古代中国的科学技术与文化（Science, technology and culture in ancient China）

1、古代中国的科学技术与文化（Science, technology and culture in ancient China）Science and technology achievementsCollege entrance examination requirements:The four great inventions of the development and its contribution to world civilizationA paper-making1 reasons: the Qin and Han Dynasties, bamboo slips and texti

2、les as writing materials, bamboo slips of bulky, expensive silk, influence of cultural communication.2, after:1: Oracle, bronze) in pre Qin Dynasty2) the Qin and Han Dynasties: bamboo bamboo slips, textiles. The invention of paper: early 3). According to the archaeological discovery of Tianshui Ma T

3、an Xi Han tomb unearthed paper map, at least in the Western Han Dynasty have the paper.4) Han: Cai Lun improved papermaking. The use of bark, hemp head, rags and old fishing processing caused by new writing materials, Cai Houzhi said.3, outside:1) seventh Century by North Korea to japan;2) was intro

4、duced in eighth Century in Arabia;3) follow Chinese method in Europe in twelfth Century began to set up factories in Papermaking4, meaning: (P29)1) four great inventions, the invention of paper the longest, positive effects on the development of civilization and social progress is the most significa

5、nt;2) paper application, make records, information dissemination and inheritance have a revolutionary progress, promote the development of China and world culture.Two, the compass and direction determination technology1, principle:The use of magnets in the magnetic field of the earth in the north an

6、d south polar means2, after:1) the Warring States: Han Feizi mentioned in the guide instrument called ian2): the Northern Song Dynasty, invented the compass guide for navigation and fish. Shen Kuo in the dream pool essays recorded in the friction making technology with magnetic compass needle3) the

7、Southern Song Dynasty: what Lin Guang Ji introduced fish and turtle woodcut guide guide3, at the end of twelfth Century - early thirteenth Century: outside, by sea into Arabia, and then spread to europe.4, meaning:1) applied to the determination of the orientation, plays an important role in militar

8、y and economic life2) provides conditions for Zheng Hes voyage to the East3) Columbo discovered America and Magellan sailing voyage provides technical assuranceThe invention and use of gunpowder, three1, conditions1) the invention of gunpowder, and ancient alchemy pharmaceutical long-term practice2)

9、 understanding the nature of charcoal, sulfur and saltpeter three substances, for the invention of gunpowder2, invention1) the Shang and Zhou dynasties, people in practice has been widely used in metallurgical charcoal2) during the spring and Autumn period, raw materials of sulfur and saltpeter maki

10、ng powder have been known3) the Shen Nongs herbal classic, sulfur and saltpeter have been listed as important medicinal herbs4) the Ge Hong baopuzi - medicine was noted in the powder3, the use of1) at the end of the Tang Dynasty and early Song Dynasty, began to appear then gunpowder, arrow2) in Song

11、 Dynasty, in addition to the gunpowder arrow, also invented the gun, fire and fire thorns; Wu by the total to records the time of the three gunpowder formula3) the Ming Dynasty created early self exploding mines and bombs, which are the most advanced in the world at the time4, introduction:The middl

12、e of thirteenth Century was introduced into Arabia, was introduced into Europe5, meaning:In Fourteenth Century, by the Arabs in Europe, the bourgeoisie against feudalism has played an important role.Four, the progress of printing1, invention1): the Tang Dynasty woodblock printing technology. 1900,Fo

13、und in Dunhuang, the Diamond Sutra, known to the worlds first printing clear printed date2) the Song Dynasty: Bi Sheng invented movable type printing, a revolution in the history of printing3 yuan): Wang Zhens creation of wood type, and the invention of the rotary type disc4) in the mid Ming Dynasty

14、: copper type has been widely used in Jiangsu, Wuxi, Suzhou, Nanjing and other places5) in the Qing Dynasty: the biggest book printed with copper type is the integration of ancient and modern books2, waizhuan: thirteenth Century by Persia reached the West Europe wood carving and metal type3, meaning

15、1) is conducive to the preservation and dissemination of China culture, promoting social progress Chinese2) and the dark middle ages and Renaissance for EuropeUnderstanding of Chinese ancient science and technology(1, long before the Ming and Qing Dynasties) reasons advanced in the world.(1) the eco

16、nomy: economic development provides a material basis for the progress of science and technology. (2) political: national unity, social stability and government support.(3): the frequent ethnic relations and economic and cultural exchanges between different ethnic groups, mutual learning and integrat

17、ion, provides rich nutrition for the development of science and technology.(4) Foreign Relations: opening policy, encourage foreign exchanges, to facilitate the absorption of foreign culture to improve their.(5): cultural continuity China ancient civilization heritage but also conducive to the devel

18、opment of science and technology.(6) the majority of working peoples hard work and creation is the fundamental cause leading technology.2, the reasons behind the technology during the Ming and Qing dynasties:1) the feudal autocratic politics: an unprecedented strengthening2): natural economy dominat

19、ed economy3) culture: eight shares were held, mind4) external: isolation, hinder the communication5) root cause: the decadent feudal system hindered the development of science.3, characteristics(1) from the scientific and technological content, strong application, explore the law of development of t

20、hings is not enough;(2) from the study method, mainly using the traditional classics collation and summary of experience, ignore the theoretical generalization and abstraction.(3) from the technical point of view, mainly in the feudal agricultural economy development, the lack of science and technol

21、ogy into productive forces effectively and make the further development of science and technology productivity become the power consciousness.(4) from the distribution point of view, mainly concentrated in agriculture, medicine and astronomy calendar aspects related to agriculture.4, the development

22、 of science and technology in ancient China(1) to China: four great inventions is China has become an important symbol of the ancient civilizations in the world;(2): the world has made outstanding contributions to the development of world civilization, promote the development of world science and te

23、chnology culture. After the great geographical discovery, feudalism in Europe bourgeois, transition from feudalism society to capitalist society has played a major role in promoting.Two, the origin and evolution of Chinese characters of painting and calligraphy developmentCollege entrance examinatio

24、n requirements:Chinese characters of the origin and evolution of calligraphy, painting, ChinaThe origin and evolution of the Chinese characters, a1, the origin of Chinese charactersText is the earliest Shang Dynasty oracle inscriptions and some artifacts, more mature characters2, evolutionOracle, br

25、onze, seal script, official script, regular script, running script, cursiveTwo, calligraphy1, the survey of calligraphy:1) Xiaozhuan originated in the Qin Dynasty, font strokes slightly longer, rounded, with beautiful pattern2) the official script began in the Qin Dynasty, mature and commonly used b

26、y Han; font structure symmetry, uniform stability3) the script called the real book, formed in the end of Han Dynasty, font founder, strict rules4) script prevailed in the Jin Dynasty, both regular script and cursive strengths, both neat and clear, lively and FEISA5) the freehand cursive calligraphy

27、 to the extreme, play variety, unrestrained movementModel Chinese characters font script:The Han Dynasty, the text form and from the official script now morphed into the use of script. Kai is a model of the meaning of script is the font can be used as example. Font founder, Zhang Xu and Huai Su. Str

28、ict rules are called Britain was insolent. Huai Su monk known as the sage of calligraphy.Fast writing font: ScriptIn the regular script and cursive script as the grass is also a font in popular, is running. The script font does not like the script as a standing, and not like a cursive like that on t

29、he run, but like the cloud, such as water slowly kept flowing, so called script. FEISA neat and clear, lively, very practical. The script is good at writing the Jin Dynasty calligrapher Wang Xizhi, known as st.2, a famous calligrapher:1) the Qin Dynasty: Li Si is a famous seal home2) the Eastern Jin

30、 Dynasty: Wang Xizhi is especially good at cursive script, running script, was honored as the holy offspring3): Ouyang Xun, Yan Zhenqing, Liu Gongquan of the Tang Dynasty were founded, the European style, Han Liu, Zhang Huai Su cursive to also unique artistic charm4): Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, song Mi

31、 Fei, Cai Xiang called the four Northern Song Dynasty calligrapher, in the world running5 yuan): Zhao Mengtiao is a calligrapher, Zhao6) in the Ming Dynasty: taking Wen Zhengming and Dong Qichang the highest reputationThree, China painting1, origin:1): people in the stone age pottery, rock painting,

32、 on the ground2) in pre Qin Dynasty and Han Dynasty: popular paintings, painting, murals, stone and brick2, mature: Wei and Jin Dynasties to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, China painting art form gradually mature3, classification1) on the theme: divided into figure painting, landscape painting, flower

33、and bird painting of the three paintings.2) with the techniques: fine brushwork and freehand brushwork of the difference4, landscape painting: the painting is Chinese essence, usually by the natural scenery depicted as the main content, pay attention to the layout of the composition, the artistic co

34、nception is the soul of landscape painting5 of literati painting, also known as the literati painting, occupies an important position in the Chinese painting history, emphasizing individuality in the creation, the pursuit of lyric, literature, calligraphy, painting, carving and other art forms as a

35、whole, embodies the artist in many aspects of culture, Wang Wei was later regarded as the literati painting the originatorThree, literary achievementsCollege entrance examination requirements:Book of Songs, Chu, Tang, song, yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties Novels, Chinese literary characteristics in di

36、fferent period of timeA Book of Songs1, position:China the oldest anthology, a collection from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the spring and Autumn period of 305 Poems2, content1) wind, Book of Songs is the essence of,The lower labor reflects the social life of the masses2): Ya is the Zhou Dynastys poe

37、try, mainly reflects the nobility of life and emotion;3) song: the king and the princes for worship and major ceremony and music is the main melody of the ancestors and the authorities3 characteristics: four word sentence, or to miscellaneous, my language is rich, syllable harmony, strong artistic a

38、ppealEffect: 4, laid the foundation Chinese realism literature, was later listed as Confucian classicsTwo, Chu1, a new style of poetry in the south of the fourth Century B.C.2, characteristics1) creation it is romantic, passionate, peculiar imagination, grace gorgeous style, gorgeous color, with str

39、ong local characteristics and the myth of Chu2) the sentence is more flexible, Chu dialect is sometimes used in the sentence, unique in rhythm and rhyme, more suitable for expressing the complex thoughts and feelings3, Qu Yuan1) status: literature is an outstanding representative of Chu Ci authors2)

40、 political ideals: lifelong pursuit of beauty of politics, namely making laws, Juxian granted to 1898.3) representative: Lisao, and Nine Songs, heaven, nine chapters4): also known as the Sao, laid the foundation of romanticism Chinese literary traditionThree, Han Fu1, meaning: Fu is evolved from Sao

41、 poetry to prose and verse and style2, process1) the formation period: the early Western Han Dynasty, Jia Yi Qu Yuan Fu, clothing bird Fu2) heydayA. on behalf of the Han Dynasty, such as Sima Xiangrus false Fu and Shanglin FuB. Yang Xiong in the late Han DynastyC. Ban Gu of the Eastern Han Dynasty,

42、Zhang Heng3) turning: late Eastern Han dynasty. Fu Chien, rise of various short and small FuFour, Tang1, Li Bai1) the characteristics of the times: the Tang Dynasty, national prosperity, economic development, cultural opening up2) Title: after Qu Yuan China the most distinguished romantic poet, know

43、n as the immortal3) is famous for its style characteristics: passion and romance, wild style blazing, rich imagination, poetry and art of the Tang Dynasty reached the peak, is the embodiment of the Tang Dynasty in the literature.4) line: dont you see the Yellow River from heaven, pour into the sea n

44、o longer return, there will be wind and waves, sail sea2, Du Fu1) the characteristics of the times: the Tang Empire by Sheng Zhuanshuai era, but wanderingTitle: 2) is a bitter poet, sage reputation. Du was later known as the history of poetry3) style features: dignified gloomy, serious setback. Sanl

45、i and Sanbie series of poems has a strong sense of urgency and distinctive humanitarianism4) representative: eight, the first seven fall climb, five Chunwang, Moonlight etc.3: Li Bai and his position, such as embedded in the stars of the constellation Gemini Datang brilliant culture, is a model of l

46、iterati learning.Five, song1, the origin is a new literary genre made popular short sentence lyrics development. To the glory, become a symbol of the Song Dynasty literature.2, the Northern Song Dynasty1) Liu Yong: personal experience, urban scenery into words, language and colloquial words Qingqian

47、 willow, most widely in the song and Yuan Dynasties spread2) Su Shi: break the boundaries of poetry and ci,The word from the bottle before and Moon to the broad social life, its vigorous and unconstrained3, the Southern Song Dynasty1) the characteristics of the times: social change, China Fortune mi

48、cro, and Southern Song Dynasty wind and more generous tragic sentimental downturn.2: the Southern Song Dynasty poetess Li Qingzhao). The work contains the painful feeling of the rise and fall of the country3) Zhang Yuangan, Zhang Xiaoxiang: his heroic aspect, with the buskined patriotism4) Xin Qiji:

49、 his strong patriotic feelings and personality style, become the master sent a bold word.3, the Southern Song Dynasty1) the characteristics of the times: social change, China Fortune micro, and Southern Song Dynasty wind and more generous tragic sentimental downturn.2: the Southern Song Dynasty poet

50、ess Li Qingzhao). The work contains the painful feeling of the rise and fall of the country3) Zhang Yuangan, Zhang Xiaoxiang: his heroic aspect, with the buskined patriotism4) Xin Qiji: his strong patriotic feelings and personality style, become the master sent a bold word.4 factions1) graceful fact

51、ion: Liu Yong (Bei Song), Li Qingzhao (Song Dynasty)2) bold faction: Su Shi (Bei Song), Xin Qiji (Nan Song)Six, Yuanqu1, meaning: generalized Yuanqu, including the Yuan Dynasty and the Yuan Dynasty in two categories, known as the opera and sanqu2, Sanqu1) meaning: Jinyuan period in the northern folk

52、 pop up and flourished in the yuan and Ming Dynasty era poetry genre. Including the two main forms of poem and the number of.2) features: the syllable and rhyme are free, sentence length uneven, flexible and popular language3) position: the rise of Sanqu, is a liberation of poetic style3, Yuan Zaju1

53、) meaning: the various forms of performing art since the fusion of song and Jin and the formation of a complete form of drama. Also known as the north or North Dynasty2) the reason of prosperity: with the Yuan Dynasty city economic recovery and prosperity, peoples demand for culture has strong, also

54、 meet the needs of the ruling class 3) Venue: four or GouLan tile4) representative figures and works: Guan Hanqings big DouSeven, the novels of Ming and Qing Dynasties1, background1) on the whole: Chinese social political and economic emergence of a new scene during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, social life also becomes complex2) Politics: the Ming and Qing Dynasties of feudal autocracy and feudal societ