建筑工程地基及基础中英对照介绍

1、 第二章第二章 基础基础 Unit FoundationUnit FoundationThe foundation is located underground The foundation is located underground and forms the base of the building. and forms the base of the building. The purpose of the foundation is to The purpose of the foundation is to carry the load of the structure and c

2、arry the load of the structure and spread it over a greater area, evenly spread it over a greater area, evenly and without undue settlement, to the and without undue settlement, to the ground beneath. The size and type of ground beneath. The size and type of foundation depends on the nature of found

3、ation depends on the nature of the ground and the load carried by it.the ground and the load carried by it. 第二章第二章 基础基础l第一节第一节 地基与基础的基本概念地基与基础的基本概念l地基：地基：支撑建筑物的土层支撑建筑物的土层l一、天然地基和人工地基一、天然地基和人工地基 Natural Ground Natural Ground and Artificial Groundand Artificial Groundl（一）天然地基（一）天然地基 Natural GroundNatu

4、ral Ground：l 天然的能够受力的土层。天然的能够受力的土层。l种类种类l岩石岩石 rockrockl碎石土碎石土 crushed stone soilcrushed stone soill砂土砂土 sandy soilsandy soill粘性土粘性土 clayclayl人工填土人工填土 earth-fillearth-fill l（二）人工地基（二）人工地基 Artificial GroundArtificial GroundlWhen the capacity of the soil to When the capacity of the soil to support load

5、s isnt enough, support loads isnt enough, artificial ground has to be used. artificial ground has to be used. l压实法压实法 compactioncompaction method methodl换土法换土法 replacementreplacement method methodl桩基桩基 pilepile foundation foundationlcompactor:compactor:压实机压实机lreplacement methodreplacement methodlTo

6、improve the bearing capacity in To improve the bearing capacity in varying ground conditions, soft spots varying ground conditions, soft spots are usually filled with consolidated are usually filled with consolidated hardcore or a weak concrete, before hardcore or a weak concrete, before the foundat

7、ion is laid.the foundation is laid.lConsolidateConsolidate: : 加强、巩固加强、巩固lHardcore:Hardcore:碎砖石碎砖石lweak concreteweak concrete：低标号混凝土：低标号混凝土lpile foundationpile foundationlWhen a foundation is laid in poor When a foundation is laid in poor soil, it is necessary to excavate to soil, it is necessary to

8、excavate to a greater depth than normal to reach a greater depth than normal to reach a solid base. If a good base cannot a solid base. If a good base cannot be found at a reasonable depth, then be found at a reasonable depth, then a so-called deep foundation must be a so-called deep foundation must

9、 be provided. This usually comprises a provided. This usually comprises a series of driven or cast-in-situ series of driven or cast-in-situ reinforced concrete piles.reinforced concrete piles.lExcavateExcavate: : 开凿、挖掘开凿、挖掘二、基础的埋置深度二、基础的埋置深度 The Depth of a FoundationThe Depth of a Foundationl1 1、浅基础

10、、浅基础 shallow foundation shallow foundation l 500MM 500MM埋置深度埋置深度44米，米，l2 2、深基础、深基础 deep foundation deep foundation l埋置深度埋置深度44米米l适宜的深度？适宜的深度？lWhich elements decide the depth of a Which elements decide the depth of a foundation?foundation?l地基情况地基情况 the nature of the groundthe nature of the groundl地下水

11、位的影响地下水位的影响 groundwater levelgroundwater levell冰冻线冰冻线 frost linefrost linel其它其它 other elements?other elements? 三、基础的类型三、基础的类型 Types of the FoundationsTypes of the Foundationsl（一）按基础的形式分类（一）按基础的形式分类dividing foundations dividing foundations by formsby formsl1 1、条形基础、条形基础lStrip FoundationStrip Foundati

12、onl特点特点：连续的带形，也可：连续的带形，也可叫带形基础。叫带形基础。l适用情况适用情况：当地基条件好，：当地基条件好，基础埋置深度较浅时。基础埋置深度较浅时。材料：砖、石、混凝土、钢材料：砖、石、混凝土、钢筋混凝土筋混凝土 适用什么样的上部结构？适用什么样的上部结构？l2 2、独立式基础、独立式基础 Individual FootingIndividual Footingl特点特点：l呈独立的块状，形式有杯形、阶梯形、锥呈独立的块状，形式有杯形、阶梯形、锥形。形。lSocket foundationSocket foundation 杯形基础杯形基础lBenched foundation

13、Benched foundation 阶梯形基础阶梯形基础lCone foundationCone foundation 锥形基础锥形基础lA socket foundation is the footing A socket foundation is the footing with socket for a prefabricated with socket for a prefabricated column.column.l 适用情况适用情况：当上部结构为框架时。：当上部结构为框架时。 l frame structure:frame structure:框架结构框架结构l 材料：钢筋

14、混凝土。材料：钢筋混凝土。l3 3、联合基础、联合基础Combined FootingCombined Footingl1 1）柱下条形基础）柱下条形基础lStrip Foundation Strip Foundation under Columnsunder Columns：将柱下独立基础连将柱下独立基础连接起来，形成连续接起来，形成连续的条形基础。的条形基础。lIsolated columns are normally Isolated columns are normally supported on square concrete supported on square concret

15、e foundation bases. Where such columns foundation bases. Where such columns are spaced at close intervals, it is are spaced at close intervals, it is often more practical to provide a often more practical to provide a continuous concrete strip foundation continuous concrete strip foundation to carry

16、 a complete row, as is done to carry a complete row, as is done for load bearing walls.for load bearing walls.2 2）柱下十字交叉基础）柱下十字交叉基础Crossed Strip Foundation under ColumnsCrossed Strip Foundation under Columns：l将条形基础做成网格状，提高了基础的稳定将条形基础做成网格状，提高了基础的稳定性，使荷载分布更为均匀。性，使荷载分布更为均匀。3 3）梁板式基础）梁板式基础lBeam and Slab

17、 FoundationBeam and Slab Foundation：l有肋筏板基础。有肋筏板基础。4 4）板式基础）板式基础 Mat FoundationMat Foundation：l筏板基础筏板基础 RaftRaftlWhere the bearing capacity is Where the bearing capacity is particularly poor or the quality of particularly poor or the quality of the soil varies considerably, a raft the soil varies co

18、nsiderably, a raft foundation is often recommended to foundation is often recommended to support normal buildings. This type support normal buildings. This type of foundation simply consists of a of foundation simply consists of a reinforced concrete slab, on which reinforced concrete slab, on which

19、 the walls are built.the walls are built.5 5）箱形基础）箱形基础 Box Foundation(CellularBox Foundation(Cellular Mat) Mat)l钢筋混凝土板与地下室墙组合的结构。钢筋混凝土板与地下室墙组合的结构。lbasement: basement: 地下室地下室lbasement wall: basement wall: 地下室墙地下室墙l6 6）桩基）桩基Pile FoundationPile Foundation：桩、桩帽和：桩、桩帽和系梁的系统，将建筑物荷载向下传递到系梁的系统，将建筑物荷载向下传递到适当

20、的持力层。适当的持力层。lbearing stratum: bearing stratum: 持力层持力层lpile cap: pile cap: 桩帽、桩台桩帽、桩台ltie beam: tie beam: 系梁系梁机械成孔灌注桩、人工挖孔桩、混凝土预制桩、机械成孔灌注桩、人工挖孔桩、混凝土预制桩、管桩、高压旋喷桩、摆喷桩管桩、高压旋喷桩、摆喷桩, , 钻孔桩钻孔桩, , 搅拌桩等搅拌桩等 l（二）按材料分类：刚性基础、柔性（二）按材料分类：刚性基础、柔性基础基础ldividing foundations by materials dividing foundations by materi

21、als l1 1、刚性基础、刚性基础 Rigid FoundationRigid Foundation：l材料：砖、石、混凝土材料：砖、石、混凝土l抗压但抗剪和抗弯能力差。抗压但抗剪和抗弯能力差。lcompressive resistance: compressive resistance: 抗压抗压lshearing resistance:shearing resistance:抗剪抗剪lbending resistance :bending resistance :抗弯抗弯l刚性角刚性角：rigid anglerigid anglel拉力拉力: tensile force: tensile

22、 forcel压力压力: pressure: pressurel剪力剪力: shear: shearl2 2、柔性基础、柔性基础 Flexible FoundationFlexible Foundation：l抗压和抗弯剪能力都很好，不受刚性角的抗压和抗弯剪能力都很好，不受刚性角的限制。限制。l材料：钢筋混凝土材料：钢筋混凝土第二节第二节 常用刚性基础构造常用刚性基础构造Part The Construction of Part The Construction of Common Rigid FoundationCommon Rigid Foundation一、砖基础一、砖基础 Brick

23、FoundationBrick Foundationl1 1、强度、强度 strengthstrength：砖的强度不得低于：砖的强度不得低于MU10MU10l 垫层垫层 bed coursebed course：l 水泥砂浆水泥砂浆l 三七灰土三七灰土l 三合土三合土l二、石基础二、石基础 Stone FoundationStone Foundationl毛石基础毛石基础 Rubble FoundationRubble Foundationl尺寸尺寸：宽度和厚度：宽度和厚度150MM150MM，长度为宽度的，长度为宽度的l5252。5 5倍。倍。l强度强度：M5M5lCONSTRUCIONCONSTRUCION：l料石基础料石基础lSquared Stone