汉译英翻译常用技巧(一)

1、汉英翻译的几种常用技巧 （一）常用的翻译技巧1. 增译2. 减译（省译）3. 重复 4. 转译5. 语序（词序/句序）调整（倒置）6. 拆句与合并7. 正说反译, 反说正译8. 语态变换1. 增译法n增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。n这种方式多半用在汉译英里。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句汉语无主句较多，而较多，而英语英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的

2、时候，句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或“There be”结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语补出主语，使句子，使句子完整。完整。n英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。因此，或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。因此，在汉译英时需要在汉译英时需要增补物主代词增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。况适当地删减。n英语词

3、与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此，在汉译英时常常需要系。因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词增补连词。英语句子离不开。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。介词和冠词。n另外，汉译英时还要注意另外，汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思完整。，以确保译文意思完整。n总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证总之，

4、通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。译文意思的明确。 nI am looking forward to the holidays. n我们等待假日的到来。nMuch of our morality is customary. n我们大部分的道德观念都有习惯性。nReading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. n读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人精确。nHistories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics sub

5、tle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. n读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩。没有调查研究就没有发言权。 He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak. (No investigation, no right to speak.)2. 子曰: “学而不思则罔, 思而不学则殆。” Confucius said: “He who learns wit

6、hout thinking is lost. He who thinks without learning remains puzzled.” 3. 虚心使人进步, 骄傲使人落后。 Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. 4. 交出翻译之前, 必须读几遍, 看看有没有要修改的地方，这样你才能把工作做好。 Before handing in your translation, you have to read it over and over again and see if there is

7、anything in it to be corrected or improved. Only thus can you do your work well. 5. 留得青山在, 不怕没柴烧。 So long as green hills remain, there will never be a shortage of firewood. 6. 班门弄斧 Showing off ones proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban the master carpenter. 7. 三个臭皮匠, 顶个诸葛亮。 Three cobblers(英kbl 美kbl

8、 )with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the master mind. 2. 减译法n增译法的反面n减译法是指原文中有些词在译文中不译出来,因为译文中虽无其词而已有其意, 或者在译文中是不言而喻的; n减译法是删去一些可有可无的, 或者有了反而累赘或违背译文习惯表达法的词, 并不是把原文的某些思想内容删去。nThe earth goes around the sun. n地球绕太阳转。nOn Sundays we have no school. n礼拜天我们不上学。n If you write him, the response would

9、be absolute silence and void. n你写信给他，总是石沉大海。nA wise man will not marry a woman who has attainments but no virtue. n聪明的人是不会娶有才无德的女子为妻的。nIt isnt rum for a woman to want her old husband back, for respectability, though for a man to want his old wife back - well, perhaps it is funny, rather! n（一个）女人为了体面

10、（的关系）而要（她的从）前（的那个丈）夫回来，这并不（是）奇怪（的事），虽然（一个）男人要（他从）前（的那个）妻（子）回来，也许是很有趣的事。我们要培养分析问题、 解决问题的能力。 We must cultivate the ability to analyze and solve problems. 2. 郭沫若同志曾说: “中国人历来是勇于探索、勇于创造、勇于革命的。” Comrade Guo Moro once said: “The people of China have always been courageous enough to probe into things, to ma

11、ke inventions and to make revolution.”3. 他们为国家做的事, 比我们所做的多得多。 They have done much more for the state than we have. 3. 重复法nWe have to analyze and solve problems. n我们要分析问题，解决问题。nLets revise our safety and sanitary regulations. n我们来修改安全规则和卫生规则吧。nHe had it all written out neatly.n他把它写得清清楚楚。lofty aspirat

12、ions 雄心壮志 / 壮心不已 with each passing day 日新月异 hard evidence 真凭实据 help the poor and needy 扶贫帮困 1. 大(家庭)有大(家庭)的难处。 A large family has its difficulties.2. 这种人闹什么东西呢？闹名誉，闹地位，闹出风头。 What are they after? They are after name, after position, and they want to cut smart figure. n根据有效句子的判断标准：1一致性Unity2连贯性Coheren

13、ce3简练性Conciseness4多样化Variety5强调性Emphasis6韵律性Rhythmn重复可以使短文具有一致性，强调性，简练性，韵律性，同时起到平衡作用4. 词类转换法英译汉时词类转换的核心是根据需要将具有动作具有动作性的名词转换为汉语的动词性的名词转换为汉语的动词，或者将可表示概念表示概念的动词转换为汉语名词的动词转换为汉语名词。汉译英时则反其道而行之。nFor students of composition, an awareness that rhetorical patterns differ from one culture to another can help t

14、hem become more quickly proficient in a writing pattern that is not native to them. n学习写作的人若能意识到各种文化在修辞模式上的差别，则有助于他们迅速掌握对他们来说是外在的写作模式。 nSaud was a frustrated man at that time. n沙特那时已受挫折。nTraditionally, there had always been good relations between them. n他们之间一直有着传统的友好关系。nThis experiment is a great su

15、ccess. n这次实验是极为成功的。 1. 一定要少说空话，多做工作。 There must be less empty talk and more hard work. n2. 徐悲鸿画马画得特别好。n Xu Beihongs drawings (paintings) of horses are exceptionally good. n3. 我们学院受教委和市政府的双重领导。nOur institute is co-administrated by the States Education Commission and the municipal government. (名词转动词)n

16、4. 由于我们实行了改革开放政策，我国的综合国力有了明显的增强。nThanks to the introduction of our reform and opening policy, our comprehensive national strength has greatly improved. (动词转名词)5. 林则徐认为, 要成功地禁止鸦片买卖, 就得首先把鸦片焚毁。 Lin Zexu believed that a successful ban of the trade in opium must be preceded by the destruction of the dru

17、g itself. Precede v. （written）在之前发生（或出现）；先于be preceded byIve long believed that a hard landing in China would be preceded by a price collapse in copper and other industrial commodities.我长久以来一直认为，铜和其他工业品的价格崩溃后，随之而来的就是中国经济的硬着陆。课堂练习n1、不努力，不会成功。nOne will not succeed unless one works hard.nYou can fight

18、a hundred battles without defeat if you know the enemy as well as yourself.n3、凡是在科学技术上有建树者，都是工作最勤奋，并且勇于创新的人。nThose who have made original contributions to science and technology are the ones who have worked the hardest and have not been afraid to break new ground.n4、学习英语的方法和学习游泳的方法一样，必须把实践放在第一位。nThe

19、 way of learning the English language is the same as that of learning swimming: Practice must be put first.n5、讨论的范围涉及中美关系，中俄关系。nThe discussion covers Sino-U. S. relation and Sino-Russian relation.n6、那女子真有沉鱼落雁之容，闭月羞花之貌。nThe girls beauty would put the flowers to shame. n7、 )、学生们都应该德、智、体全面发展。nAll the s

20、tudents should develop morally, intellectually and physically.翻译下面段落n筷子是中国进餐用具（utensil)中的一绝，至今已有数千年的历史。筷子是日常生活中最常用到的一种进餐工具。中国人什么时候开始使用筷子进餐的，已经无从查起。最初的记载是在2000年前所编撰的一本叫作礼记的书中。筷子可以用许多材料制作，如竹子、木头、金子、银子、象牙、锡、塑料等。其截面积（cross-section）或圆或方。有的镶有彩色图案或书法用以装饰。现在中国家庭使用的普通筷子多以木头或者竹子制成，宴会通常使用象牙筷子，古代皇宫和贵族则使用金筷。翻译过程

21、n1. 分析所用时态n2. 断句n3. 分析每个句子的结构，确定主语，谓语，宾语，再分析其他成分在句中的作用n4. 翻译，涉及到技巧的使用n5. 查漏补缺难点：n一绝n无从查起n用制作nbe made of; be made fromn皇宫和贵族royalty (rlt) and aristocracy (,rstkrs )n有的镶有彩色图案或书法用以装饰n现在中国家庭使用的普通筷子多以木头或者竹子制成，宴会通常使用象牙筷子，古代皇宫和贵族则使用金筷。n筷子是中国进餐用具（utensil)中的一绝，至今已有数千年的历史。nChopsticks, with a history of thousa

22、nds of years, are a wonder of Chinese dining utensils.nChopsticks, a wonder of Chinese dining utensils, have a history of thousands of years. 筷子是日常生活中最常用到的一种进餐工具。 Chopsticks are the dining utensils most frequently used in Chinese peoples daily life. Chopsticks are the dining utensils which are most

23、commonly used in Chinese peoples daily life.中国人什么时候开始使用筷子进餐的，已经无从查起。nIt is unknown when Chinese began to use chopsticks as an eating tool. nWhen the Chinese began to use chopsticks as an eating tool is anybodys guess.最初的记载是在2000年前所编撰的一本叫作礼记的书中。nIt was recorded initially in a book named “Liyi” (The B

24、ook of Rites)， which was compiled 2000 years ago.nThey are first mentioned in Liyi (The Book of Rites)， a work compiled some 2000 years ago.筷子可以用许多材料制作，如竹子、木头、金子、银子、象牙、锡、塑料等。nChopsticks can be made of many kinds of materials like bamboo, wood, sliver, ivory, tin and plastics. nChopsticks may be made

25、 of any of several materials: bamboo, wood, sliver, ivory, tin and plastics其截面积（cross-section）或圆或方。 有的镶有彩色图案或书法用以装饰。nThey are either round or squarer in cross-section. Some of them are engraved with colored pictures or calligraphy for decoration. nThey are either round or squarer in cross-section, s

26、ome of them being engraved with colored patterns and calligraphy for decoration.现在中国家庭使用的普通筷子多以木头或者竹子制成，宴会通常使用象牙筷子，古代皇宫和贵族则使用金筷。nOrdinary chopsticks used in Chinese homes are made of wood or bamboo; those for banquets are often ivory ones, whereas gold ones belonged only to the ancient royalty and a

27、ristocracy. nOrdinary chopsticks made of wood or bamboo are used in Chinese households; those for banquets are often ivory ones, whereas gold chopsticks were often seen in the ancient royalty and aristocracy.nwhereas 用于比较或对比两个事实，意思为“然而，但是，尽管”ncolor和colorful 的区别参考译文nChopsticks, with a history of thou

28、sands of years, are a wonder of Chinese dining utensils. Chopsticks are the dining utensils most frequently used in Chinese peoples daily life. It is unknown when Chinese began to use chopsticks as an eating tool (When the Chinese began to use chopsticks as an eating tool is anybodys guess). It was

29、recorded initially in a book named “Liyi” (The Book of Rites)， which was compiled 2000 ago. Chopsticks can be made of many kinds of materials like bamboo, wood, sliver, ivory, tin and plastics. They are either round or squarer in cross-section, some of them being engraved with colored patterns and c

30、alligraphy for decoration. Ordinary chopsticks made of wood or bamboo are used in Chinese households; those for banquets are often ivory ones, whereas gold ones were often seen in the ancient royalty and aristocracy.Model test onen海归指有国外学习或工作经验的归国人员。 他们在国外就业机会少，很难融入外国主流文化。在全球经济衰退的背景下，中国经济仍保持强劲的增长势头。

31、越来越多的海归认识到中国市场的潜力。因此，每年有成千上万的海归回到祖国。具备海外教育和国家经验的海归非常了解中国，也明白外面的世界。 作为中西桥梁，今天他们已被视为中国进步的重要力量。n海归指有国外学习或工作经验的归国人员。nChinese returnees are / refer to those who have studies and worked abroad/overseas and returned to China.n他们在国外就业机会少，很难融入外国主流文化。nThey had few employment opportunities there and difficulti

32、es in integrating into the mainstream of foreign culture.nThey had few job opportunities there and encountered difficulties in integrating into the mainstream of foreign culture.n在全球经济衰退的背景下，中国经济仍保持强劲的增长势头。nChina enjoy strong economic growth even against the backdrop of global recession.nagainst the

33、 backdrop of 在背景下n China maintains its robust economic growth in a worldwide economic downturn.n越来越多的海归认识到中国市场的潜力。n An increasing number of Chinese returnees have realized the potential of Chinese market. nA growing group of Chinese returnees recognize the potential of Chinese market. n因此，每年有成千上万的海归

34、回到祖国。nSo tens of thousands of Chinese returnees are back to China, their motherland, every yearnTens of thousands of Chinese returnees, therefore, return to their motherland every year. n具备海外教育和国家经验的海归非常了解中国，也明白外面的世界。nThose returnees with overseas education background and international experience know China very well and also the outside world.nArmed with overseas education and globa