历史科学概论

1、邢唷? ?oq?n欹? 餜? abjbjLULU2h.?.?8%9?&:?8?D:M? 888888朙楲楲楲楲楲楲齅heP:楲-&88888楲&88臠NLNLNL8?&8&8朙NL8朙NLNL&NL8?R 帏 o?腍?NL朙跮0MNL烶PKv烶NLNL烶&bL488NL88888楲楲芀?888M8888:$:&哠騍褃 f俰簨剉;N /f?勊 a%f?gfNy 樎塆 YA哠騍褃 f俰簨剉 Yef鵞 a?f 闠 NB!k 剉 fu貧!h 哠騍鹼 fu貧 -N6 柕 kfunf 蔛麐 irA篘|y O 剉哠騍Yg Y曵 e 魰NvNt擭 CSt孨0NvNtC篘| R 悊 S 騍剉fW 剏 r 筽/f

2、 繬 HN騰顅剉;mg 顅剉剉0 ga 茓剉;mN 陙蓧剉;mB錧 wQ 剉鶴皊/f 篘|N 钀 R 觺刧剉 N 钑 SKb ? ?A哠騍 fS 靊郠*N 钀 R孨N踁C%Nf 剉:S+R/f 繬 HNc 黐 骮NT6 枾NTf褃NTCN RsQ 嶯哠騍褃 f(W茓N 剉 yr 筽剉蟘饛-N 曪媱 v/f鵞 a? 菑z筫誰C哠騍褃 f/f 闠 N 蛓 魚;悜?魚b_a?魚鼅T 魚C(W 哠騍褃 f剉 xvz-N t茓;N 亯垟鵞剉/f 闠*NB!k 剉 xvz廩聣-N 聣甠聣Al 欿 Q ;NIN 哠騍褃 f茓哠騍剉 t 簨孴筫誰/f 繬 HNL?Nf翄/Uir;NIN/Uir;NIN 哠騍聣

3、C哠騍褃 f剉茓纇寶/f 惽徖 NHN 筫誰諎寶筫誰 t 簨筫誰皊瀃剉y O 瀃鯈C哠騍褃 f:S+RN 錘_鏴騍 f剉ffyr 筽/f 繬 HNi 梷 TN 褃 f/UirN翄聣Ni 梷 TA哠騍N/fD 朸剉僛/fim6q 靣藌鄀bOPZQ 剉哠騍褃 f 0購錝輯魦f 繬 HN哠騍剉鄀 6 枾哠騍g6 枾vQ 諲A哠騍褃 f剉 i 梷 T/fg 僛剉繬 HN(嵆 Q 歔剉6 枾褃 fy OAN RsQ 嶯哠騍褃 fi 梷 TN 褃 f剉 sQ 鹼 曪媱 v/fg1 伝 y 褃 f剉 i 梷 T蚐 KN_N/f_昢剉 i 梷 T孴%Ny O 褃 f篘|y O 剉袕裇U菑zC/U 胈騍聣剉 6

4、 枾9h 恘/f 繬 HN邁籰 6 枾)R 蕍eRJR6 枾剉 OP 翂N 簨Bl 欿 Q 孴 iy O 剉 6 枾sQ 鹼gsQNte*N 騎 f孴y O 褃 f裇 U剉 4ls芠RT鹼ND?g;NINNB鷁 Q剉 sQ 鹼gsQCR 梩褳m/f嶯繬 HN(崉 vfmD 崸 N6 枾纎蹚;NINfmD 崸 N6 枾軴圼鑜afm鄀6 枾fmA誰齎虘 f 簙莮錧篘袕裇 u(W 繬 HN 鰁 P1 8 3 1 t- 1 8 3 4 t1 8 3 6 t- 1 8 4 8 t1 8 4 4 t- 1 8 4 8 tA穇齎壧?墯 N 簙莮錧篘磃裇 u(W 繬 HN 鰁 P1 8 3 1 t- 1 8

5、3 4 t1 8 3 6 t- 1 8 4 8 t1 8 4 4 t- 1 8 4 8 tC0 褳h 誰騎 fyb$R0/fl 欿 Q (W 闠 Nt橯 b 剉1 8 3 6 t1 8 4 3 t1 8 4 8 tBl 欿 Q /f9hnc 鵞闠N*N 齎禰剉?e 籰 u;m 剉 xvznx 藌/Uir 騍聣剉駛齎穇齎誰齎Cl 欿 Q 孴 ih 痚鵞/Uir 騍聣剉鹼邁魦f/f 蜰闠 N 钀 W 刓 O _薡剉0 褳h 誰騎 fyb$R00 穇a 譥a 茓 b_00D?g 簨0B0qQZQ?0/f 闠 Nt裇 h 垊 v1 8 4 9 t1 8 4 8 t1 8 4 4 tB俰饛 l 欿 Q

6、孴 ie1Y 鏴麜 KNL 垕 N=zvQ b%峵 QOWKN tc 剉/f 闠钀騍 fN騍皨%f 藋IlfNA(W b 齎騍 f xvz 哠騍-N騍 f1 伝 y 蟸 f剉?蕕/f(W 闠*N g 鉔塈 l NIlO 汯 fWS S gCN RN0 騍皨00IlfN00TIlfN0v R:NMR 踁騍剉騍 fN/f 闠 N 钀N 齎譥騍 ? 媅 fNAY 膲!j 羪篘 癲騍 fN/f 蜰闠*N g 鉔 _薡剉f g媅 gCQ gA b 齎騍啓珗 nx 藌嶯闠*N g 鉔嫋 U媅BNuN:N 騍銇峇 eQ N 聣剉/f 闠 NMO 騍 f禰鳶 l 毩? R 鍂馷韘鶹B0 恱 Q0 剉O/f?鳶

7、 l 毩? 韘鶹gQOC0D 嵒 l 恡?0 剉O/f?鳶 l 欼 Q鳶 l 毩? 褠 5jA0D 嵒 l 恡?0 bfN 嶯闠*N g 鉔 U 鉔媅鉔f 鉔B b 齎榌頞騍 fNp?剮 N 闠*N 鰁鉔媅CQfnB b 齎, Nek xvz NLu0W t 剉TW?f 繬 HN0wm 齎譥00CQ 騍癳 00#Wfk 皨0A(W b 齎 D 崸 N6 枾劷値 N 闠*N 鰁鉔CQ g+gtf g+gtn g+gtB(W b 齎穅g:N0 乭/T 厤鉔 h 垊 v 闠 N*N6 朆剉)R 蕍0W;N6 枾9eo?mD 崸N6 枾9eo?mD 崸 N6 枾軴圼mB壒 e g 閑剉騍 f恘嶯闠*N

8、 齎禰銼J? 銼 Wl? 銼鬩詋&OAlQCQMRN N 獈騰讒篘 w 僱?橯哊$N 钀騍讒N 钀/f0O)R 歂 yr0鍿 N 钀/f 繬 HN0 哠騍00eY 穇?00#W 蟸0B(W壒 e 珗饄:N哠騍 fKN6r剉/f?w 僱?W Y 穇頞 f 昢穇BN0 哠騍0 郠 NNT 鰁鉔剉-N 齎騍 f鑍 W?f 闠 N 钀0%f 藋00 騍皨00IlfN0A壒 e 騍 f哠騍N, N 钀詋儚孾Y 剉哠騍 W 刓 O/f 繬 HN0 哠騍00eY 穇?00O)R 歂 yr0A銼鉔k2m gpg 鶴剉哠騍 f禰/f?W Y 穇頞 f 昢穇鈒虘詋? C(W-N 齎騍 f-N R 藌 愹 SSO

9、婳剉/f?韘鶹鳶 l 毩? TPB(W壒 e 騍 f-N R 藌 愹 SSO 婳剉/f?TX塛 O颭抎Ng 魚C鶺 cwYe 騍 f _ R 哊壒 e 闠 N 蛓 SO 婳騍 f剉 xvz t騍獈 t筫誰獈OSOB壒 e 哠騍 f禰T 銼 Wl?齎 mp0R 噀 z?YtQKN 魰剉NCSt魰饄:N 繬 HN褳梖鰁鉔-N N 獈T N 獈B(W-N N 獈 NWl?齎貜 g N*N 饄|T/f 繬 HN躡S 璣貧=Nnf 仠隭A錱 t 黤 齎Teg R 聢 b- 壵 lpQ?0 N 誰 pQ?0-N 媠齎 0-N 媠齎/f 皊鉔闠*N 齎禰剉蠔 b_誰pQ? 穇a 譥aY)RC壒 e 哠騍N

10、蜰-N N 獈 0R 褟鉔剉h 譥/f 繬 HN噀 z?YtQaY)R 騍 f剉迡 uy#WWl?齎剉 mpA噀 z?YtQ 剉-N 胈孴裇恘 0W(W 闠虘誰 pQ? 穇a 譥aY)RC(W壒 e褟鉔騍 _飠剉h 譥婲鯪/f 繬 HN駛齎 D 崸 N6 枾i 梷 T 誰齎 D 崸 N6 枾i 梷 T穇齎D崸N6枾i梷 TAD 崸 N6 枾剉/T 檮袕g 閑(W 闠齎迡 u誰齎駛齎穇齎A/T 檮袕剉鉔 h 埡 Nird 枂 N_穇痚 ?0bS 環 Y 貜g?O 餷Lk 穇絜 mX A?齎騍 f迡 u 剉h 譥/f 繬 HN 婲鯪靣藌 b 塏WS S b 塏錞&O 裇皊癳YF? A0 哠騍0(u

11、 剉/f 闠 N 蛓哠騍 xvz 筫誰哠騍!j 遙誰詋儚 xvz 誰觺刧 R 恎誰B繬 HNu;m/f 篘|V 嶅 Nu0V 嶅 N 裇 U剉 g 鶺,g 剉袕b_ir(?u;my Ou;m緗yu;mA0/OWTYy OX(W 孴y Oa 茓剉 sQ 鹼6 枾yr 筽?e 籰 yr 筽蟸 Nmyr 筽A/Uir 騍聣剉 b_ b/f 魐蜰 1 8 4 2 t0R1 8 4 5 t闠*N 齎禰剉騎 fi 梷 T-N 迡 u 剉誰齎穇齎駛齎Bl 欿 Q 孴 ih 痚 惽廼梷 T 剉瀃鯈 yb$R 剉譙哊寗 v 騎 f-N 剉T t 匭 8h R 藌哊-癳剉 l 欿 Q ;NIN 騎 f褳h 孴蟝蒪

12、蟝蒪孴 9?鬩萒褳h *N9?鬩萒CR 梩褳m/f寗 v 鉔 h?陙 1uD 崸 N6 枾軴圼 D 崸 N6 枾 l;ND崸N6枾A?y O 哠騍顣槝騗諷梍 IQ 墢 b1眱 5 儱 b穇a 譥 5u 瘚穇誰 tt? Cl 欿 Q 剉闠 N 莧噀鄗 h?fl 欿 Q 騗 g 葉 l?R/Uir;NIN 孴 qQ;NIN褳 h 誰 騎fyb$R 黐 ? 蟝蒪誰騎 fyb$R 黐 ? 9?鬩萒誰騎 fyb$R 黐 ? Aiy O;NIN 剉聣筽0ck 剉筫誰 xvz 哊 D?g;NIN 剉蟸 Nm6Rvc 鶴僛bu 剉 NR 踳皊 a 岧?fD?g;NIN 羪 g6R 剉臺 6q 觺済?e 籰蟸

13、Nmfyb$RY 瞺D?g;NIN蟸Nmfyb$RY 瞺羪 g 蟸 Nmfyb$RY 瞺A闠$N 钀 W 刓 O 剉匭筟 h?f 哊 l 欿 Q 孴 ih 痚(W 孾 b 哊 T/Uir;NIN 菑!n 錘T/Uir 騍聣梍 0R 艔愌 SU0 駛齎錧篘 6 枾剉秗礠0 孴0 穇a 譥a 茓 b_00y#W 禰蟚0 孴0 穇a 譥a 茓 b_00y#W 禰蟚0 孴0 駛齎錧篘 6 枾剉秗礠0Cl 欿 Q 孴 iy O 哠騍裇 U剉膲媉0D?g 簨00 穇a 譥a 茓 b_00qQZQ?0B1 8 4 7 tl 欿 Q 剉闠钀 W 刓 O/f:Nyb$R 矂仠 N 剉/U 胈;NIN?e 籰蟸

14、Nmf橯剉0?e 籰蟸 Nmfyb$R00 穇齎剉 i 梷 TN 蚐 i 梷 T00 騎 f剉+嶐 V0C01 8 4 8 t髞 1 8 5 0 t剉誰 pQ?枾梕塏0 孴0 飴 f? 鈒bl 殑 vgASkQ 錯0/fl 欿 Q 袕(u/Uir 騍聣 R 恎 N 歔哠騍鰁 g 剉繬 HN 婲豐剉蟸 xQW 刓 O?e 籰婲豐蟸 Nm 婲豐i 梷 T 婲豐A?e 籰簨翄剉筫誰剉鶺,gyr 筽/f 奲篘霳剉?e 籰 骮0?e 籰;mwO/fy O 哠騍裇 U剉 gT9h 恘購/f N 蛓 xQ 媁剉繬 HN 聣筽ck 騍聣/U 胈騍聣/Uir 騍聣B騍 f啒遅虘闠蛓;NIN 剉;N 亯 yr 乢

15、 h 埌 s:N 奲 l 欿 Q ;NIN/Uir 騍聣剉 t 簨聣筽US S0輣鵞 S0lQ_ S孾 hQ 虁粂哊蜰騍瀃鶴裇wQSO 顣槝 wQSO R 恎剉/Uirck 筫誰;N 聣;NIN榖-N;NINYeag;NINC/U 胈騍聣剉 qQTyr 乢龕/f 粂 _繬 HN;m籗 u 惡 N|哠騍裇 U豐 S 剉烻郪ir(?u;m緗yu;my Ou;mA繬 HN 剉踳袕/f 篘|y O 裇 U剉鶺xNB鷁 QN 蟸 Nm 鶺xu汻孴 usQ 鹼y O SYuNuD 崣 e 羪g6RB哠騍N 剉繬 HN/f(WN 哠騍N 剉y OX(W 剉踳袕-Nu0 裇 U剉v N/f(W 購蛓踳袕-N

16、裇 lb 齹O(u 剉y Oa 茓誰媉a 茓蟸 Nma 茓AD 崸 N6 枾fg 褃 f0W 魦f6 枾u 孴裇 U膲媉諲霳剉 6 枾梕塏 t 簨 R_9h 觺昢/f嶯 UO 蛓|媁/U 胈剉/Uir 剉榖 -N 剉B痟鯯虘(u 繬 HNeg 銐蕬 6 枾0I剉 w 崘 n篘乢g蟸 NmBl 欿 Q ;NIN6 枾梕塏 f魦剉;N 亯!?s1(W 嶯僛:N6 枾剉u0 裇 U0mp/f1u N 歔剉繬HN 裇 U4ls砆歔剉usQ 鹼u4lsu汻C6 枾O:N N 蛓哠騍皊 a?/f(W 繬 HN 鰁 Pu 剉烻薡y O+gg烻 薡 y O-Ng烻薡y O RgA9hncu汻剉NT4ls0u裇

17、 U剉 N 歔哠騍 6 柕 keg 遊 6 枾剉u06 枾觺刧剉豐 S 孴 6 枾剉 g 葉坢mp/f寣 TD 崸 N6 枾剉 6 枾f魦剉 N*N9h,g:S+Rzz 骮 y O;NIN6 枾 梕 塏 t 簨哠騍/Uir;NIN6 枾梕塏 t 簨l 欿 Q ;NIN6 枾梕塏 t 簨CD 崸 N6 枾(W 哠騍N蔔 w 嵡廭?i 梷 T 剉剉O(u剉聣筽蚐 f$R 璭哠騍N T6 枾剉;N 亯h 譥/f 繬 HN鵞 S_鰁 u汻 w 嵗 NHNO(u鵞 S_鰁 g 鉔鬴fw 嵗 NHNO(u鵞 S_鰁蟸 Nm 裇 Uw 嵗 NHNO(uA篘|y O 剉裇 U豐 S;N 亯/f1u 嶯繬 HN

18、 踳剉裇 Uy O Y 钀y O匭钀6 枾踳B篘|y O 裇 U菑z 剉迾脥 b_YSON 颯錘 R:N 郠|踁N孨CLe 鵞 6 枾KN 魰剉踳剉銐砆(W Ype 臽礠N 菓(u 繬 HNb_剉迾脥i 梷 T r 裇_榖-N_?r 裇_Aiy O 陙珟 Y(WN 璭裇 U豐 S 菑zKN-N Nb篘|y O 哠騍剉裇 UgwqQT 剉聣膲媉颯鸞D 崸 N6 枾剉哠騍;NINl 欿 Q ;NIN 剉哠騍;NIN鄀6 枾剉哠騍;NINBT 恘 _AmsSNT l 蟚n 恘嶯T N 蟚剉皊 a?W 闠蛓菑z-N 儚:N8翂6 枾N6 枾T遶裇 U:N l 蟚l 蟚Nl 蟚 T遶裇 U:N l 蟚钀

19、=?N 钀=凾遶裇 U:N l 蟚C孨 AS N 獈 R?齎Y 膲!j 剉 l 蟚T S 剉臽礠嶯闠蛓T ST S 皊 a?fk 汻T S陙 6qT S:_霃T SB哠騍N=?T l 蟚錘 fk 汻乢gHQ 蹚 l 蟚觺済 tS 珗TbT S 剉臽礠嶯闠蛓T S 皊 a?陙 6qT S:_霃T Sfk 汻T SAl 欿 Q ;NIN 剉哠騍褃 f錘繬 HN:Nc 黐 h 藌哊膵鱊哠騍篘 ir 剉 cknxh 芉sS9hnc 篘霳 u梕塏06 枾梕塏0 褃 f0z?gI;m剉瀃鯈(Wy O 哠騍裇 U-Nbw 崉 vO(u 籗膵鱊哠騍篘 ir 剉哠騍 0WMOck 騍聣哠騍騍聣/Uir 騍聣C蟢

20、N 鰁鉔剉y O 噀 S/f 錘 T 鍕鰁鉔剉繬 HNO:N 陙馷剉恘eg 蚐 f 陙馷剉鰁鉔6 枾梕塏皊瀃梕塏?e 籰梕塏B(ul 欿 Q ;NIN NLu 聣籗 yb$R錱 NR 噀 SW 惂 N1/f(u 繬 HN 聣筽鵞 W 惂 N 蹚 L?R 恎漁 ncS_鰁篘 l 剉瀃鯈籗蹚 L 埨 h 寶璭歔僛霳(WS_鰁剉哠騍O(u 孴褃 f0WMO哠騍/Uir;NINck/Uir;NIN皊瀃/Uir;NINA繬 HN/f 噀 S 裇 U-N 剉 N*NN 颯 RrR 剉痵倐_N/f b 霳奲篘|噀 S TMR 蹚剉N*NN 颯: 剉 ekyb$R0e _0 R 癳yb$R0 鐍b0 R 癳峫

21、 b0 鐍b0 R 癳B絙 a 岀b 誰:N 繬 HN/fwQ g6 枾孴鰁鉔剉郪/fN 齹鐍b 剉wQSOaIN絙 a?aIN t 簨aINA:Ng 蕍嶯篘 l 婲 N 剉緗 NS 闟g蟸菑yb$R R恎Mb齹珗8T6e0R b霳剉SO鹼-Neg蜰鵞c 黐 S_MR 剉 OY 袕 gb.&T R 緗 NS 闟齹/fk 剉緗 NS騗/f寗 v 聣筽hQ 豽鐍b 烻 R榖-N 鐍b 烻 Ryb$R 鐍b 烻 RC0 孨 AS 踁騍0-N 剉0z 倗 e 譥0 孴0 蟸 M|譥0 N,俕嶯 UO 蛓|媁剉蠀 fN 顅 U_榌筫蠀 fN 顅 U_fNb 栂協 N 顅 U_羪篘蠀 fN顅 U_Ack

22、騍 KNf 薡翂嶯0 嫋 fN? 蟸 M|譥0/f 闠*N g 鉔邁籰TT 剉嫋 g U g媅 gBS_MRZP 魦剉 ck 騍/fcn g 繬 HNt魰蟸菑噕 yb 芉剉獈 OSO 孨 AS 踁騍z 樆 lV 哵N 問C鴶嶯繬 HNN 剉噀 W隨褢噀 b煍焽 eR 椳攈 V體憍翑 hVA0W 筫譥O:N 皨饛 0W 筫臽礠剉 fNM|;N 亯 R:N 郠|踁N孨C0 獈 L?0饄0-N 齎翂麜 U_0剉O/f?謆鳀?環虘黤id 疶 TXBN 饛闠N*NN/f*OfN 鶴皊剉烻郪龔銼鉔L 埩 y_r)R噀篘鴙躟C b 齎闠N 钀 fN 枡 HQ c 鶴錘騍覽蔔剉踒 Lr_ R 哊N 硧剉 v婳

23、0%f 藋00 簨韹00 fN0Ak2m 銼 f劷?N 繬 HN 鰁 gAS 擭0ASmQ N 獈剉噀 z?YtQ 鰁 gAS 踁0AS 擭 N 獈剉噀z?YtQ 鰁 gASmQ0AS N N 獈剉噀 z?YtQ 鰁 gA S 媅 TY4N 剉繬 HNfN/f, N 钀褢體 fW 刓 O0 銼魦00 銼00 銼皨0黤A?齎 WS S b 塏Tbb_ b 剉WSm(u 繬 HN 聣筽 eg 銐蕬?齎哠騍錧 ND 崸 N6 枾纎蹚 l;N;NIN蛓i:WtY 稏;N C1u 嶯 D 崸 N6 枾蚐剉燫:_?齎騍 f(WUO 鰁 b_ b 蛓蟚;NIN 剉 fmASN N 獈+ggASN N 獈-N

24、gASN N 獈 RgA誰齎 fl 欿 Q? mKQ 篘:N 哠騍詋儚 xvz 筫誰 S 靊闠$N|yr 妅詋儚孴N,傇 k儚yr 妅詋儚孴哠騍剉詋儚N,傇 k 儚孴哠騍剉詋儚Cl 欿 Q :N N 蛓褃 f闟g b 烺 0W 擽(u 闠蛓 f褃 Mb 梴緩 0R 哊 wck 孾刄剉 0Wekpef騎 f;悜廸Ape 蠎騍 f筫誰 g 閑(W 闠*N 齎禰梍 0R 袕(u駛齎?齎誰齎BNb 楆 T N 蛓 pe t!j 媁N/f 哠騍 xvz 瀃鯈-Nb 菓(u 剉 pe t!j 媁蚐 f蠎!j 媁蚐婲瀃!jN!j 媁孴!jN愰 b!j 媁f 蠎!j 媁CwcKQ 痚 m OKQf奲哠騍 pe

25、 蠎 xvz 誰 R:N 郠|孨N踁AP A G EP A G E4 哠騍褃 f俰簨fkp噀碔TJK燢nL:MN餘TO P侾襊&QhQ頠0R嶳SXS癝鯯XT銽fU蘒XV?gdj ? XV綱鯲*W腤 XzX蔢- YYZ篫t鋄繺H歖p躛V_瞋騙h猔?gdj ? 猔甡癭碻禶篳糮蝋衊襚鑐鯼a a a aaaaa a a a a a?gdj ? $a$gd 俁?刪刪gd 俁? 匄 ? &#$ gd ? 01?2P皞. 捌 A!?#悹$悹%? 癝 班惄?N?Nck 噀 $ 1$ a$ CJKHPJ_H aJmH nHsH tH$ A? $貫祂=刉SOB i? Bnf 恏?h ?4? l 4?a?k?鄀 Rh?N ? N?u?w $? 9 r &dG$ P?a$CJaJv? 9? 7p?:?Fe?Q?1?&Hi?Mn?5X?2Ic?.e?7?/_?#Es?&P? Hx?Y? H? ?;? F?y? F? k? ?Oy?-j-?8X?Ea?#!K!u!?Cf? #F#?- $T$? %8%:%;%=%A%C%D%