自动扶梯驱动机及其PC可编程控制系统设计含11张CAD图
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自动扶梯
驱动
及其
PC
可编程
控制系统
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11
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第二篇 可编程序控制器第一章 PC简述可编程控制器（Programmable Controller，简称PC）是以微处理器技术为基础，综合计算机和自动控制技术而发展起来的一种新型工业控制计算机。它不仅能进行逻辑控制、计时、计数、而且能够进行数据处理、模拟量调节、操作显示、智能控制、联网通信等等。由于它通用性强、可靠性高，接线、编程简单，操作方便、灵活，抗干扰性强，体积小，重量轻，对环境条件要求低等优点，因而获得了广泛的应用。1.1 PC的结构不同的PC机型有不同的结构，但其主体均由微处理器（CPU）、存储器、电源、输入、输出组件等构成。输入端是PC从外部输入信号的端口，每个端子都与PC的内部的一个输入继电器相接，其电源可由PC的组件来提供。输出端子是PC向外部负载输出信号的端口，每个端子都与PC内部的输出的继电器的输出硬触点相接，它的闭合可以与外部负载相接，其电源由外部提供。PC内部还有许多元件，如定时器、计数器、输入输出继电器，辅助继电器等等，以及它们的许多触点。定时器、计数器、辅助继电器等均由内部触点驱动，其动电源由电源组件提供。1.2 PC的工作原理由于PC采用了CPU装置，实质是一种工业控制计算机，其核心就是一台计算机，但是由于它的工作酷似一个继电器接触器控制系统，只需将它看成是由普通继电器、定时器，计数器等组成的装置。这些装置都是用编程方法实现的软件。1.3 PC的工作方式由于计算机每个瞬间只能作一件事情，故PC是通过循环的工作方式来完成控制的，每一个循环（周期）按次序分为三个阶段，即输入采样、程序执行，输出刷新，这种工作方式称为扫描工作方式。从输入采样到输出刷新的整个执行时间称为扫描周期。（扫描时间）A输入采样阶段PC开始工作时，微处理器首先对各个输入端子进行扫描、将输入端的接通或者断开的状态信息送到输入状态寄存器中。B程序执行阶段微处理器按指令逐条执行，对输入和原输出状态进行逻辑运算，再将运算结果送到输出状态的寄存器中。C输出刷新阶段到所有指令执行完毕时，集中把输出状态寄存器中的内容送到输出锁存电路，成为PC的实际输出。PC与继电器-接触器控制方式是不同的，继电器-接触器控制是按“并行”方式工作的，或者说是同时进行的，只要形成电流通路，可能同时有好几个电器动作。而PC是以扫描方式工作，它是循环地、连续的顺序逐条执行程序、任一时刻只能执行一条指令，也就是说PC是以“串行”方式工作的。第二章 自动扶梯的PC控制2.1 自动扶梯的主电路 自动扶梯是连续运行的，不经常启动、变速、制停和换向等多种运行状态，所以其电路比较简单。其主电路如图所示：图中K1是三极开关，供通、断电用；FU1是熔断器事故短路保护元件；K2、K3分别控制电机正、反转之用。相位继电器JXW在电源缺相或者相序相反时候动作，切断控制电源，使电梯制动（或开不出）；FR1热继电器是过载保护元件；拽引电机M是单速交流电动机，它的绕组的6个接线头分别与星形启动接触器KM5和三角形运行接触器KM4相接。为了减少启动电流，拽引电机采用“”启动。不论正转、反转当KM5接通时，电机被星形启动，这时加在电机绕组上的电压是电源的相电压，是线电压的，且线电流等于相电流。所以，启动电流减少到如果采用三角形联接作直接启动时的，虽然它的启动转矩也因此减少到三角形联接的但是，自动扶梯在启动时是不准有乘客乘梯的，空栽启动，启动转矩的减少正好使扶梯启动减少冲击。当电动机的转速接近正常值时，KM5切断，电机有短暂的失电时间，在这段时间里，电机靠惯性按原旋转方向旋转，随之KM4闭合，电动机按三角形接法与电源联接。加在电动机绕组上的电压是电源的线电压，而线电流又是相电流的倍，电动机按额定参数运行，自动扶梯即可投入使用。2.2 自动扶梯的控制线路其具体如图所示：SB为电源开关，它的闭合系统才通电从而执行所有动作，SB1、SB2分别是控制电机正、反转的开关。有KM1、KM2、KM3、KM4、KM5接触器线圈，以及其对应的常开、常闭触点。两个时间继电器，KT1通过一个常闭延时断开、常开延时闭合两个触点来控制“”接法转换时间，自动扶梯通常用星形接法启动电机，电机到达最大速度时就转换为三角形接法。KT2控制电流表何时接入电路，是为了主电机启动电流对电流表的冲击。其控制具体动作次序是：按下SB1，KM1通电，KM2通电，KT1通电（延时断电）KM5通电，电机正转星形启动，经KT1延时后，KM1断电， KM2还是通电，KM5断电，KM4通电，再KM1通电，这样就完成了正转由星形接法向三角形接法的转换。同理可分析当按下反转启动按钮SB2，电机先星形反转启动，经KT1延时后三角形接法正常运行。PC中使用的元件PC中有许多软元件，由于PC的厂家和机型不同，这些元件和数量也不相同，但主要元件基本是一致的。另外，系统的控制是通过编程来实现的，因而必须用编号（即编码）对这些元件进行识别，即每个编码对应一个元件。本自动扶梯的PC控制选用日本三菱公司生产的。输入继电器（X）选用X401X406；输出继电器（Y）选用Y430433；辅助继电器（M）选择通用的辅助继电器M100M102；定时器（T）选择T451454。2.3 PC控制梯形图序号指令器件号序号指令器件号序号指令器件号0LDX40121OUTT45342ANIY4301ORM10022K543OUTY4312OUTM10023LDT45144LDM1013MCM10024ANIX40445ORM1024LDX40225ANIT45346OUTT4545ORM10126ANIY43147K108ANIM10229ANIX40548MCRM1009OUTM10130ANIY43149LDX40610LDX40331OUTY43050OUTY43211ORM10232LDM10251LDY4322ANIX40233OUTT45252OUTY43313ANIX40534K0.553END14ANIM10135LDT45215OUTM10236ANIX40416LDM10137ANIT45317OUTT45138ANIY43018K0.539OUTY43119LDM10140LDT45320ORM10241ANIX405外文资料Otis range of Escalators and Travolators includes products for commercial use - in department stores, hotels or offices, as well as those for use in public areas such as railway stations, airports or the underground.506 NCE (Commercial) A cost-competitive product benefiting from OTIS proven engineering expertise Customer satisfaction through partnership Because the key to a smooth and successful escalator installation is planning, from the very outset we dedicate a team of specialists to plan and implement a project. Working in close cooperation with the customer it analyses the requirements and defines the specification - taking into account all technical and aesthetic considerations. Accent on aesthetics Its the sheer number of design options which allows the Otis 506 NCE to be so individual. In turn this means it can effortlessly adapt itself to a buildings interior. Bright handrails with a lacquered-effect finish can be chosen in any specified colour. Balustrades are in clear glass with smoked, bronze and green as options. Exterior truss claddings are available in a wide range of finishes such as mirror,stainless steel and marble. Continuous and intermittent skirt lighting is optional. So too is understep lighting at embarkation and disembarkation points. And then there is the unique elongated newel which makes the escalator at once more elegant and more safe. It is in fact this dual role of combining the aesthetic with the functional which demonstrates the thinking behind the design of the Otis 506 NCE. Focused on service Optimum availability is also made possible by OTIS sophisticated spare parts service network which is supported by highly trained service technicians. Sheer scale of our service operation means a faster responseand superior availablilty. Passport Passport is a system which establishes strict checkpoints from planning and development through to manufacture and delivery. Involving both front-line and senior levels of OTIS management, it is a constant reminder that the quality of every escalator is paramount. OTIS 510PSE Elegant, Robust and Vandal Resistant Heavy Duty EscalatorThe OTIS510PSE escalator is the ideal product for applications with heavy passenger traffic such as railway and bus stations, subway stations, exhibition halls, airports, pedestrian subways, over-passes and other public transportation centers, The 510PSE is suitable for both indoor and outdoor installations. Features and Benefits: Safety is our priorityAt OTIS safety is our primary concern. The OTIS 510PSE has been designed with the latest safety features for the protection of the customer. The product surpasses the stringent requirements of the EN115 code. Design Elegant, Robust and Vandal ResistantThe OTIS 510PSE combines attractive aesthetic choices with a robust, vandal resistant design. Based on a proven international Otis design, the 510PSE will provide high degree of reliability and durability in the demanding, high traffic public transportation environment. Quality Rigorous Quality OTIS 513NPE Proven performance in the heavy duty public escalator marketPurpose-designed for the public sector, the Otis 513 NPE embodies the three qualities essential for heavy duty escalator requirements. It is safe. It is robust. And it is reliable. Built to resistBeing a public escalator, for both indoor and outdoor use, the Otis 513 NPE has been conceived to withstand the most punishing treatment. The build has been made especially sturdy and the materials used especially robust. In short, the Otis 513 NPE is vandal-resistant. Developed to withstand extremes of weather as well as to cope with particularly heavy traffic, the Otis 513 NPE has established an unsurpassed reputation for reliability. Quality to rely onThis reliability is in part due to the escalators advanced technology: the use, for example, of a microprocessor controller with a variable speed converter. A control panel checks the escalator in operation. And there are interfaces for remote monitoring and control. All these features conspire to extend the life-time of components even when confronted by heavy traffic demands. The result is, quite simply, optimum availability and low operation costs. Focus on serviceOptimum availability is also made possible by OTIS sophisticated spare parts service network which issupported by highly trained service technicians. Sheer scale of our service operation means a faster response and superior availablilty. User-friendlyThe oil tight-welded bottom plate of the truss together with superior-quality insulation permits the Otis 513 NPE to be regularly hose cleaned. Whats more the oil separator collects and separates lubricants from the cleaning water. Adapting to requirementsTo meet individual needs, the Otis 513 NPE can be equipped with sophisticated options such as the maintenance-free piezoelectric contact mat, halogen-free wiring and a non-lubricated chain. Automatic handrail tensioning can also be fitted. Reliability through PassportPassport is a system which establishes strict checkpoints from planning and development through to manufacture and delivery. Involving both front-line and senior levels of OTIS management, it is a constant reminder that the quality of every escalator is paramount. It is a linchpin in our production and commercial strategy. 翻译：OTIS 506NCE 高规格的,有着先进的模块化设计的自动扶梯OTIS 506NCE自动扶梯是按模块化设计的，因此当它可以进行经济的大批量生产的同时，也可以根据不同特殊规格进行生产。这样的灵活性使这种自动扶梯成为商用自动扶梯最理想的选择。如购物中心，娱乐中心和办公大楼等。 安全第一 OTIS 506NCE自动扶梯安装了许多安全装置，也许是迄今为止最为安全的自动扶梯。其中有许多装置是奥的斯首创的，目前已经成为行业中公认的标准，例如GUARDIAN裙板。另外特殊设计的楔型扶手带入口保护装置防止了杂物被卷入；一次铸造成型的铝合金梯级保证了梯级的钢性。更重要的是梯级与裙板之间的间隙不仅能保持不变，而且远小于规范的标准。事实上在安
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