the glare. The numerical quantity of the glare range from 10 to 30, the bigger quantity, the more glares. To the office lighting, the quantity of the UGR is required to be smaller than 19.Color re