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人格心理学
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《人格心理学》配套PPT课件及教案,人格心理学,人格,心理学,配套,PPT,课件,教案
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2007-6-81哲学背景现象学马斯洛Abraham H. Maslow(1908-1970)生平跟从哈洛研究跟从桑代克接触格式塔、精神分析关注人本主义人类潜能关注人本主义、人类潜能需要层次自我实现的需要尊重需要B-needs尊重需要爱与归属需要安全需要生理需要D-needs观点缺失需要 动态平衡 类似本能 询问方法 在发展上,需要的“固着”自我实现的人?自我实现者的特点现实中心问题中心注重过程独处能力深刻的亲密关系幽默感接纳自我和他人自然简单独立于文化和环境的影响适应?民主的价值观对人类的同情欣赏之心常新创造性高峰体验焦虑、内疚2007-6-82罗杰斯Carl Rogers(1902 - 1987)生平学习神学接触Otto Rank的思想观点实现倾向 文化有自己的力量机体价值 积极关注积极自我关注价值条件价值条件 有/无条件积极关注真实自我 / 理想自我 自我和谐威胁情境防御 否认 知觉歪曲The fully-functioning person 对经验开放生活在此时此地机体信任Listen to your heart体验上的自由体验上的自由创造力促进健康人格成长的条件真诚无条件积极关注共情存在主义观点Existential Psychology2007-6-83夫托尔斯泰在我的生活中是否存在着任何意义,是那等待着我的可避免的死亡所无法摧毁的?Is there any meaning in myIs there any meaning in my life that the inevitable death awaiting me does not destroy?哲学背景克尔凯郭尔(Soren Kierkegaard,也译祁克果,1813-1855)尼采(Frederic Nietzsche ,1844-1900) He who has a why to live for can bear with almost any how. “为探生活原意而活着的人几乎能承受任何生活的磨难九死一生的事件使我们断成长。海德格尔(Martin Heidegger ,1889-1976) 向死而生(“being-towards-death ”)萨特(Sartre ,1905-1980)宾斯万格 Ludwig Binswanger (1881 1966)此在 的含义being different, moving beyond oneself, becoming. “空 openness (Lichtung), nothingness 关怀 care (Sorge). 人的关系纯真 AuthenticInauthenticity纯真 AuthenticInauthenticity Conventionality (bad faith ,萨特) existential neurosis (生活单一主题)萨特把寻找借口躲避选择,这种自欺欺人的为称之为“盲信(bad faith)。“人是自由的,也是孤独的,因为没有上帝,只是孤一个人,别无依恃,因此一旦作出抉择,就必须为此承担责任。三位代表人物弗兰克尔罗梅亚弗兰克尔Viktor Frankl(1905 - 1997)著作活出意义来追寻生命的意义“Mans Search for Meaning ”2007-6-84意义治疗(logotherapy)发现意义是一种基本愿望。只有通过爱、在爱中,人才能得到救赎。The salvation of man is through love and in love.解除人性的神经症需要恢复心治疗中的人性the de-neuroticization of humanity requires a re-humanization of psychotherapy 存在的虚空精神神经症(nogenic neurosis精神神经症(nogenic neurosis, spiritual or existential neurosis )无聊感预期焦虑(anticipatory anxiety )过意向(hyperintention )过意向(hyperintention )过反思(hyperreflection )普遍问题:抑郁、成瘾、攻击性depression, addiction, and aggression the mass neurotic triadmass neurotic triad发现意义三种途径 体验的价值values 审美、爱 创造的价值事业 态的价值承受痛苦 With meaning, suffering can be endured with dignity 最后一种自由everything can be taken from a man but one thing: the last of the human freedoms - to choose ones attitude in any given set of circumstances, to choose ones own way.弗兰克尔弗兰克尔罗梅Rollo May(1909 - 1994)生平家族史博士期间的学习,受到保罗 蒂希影响(Paul Tillich, the existentialist theologian)肺结核,克尔凯郭尔学习精神分析,沙文与弗姆爱与意志、存在心学2007-6-85概命运(Destiny)创造生活的原材勇气(courage)真诚面对焦虑焦虑 “the apprehension cued off by a threat to some value which the individual holds essential to his existence as a self”which the individual holds essential to his existence as a self Kierkegaard: “Anxiety is the dizziness of freedom. 焦虑是人类生存的重要条件。直面焦虑可以为我们驱赶无聊,使我们的感觉加敏锐,并且保持人类生存所必须的压。Anxiety is essential to the human condition. The confrontation with anxiety can relieve us from boredom, sharpen the sensitivity and assure the presence of tension that is necessary to preserve human existence. Both artists and neurotics speak and live from the subconscious and unconscious depths of their society. The artist does this positively, communicating what he experiences to his fellow men. The neurotic does this negatively. (Love and Will, 1969, p. 21) 发展阶段天真Innocence天真Innocence - the pre-egoic, pre-self-conscious stage of the infant. premoral 反叛Rebellion反叛Rebellion - the childhood and adolescent stage of developing ones ego or self-consciousnessself-consciousness by means of contrast with adults The rebellious person wants freedomfreedom but has as yet no full understandingrebellious person wants freedomfreedom, but has as yet no full understanding of the responsibilityresponsibility that goes with it.平凡Ordinary平凡Ordinary - the normal adult ego, conventional and a little boring, perhaps. They have learned responsibility, but find it too demanding, and so seek refuge in conformity and traditional values. 创造Creative创造Creative - the authentic adult, the existential stage, beyond ego and self-actualizing. This is the person who, accepting destiny, faces anxiety with courage!爱与意志爱是动机意志:实现愿望的能类型(个体差异)“新清教徒(neo Puritan):自、完美主义、空虚新清教徒(neo-Puritan):自、完美主义、空虚 幼稚型(Infantile):缺乏自、依赖顺从 创造型(Creative):爱与意志的统一欧文亚Irvin Yalom 2007-6-86四个 “终极关注死亡 Death自由 Freedom孤独 Isolation 无意义无意义 Meaninglessness存在主义心治疗The incorporation of death into life enriches life; it enables individuals to extricate themselves from smothering trivialities, to live more purposefully and more authentically.纪德“但愿本书教你关注你自身超过这本书,进而关注一事物超过你自身。纳塔纳埃尔,我要对你谈谈瞬间。你明白瞬间的存在具有何等吗?是忘死亡,就能充分评价你这生活最短暂的瞬间。难道你明白,没有死亡这一昏惨幽暗的背景来衬托,每个瞬间漫说赫然显现,就是连人赞叹的一
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