定语从句和被动语态

1、定语从句一. 定语从句的三个概念1. 定语从句: 修饰一个名词或代词的句子 / 用来做定语的句子叫定语从句2. 关系词: 引出定语从句的词叫关系词3. 先行词: 被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。二. 关系词在从句中代替先行词1. 关系词本身没有词义, 代替先行词的词义2. 必须充当定语从句中的一个成分3. 根据它在定语从句中所充当的成分将引导定语从句的关系词分为关系代词和关系副词三. 关系词的选择引导定语从句的关系代词有: who, whom, whose, that, which, as等，在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分1. 先行词是人时的三种情况: (1) 先行词是人,

2、 从句中缺少主语时, 用who或that作从句的主语e.g. I have a friend who/ that likes listening to classic music.注意： 1) 当先行词是one, ones, anybody, anyone, all, none, those, people 等指人时, 一般用who, 不用thate.g. Those who want to go to the cinema will have to wait at the gate of the school. 2) 在以疑问词who开头的句子中, 或关系代词在从句中作表语时, 用that,

3、 不用whoe.g. Who is the man that is shouting there? She is not the girl that she used to be. 3) 在there be 句型中, 先行词是人, 只能用whoe.g. There are many people who are singing.(2) 先行词是人, 从句中缺动词宾语或介词宾语时, 用whom或that (介词后不用that)e.g. The teacher wants to return the book to the girl from whom he borrowed it. The te

4、acher wants to return the book to the girl (whom/ that) he borrowed it from.(3) 先行词是人, 从句中缺少定语时, 用whosee.g. Do you know the boy whose parents are on holiday?2. 先行词是物时的三种情况:(1) 先行词是物, 从句中缺少主语时, 用that, whiche.g. Youd better not drink water which /that has not been boiled. (2) 先行词是物, 从句中缺少动词宾语或介词宾语时, 用

5、which或that, 注意介词后不用thate.g. This is the house in which once Lu Xun lived . This is the house (which/ that) once Lu Xun lived in.(3) 先行词是物, 且从句中缺少定语时, 用whose或the+名词+of which的结构e.g. We study in the classroom whose door / the door of which faces south.3.下列情况下, 只用that, 不用which引导定语从句(1) 先行词是不定代词, 如all, n

6、one, little, few, much, one, some, anything, nothingeverything, something等e.g. Is there anything that you want?(2) 先行词被all, no, every, some, little, few, much, one of , the only, the very, the right, the same等所修饰时e.g. The only thing that he remembered was her name.(3) 先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时e.g. This is

7、the first film that Ive seen since I came here.She is the most beautiful girl that I had known.(4) 先行词中既有人又有物时e.g. They talked about the teachers and the things (that) they remembered in the school. (5) 以which开头的疑问句中, 多用that引导从句e.g. Which is your book that you always read.引导定语从句的关系副词有: when, where,

8、why , 在定语从句中充当状语的成分, 即在从句中起副词和介词短语的作用1. Wheree.g. This is the house. I was born in the house. =This is the house where I was born. (where代替先行词house) =This is the house which / that / 不填 I was born in. =This is the house in which I was born.2. whene.g. Well never forget the day.We joined the party on

9、 the day.= Well never forget the day when we joined the party.= Well never forget the day which / that/ 不填we joined the party on.= Well never forget the day on which we joined the party.3. whye.g. The reason why I am calling you is to invite you to a party.The reason is that I want to invite you to

10、a party. (表语从句)= The reason why I am calling you is that I want to invite you to a party. (既有定语从句又有表语从句)连接词在句子中的不同作用:e.g. Hangzhou is the place that is very famous. (主语) Hangzhou is the place which I will never forget. (宾语) Hangzhou is the place to which I went last summer. (介词宾语) Hangzhou is the pl

11、ace whose scenery is beautiful. (定语) Hangzhou is the place where I went last summer. (状语)由 as 引导的定语从句1. as 引导限定性定语从句时, 先行词常用such和same修饰, as在从句中不省略 e.g. We do the same work as they do.2. as 引导的非限定性定语从句，as代表整个主句的意义e.g. We jumped for joy at the news, as was natural. Taiwan, as is known to everyone, is

12、a part of China As was usual with him, he went out for a walk after dinner.四. 定语从句与其他从句的区分：1. 定语从句与强调句的区分：（去掉 it is/was和 that 的部分, 若句子成立则为强调句）e.g. It was on that day that he left school. (强调句)2. 定语从句与结果状语从句的区分：（看连接词是不是在句中担当成分, 若担当则为定语从句）e.g. He is such a kind person as everybody likes. (定语从句) He is

13、such a kind person that everybody likes him. (结果状语从句)3. 定语从句与同位语从句的区分：（看连接词是不是在句中担当成分, 若不担当而只表示前面名词的具体内容则为同位语从句）e.g. The news that he had passed the exam surprised us. (同位语从句) The news that we heard surprised us. (定语从句)五. 介词+关系代词引导定语从句时介词或关系代词的选择：1. 介词与定语从句的先行词是一种习惯性搭配e.g. The farm on which I once w

14、orked is very beautiful.2. 介词与从句中的动词是一种习惯性搭配：e.g. Who is the man with whom our teacher is talking?3. 介词与从句中的形容词是一种习惯性搭配e.g. Ours is a great country, of which we are proud.4. 表示“所有格”或“整体与部分关系”时, 用介词ofe.g. I was given three books on cooking, the first of which I really enjoyed.There are over 100 teach

15、ers, sixth percent of whom are women.定语从句考点分析1. The best work _ Lu Xun wrote and _ I have read has been made into a film.A. which; that B. that; × C. × that D. × ×析：如果两个定语从句并列，关系代词作宾语时前一句的可以省略，但后一句的不可省略，故应选C。2. It was in 1969 _ two Americans got to the moon by space ship.It was 1

16、969 _ two Americans got to the moon by space ship.A. when B. which C. that D. ×析：第一句是强调时间in 1969,强调结构是“It was强调部分that句”，故应选C。第二句It是表时间的，先行词1969在从句中作状语，故选A。3. Is this the house _ Shakespeare was born?A. at which B. which C. in which D. at where析：观察题目，空白处只有填in which或where才能表达“这是莎士比亚出生的房子吗？”这一意思，故

17、答案为C。4. In the dark street, there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help. A. to whom B. of whom C. from whom D. that 析：“介词关系代词”要考虑短语搭配或与先行搭配，这道题短语turn to有关，故 应选A。5. The two things _ they felt very proud were Jims gold watch and Dellas hair. A. about which B. of which C. in which D. for whic

18、h 析：涉及be/feel proud of短语，故答案为B。6. Have you ever asked him the reason _ may explain his being late?A. why B. that C. for which D. what析：此题易误选A、C，因为先行词是the reason, 但细观察分析，定语从句缺少主语，所以答案是B。注意what不能引导定语从句。7. Farming is difficult _ there is no rain.A. where B. in place C. that D. the place where析：因为diffic

19、ult是形容词，故其后不是定语从句。这儿的空白处应填引导状语从句where (in the place where), 全句表达“在没有雨水的地方耕种困难”。这一意思，可见答案为A。8. We need the same machine _ in your factory.A. which is being used B. as is being used C. that is being used D. as it is being used 析：根据“the same先行词”后跟as引导定语从句的原则，可知答案为B。 (the sameas, 指的是同类, 而the samethat, 指

20、的是同一个)9. _ the people, not things _ are most important. A. There are; who B. Those are; that C. It is; that D. It was; who 析：仔细观察分析题目，可知只有C构成强调句才有成立。当我们要检验视其为强调句的判断, 是否正确时，只要将“It is (或was)that”这三个词去掉，剩下部分读起来正确无误，则证明判断 是正确的，反之是错误的。此题如不填“It isthat”三词，句子是The people, not things are most important.语义完整正确

21、，说明选C是对的。练习题单项选择:1. The place _interested me most was the Children's Palace. A. Which B. where C. what D. in which2. Do you know the man _? A. whom I spoke B. to who spoke C. I spoke to D. that I spoke3. This is the hotel _last month. A. which they stayed B. at that they stayed C. where they sta

22、yed at D. where they stayed4. Do you know the year _the Chinese Communist Party was founded? A. which B. that C. when D. on which5. That is the day _I'll never forget. A. which B. on which C. in which D. when6. The factory _we'll visit next week is not far from here. A. where B. to which C.

23、which D. in which7. Great changes have taken place since then in the factory _we are working. A. where B. that C. which D. there8. This is one of the best films _. A. that have been shown this year B. that have shown C. that has been shown this year D. that you talked9. Can you lend me the book _the

24、 other day? A. about which you talked B. which you talked C. about that you talked D. that you talked10. The pen _he is writing is mine. A. with which B. in which C. on which D. by which11. They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of _sat a small boy. A. whom B. who C. which D. that12. The engineer _my

25、 father works is about 50 years old. A. to whom B. on whom C. with which D. with whom13. It there anyone in your class _family is in the country? A. who B. who's C. which D. whose14. I'm interested in _you have said. A. all that B. all what C. that D. which15. I want to use the same dictiona

26、ry _was used yesterday. A. which B. who C. what D. as16. He isn't such a man _he used to be. A. who B. whom C. that D. as17. He is good at English, _we all know. A. that B. as C. whom D. what18. Li Ming, _to the concert enjoyed it very much. A. I went with B. with whom I went C. with who I went

27、D.I went with him19. I don't like _ as you read. A. the novels B. the such novels C. such novels D. same novels20. He talked a lot about things and persons _they remembered in the school. A. which B. that C. whom D. what21. The letter is from my sister, _is working in Beijing. A. which B. that C

28、. whom D. who22. In our factory there are 2,000 workers, two thirds of _are women. A. them B. which C. whom D. who23. You're the only person _I've ever met _could do it. A. who; / B. /; whom C. whom; / D. /; who24. I lost a book, _I can't remember now. A. whose title B. its title C. the

29、title of it D. the title of that25. Last summer we visited the West Lake, _Hangzhou is famous in the world. A. for which B. for that C. in which D. what26. I have bought such a watch _ was advertised on TV.A. that B. which C. as D. it27. I can never forget the day _ we worked together and the day _

30、we spent together.A. when; which B. which; when C. what; that D. on which; when28. The way _he looks at problems is wrong. A. which B. whose C. what D. /29. This is the reason _he didn't come to the meeting. A. in which B. with which C. that D. for which30. This machine, _for many years, is stil

31、l working perfectly. A. after which I have looked B. which I have looked after C. that I have looked after D. I have looked after31. The reason _he didn't come was _he was ill. A. why; that B. that; why C. for that; that D. for which; what32. He is working hard, _will make him pass the final exa

32、m. A. that B. which C. for which D. who33. That is not the way _I do it. A. / B. which C. for which D. with which34. I have two grammars, _are of great use. A. all of which B. either of which C. both of that D. both of which35. I want to use the same tools _used in your factory a few days ago. A. as

33、 was B. which was C. as were D. which参考答案练习答案:1-5 ACDCA 6-10 C AAAA 11-15 CDDAD 16-20 DBBCB 21-25 DCDAA 26-30 CADDB31-35 ABADC被动语态一. 时态(16)与语态(2)：一般进行完成完成进行现在过去将来过去将来主动 S. + V. + O. （16种） 被动 S. + V. + by O. （10种） (有所变化) 二.具体时态的具体用法及其被动语态变法：1.一般现在时(1)基本用法：a. 经常性或习惯性的动作e.g. We live happily. (经常)He get

34、s up early. (习惯)b. 客观真理，事实e.g. The earth is round.c. 在含条件，时间，让步的主从复合句中，主句用一般将来时，从句则用一般现在时表将来e.g. I will go there if I have time.(2) 被动语态变法：V. be (am /is /are) + V.ede.g. I eat two eggs every morning. Two eggs are eaten by me every morning.2. 一般过去时(1) 基本用法：a. 过去发生的动作或持续的状态 (常与表过去的时间状语连用)e.g. It raine

35、d yesterday. (状态) The accident happened two days ago. (动作)b. 特定句型结构 (虚拟语气)if /wish /as if /as though /It is time that sb. did sth.e.g. I wish that I had money. It is time that you did your homework.c. 表示过去某段时间内经常发生的动作或存在的状态e.g. He often told lies when he was a child.d. 表示说活人始料未及的事情e.g. I didnt recog

36、nize it were you.(2) 被动语态变法：V.ed be (was /were) + V.ede.g. I told him yesterday. He was told by me yesterday.3. 一般将来时(1) 基本用法：将来发生的动作或持续的状态 (常与表将来的时间状语连用)e.g. I will visit you tomorrow.(2) 被动语态变法：shall /will + V. shall /will + be + V.ede.g. I will clean the house this afternoon.The house will be cle

37、aned by me this afternoon. 4. 过去将来时(1) 基本用法：a. 从过去的某个时间来看将要发生的动作或持续的状态e.g. He thought he would become a teacher one day.b. 过去习惯性的动作 (用would) 与used to 用法相近e.g. He would go to school by bike.c. 特定句型结构 (虚拟语气)wish /as if /as though /ife.g. If I had enough money, I would buy it.(2) 被动语态变法：would / should

38、+ V. would /should + be + V.ede.g. I would give him a present. He would be given a present by me. A present would be given to him by me.5. 现在进行时(1) 基本用法a. 此刻或此阶段正在进行的动作或持续的状态e.g. I am doing homework now. I am helping my father in this summer.b. 反复出现或习惯性的动作，有很强情绪e.g. We are living badly.c. 即将按计划发生的动作

39、或持续的状态e.g. We are going to Beijing tomorrow.(2) 被动语态变法：be (am /is /are) + V.ing be + being + V.ede.g. The teacher is punishing Lily. Lily is being punished by the teacher.6. 过去进行时(1) 基本用法a. 表示过去某一时刻或某一时间内正在进行的动作e.g. I was writing a letter this morning.b. 表示过去出现的反复性，习惯性的动作e.g. He was always finding f

40、ault with me.(2) 被动语态变法:be (was /were) + V.ing be + being + V.ede.g. He was always asking her questions. She was always being asked questions by him.7. 将来进行时(1) 基本用法a. 表示在将来某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作e.g. I will be busy this evening. I will be writing an article.b. 表示按计划将来要发生的动作e.g. The train will be leaving

41、in a second.(2) 被动语态变法： (无)8. 现在完成时(1) 基本用法：a. 表示从过去某时开始一直延续到现在的动作和状态e.g. I have sat for hours in the classroom, reading a novel.b. 表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果e.g. They have joined our computer to the Internet.c. 表示从过去开始到目前为止这段时间中反复发生的动作或多次出现的状态e.g. Ive often seen him in the library.(2) 被动语态变法：has /have

42、+ V.ed has /have + been + V.ede.g. I have finished my homework. My homework has been finished by me.9. 过去完成时(1) 基本用法：表示动作或状态从过去某一时间以前开始并一直延续到这一时间e.g. I had stayed in Beijing for three years by then.(2) 被动语态变法：had + V.ed had + been + V.ede.g. We had walked a long way. A long way had been walked by us

43、.10. 现在完成进行时(1) 基本用法：a. 表示动作发生在过去一直延续到现在, 这个动作可能刚停止, 可能仍会继续下去e.g. Tom has been working hard since the new term began. b. 表示到说话时为止的一段时间内一再重复的动作e.g. He has been saying that twenty times.(2) 被动语态表法： (无)11. 将来完成时被动语态:will have done will have been done12. 过去将来完成时被动语态：would have done would have been done1

44、3. 情态动词被动语态：can /must do can /must be donecan /must have done can /must have been done三. 被动语态中主动表示被动的特殊用法：1. 下列动词一般不用于被动语态：happen /occur /take place /come about /break out /rise /appear /become/fall /go /die /last /have /lie e.g. It happened yesterday.2. 动词表示的是主语的特征而不是强调被执行的动作sell /read /write /feel

45、 /wear /begin /wash e.g. The book sells well.3. 系动词一般不用于被动语态：(特殊系动词, 表示状态特征的, 表示感官的)look /feel /smell /taste /sound /prove /appear /seeme.g. The roses smell sweet.4. 在表语形容词后的 to v 作条件状语, 用主动表示被动e.g. The water is unfit to eat. The man is difficult to deal with.5. 作定语的 to v 常用主动表被动e.g. I have a lot of

46、 work to do.6. want, need, require + V.ing 表被动e.g. The classroom requires cleaning. The classroom requires to be cleaned.7. 其宾语为反身代词, 相互代词时,只能用主动语态e.g. We helped each other.8. 表示开始, 结束的动词用主动表示被动begin, start, open, finish, close, stop, end, shute.g. The shop closes at 9 p.m. every day.9. weigh, measu

47、re, cost表示“称重”、“测量”、“花费”、“持续”、“发生”等状态动词或不及物动词，虽然汉语有被动含义，但英语要用主动形式。e.g. The meeting lasted two hours. What happened to him last night? 被动语态考点分析1. I need one more stamp before my collection_. (NMET) A. has completed B. completes C. has been completed D. is completed析：complete是及物动词，“邮集”是被人完成的，须从表被动意的C、

48、D中选择。又因before等引导的时间状语从句中谓语要用一般现在时表将来，所以此题答案为D。2. Do you like the material? Yes, it _ very soft. (NMET) A. is feeling B. felt C. feels D. is felt析：观察题干，空白线后无宾语，可知feel是不及物动词，表“（某物）摸起来”意思,是连系动词，不能用于被动式，也不用进行时。根据此题对话情景，是指某种材料的常规特性，要用一般现在时，不能用过去时，故答案为C。feel作“感觉”、“认为”、“摸”等意时是及物动词，可带宾语，有时态，语态等变化。3. Great c

49、hanges _ in the city, and a lot of factories_. (NMET) A. have been taken placehave been set up B. have taken placehave been set up C. have taken placehave set up D. were taken placewere set up析：take place（发生）是不及物动词，不可用于被动语态，于是可排除A、D，又因set up(建造)是及物动词，在此题中应该用被动式，故排除C，答案为B。4. Most of the artists _to t

50、he party were from South Africa. (NMET) A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. had been invited析：首先可排除B。因为它不表示“被邀请”。又因D项少引导词who，也应排除。A项who were invited, C项who were being invited,由象invite这类短暂动词的现在分词被动式不可作后置定语，故也应排除。因而可定答案为A。5. I dont know the restaurant, but its _ to be quite a good one. (NMET) A. said B. told C. spoken D. talked析：根据“某人/某物据说”英文句式为“sb/sth. is said”可定答案为A。又如：He is said to be a clever boy.据说他是一个聪明的男孩。6. The police found that the house _ and a lot of things_. (NMET) A. has broken intohas been stolen B. has broken intohad