第二篇“英译汉常用技巧”教案大纲汇总

1、第一讲 英译汉简介（An Overview of E-C Translation）杨 娜一、教学目标（Objectives）Students are expected to: Ø Be well aware of the major features of translating English to Chinese in general. Ø Learn about the translation strategies commonly applied in E-C translation theoretically.Ø Identify the mistake

2、s in E-C translation frequently committed by college students.Ø Get familiar with the procedure involved in E-C translation, and receive constructive suggestions in this aspect. 二、教学重点与难点（Focus）² 英译汉的主要特点² 英译汉的常用翻译策略² 英译汉的常见错误类型² 英译汉的具体操作步骤三、教学内容及课时安排（Main Contents & Tim

3、e Allotment）Section 1: 50 minutes1. 英译汉的主要特点（Main features in E-C translation）虽然共享翻译的基本策略，然而由于英汉两种语言的差异性，英译汉与汉译英有显著性区别，主要呈现如下特征。1）“形合”转为“意合”（Hypotactic vs. Paratactic）英语重“形合”，汉语重“意合”。也就是说，英语语句之间的语义关系主要通过形式表达出来，常常借助各种类型的连词、代词、副词、介词等显性连接手段（overt cohesive devices）体现。汉语语句之间的语义关系则凭借逻辑纽带、语序等隐性连接手段（covert

4、cohesive devices）加以表呈。因此，英译汉时需要充分理解英语句子，结合汉语句式意合的特点，将原文转化为较规范的汉语表达形式。Examples a. I may be wrong and you may be right, and by an effort, we may be nearer to the truth. 也许或是错的，你是对的。我们一起努力，就会更接近真理。b. Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me? 我有个问题一直没有弄明白，想请教你，你能回答吗？2）“繁复”转

5、为“简短”（Complex vs. Simplex）从属结构（subordination）是现代英语的主要特点之一。从句和短语常常充当重要的句子组成成分，从句环环相扣，短语通常不断，由此造成英语句子又长又复杂。相较之下，汉语多用松散句、紧缩句、省略句、流水句、并列句等，还常用标点、虚词等手段将句子切分，因此句子整体结构较简单，属短句。在英译汉中，需要考虑英语句式的简化处理。Examples a. In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors. 门口放着一堆雨伞，少说也有十二把，五颜六色，大小不一。b.

6、There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met.我走访了一些地方，也遇到一些人。要谈起来的话，奇妙的事情可多着呢。3）“物称”转为“人称”（Impersonal vs. Personal）英语较常用物称表达法，即不用人称主语来叙述，而是用表达客观事物如何作用于人的感知、让事物以客观的口气呈现出来。这种非人称表达法是英语的一种文风，尤多见于较正式的书面语，可使英语表述更客观，结构更紧凑，语气更委婉。汉语则更注重主体思维，以“万事皆备于我”思想为主导，从自我出发来叙述客

7、观事物，或描述人及其行为或状态，因此常采用人称表达法。英汉语言的这一特点主要表现在主语及谓语动词的不同选择上。英译汉时需要将英语中的物称主语及动词转换为相应的人称主语及动词。Examples a. An idea suddenly struck me. 我突然想到一个主意。b. A strange peace came over her when she was alone.她独处时感受到一种特殊的宁静。4）“被动”转为“主动”（Passive vs. Active）被动语态是一种常见的英语语法现象，它与物称表达法紧密联系。可以说，被动句促成了物称倾向，物称倾向也滋长了被动句。英语国家民族重分

8、析、讲客观的思维倾向造成英语被动式的大量使用。与西方人分析型思维方式不同，中国人历来重视“天人合一”，更讲究整体性与悟性，言辞间具有鲜明的主体性和直觉性。这体现在汉语中则是运用大量主动式来表达被动意义。Examples a.These questions shouldnt be confused. 不要把这些问题混在一起。b.The speed of wind is expressed in meters by second.风速是用秒来表示的（或：用秒来表示风速）。5）“静态”转为“动态”（Static vs. Dynamic）名词化现象（nominalization）是英语常见现象之一，指

9、用名词（或名词短语）来表达属于动词（或动词短语）的相关信息。名词化使英语表达更简洁，句式更灵活，行文更自如，便于表达较复杂的内容。英语多用名词，因而整体呈现静态化特征（static）。相反，汉语则倾向于多用动词，因此动态化特征（dynamic）更显著。Examples a.He is a good eater and a good sleeper. 他能吃能睡。b.The machine is in operation.机器正在运行中。6）“抽象”转为“具体”（Abstract vs. Concrete）英语的名词化往往导致表达的抽象化。这种抽象化表达法尤为多见于抽象名词的大量使用。这类名词意

10、义概括，指称笼统，覆盖面广，便于表达复杂的思想和微妙的情绪。包括抽象名词在内的其他抽象词汇能够使表达紧凑、含蓄，有助于高度概括事物的本质，避免主观语气，非常适合理性思维与科学思维，常用于表达深奥的哲理和模糊的思想。与英语相比，汉语擅长具体且形象的表达法，措辞具体，涵义明确，叙述直接，深入浅出，常借助形象化的比喻，因而更平实、更活泼。因此，英译汉时经常需要化“虚”为“实”。Examples a.The sight of his native place called back his childhood. 看到自己的故乡，他忆起了童年的情景。b.These problems defy easy

11、classification.这些问题难以归类。7）“间接”转为“直接”（Indirect vs. Direct）相对而言，英语表达较间接、婉约，汉语则直接、明快。该差异主要体现为英语较汉语多用委婉、含蓄且迂回的表达方式。这与英语大量运用名词化和抽象化有着直接关系。在转换成汉语时，需要直接点名要义。Examples a.Shes rather good-looking. 她相当漂亮。b.The evidence is beyond dispute, excluding all possibilities of doubt.证据确凿，无可置疑。8）“替换”转为“重复”（Substitutive

12、vs. Repetitive）通常而言，若非出于强调或修辞之需，英语总是倾向于尽量避免重复。在能够明确表达意思的前提下，英语常常使用替代、省略、变换等方式来避免无谓的重复，使表达更加简洁、有力。这也符合英语民族的语言心理习惯。汉语则习惯于重复，常用实称、还原、复说等手段。这就使得英译汉时需要还原所省略的相关信息。Examples a. You dont want to lag behind. Neither does she. 你不愿意落后，她也不愿意落后。b. A man is called selfish, not for pursuing his own good, but for ne

13、glecting his neighbors.一个人被认为自私并非因为他只图自身利益，而是因为他不顾及邻人的利益。2. 英译汉的常用翻译策略（Major translation strategies in E-C translation）1）增译法（Amplification）根据语义、修辞或句法上的需要增加英文中虽无其词却有其义的词汇，旨在使中文表达更流畅，更符合汉语的语法规定。Examples a. Some machines are easy to machine, but others are not.一些金属容易加工，但另一些金属却不容易。b. What have you done

14、to prepare for this interview? 你为这次面试做了什么准备工作？2）减译法（Omission）根据语法、语义或修辞的需要剔除虽然在英文中存在但却无益于汉语表达的无用的、多余的英语词汇，使译文更简洁、更准确、更清晰。Examples a. He was thin and haggard and he looked miserable. 他消瘦而憔悴，看上去一副痛苦不堪的样子。b. One can never be too careful in ones work. 工作越仔细越好。3）词类转换法（Conversion）改变原文中部分英语词汇的词性，使其在汉语中具有不同

15、的词性，以使译文表达更符合汉语习惯。Examples a. Rockets have found applications for the exploration of the universe. 火箭已经用来探索宇宙。b. In this case the temperature in the furnace is up. 这种情况下，炉温就升高。4）语序调整法（Inversion）根据汉语用法习惯，将原文中的英语语序或词序进行必要的调整，使表达更流畅。Examples a. He is sleeping in the bedroom. 他在

16、卧室睡觉。b. This is the earliest edition obtainable. 这是现在能找到的最早的版本。5）合译法（Combination）把原文中两个或两个以上的词合译成一个词，将两个或两个以上的简单句合译为一个句子，或将一个复合句在译文中用一个单句来表达。Examples a. His father is a man who forgives and forgets. 他的父亲非常宽容。b. He threw on a coat and left home in a hurry.他套上一件衣服，匆匆忙忙地离开了家。6）分译法（Division）根据汉语表达习惯，在翻译

17、时将原文中的某些成分从原结构中分离出来，译成一个独立成分、从句或并列分句。亦作“化整为零法”。通常还需要进行词性转换。Examples a. At present, people have a tendency to choose the safety of the middle-ground reply.现在，人们都倾向于采取不偏不倚的态度来回答问题，因为它安全，而且无风险。b. The wrong power-line connections will damage the motor.如果把电源接错，就会损坏电动机。7）正译法（Affirmative Translation）将形式上否定

18、而实则表达肯定意义或概念的英语词汇与句式译为汉语中的肯定形式。Examples a. The machine has two serious disadvantages. 那台机器有两个严重缺陷。b. There is nothing like mineral water to quench ones thirst. 矿泉水是解渴的最佳饮料。8）反译法（Negative Translation）将形式上肯定而实则表达否定意义或概念的英语词汇与句式译为汉语中的否定形式。Examples a. Behave yourself during my absence. 我不在时要规矩点。b. What

19、you said is foreign to the topic of our discussion.你所讲的与我们讨论的主题无关。Section 2: 50 minutes1. 英译汉的常见错误类型（Common mistakes in E-C translation）1）望文生义此类错误源于孤立地理解词义，忽视了上下文对语义的限制作用。遇到多义词时总是选择自己较熟悉的意思，而未考虑语篇的需求，从而造成译文牵强，不够通顺，难以理解。Example Sleeping late on weekends can also disrupt your circadian rhythm. 误译：周末迟睡

20、也会打乱人体的日夜周期。修改版：周末睡懒觉也会打乱人体的日夜周期。（更多例句参考第二篇10.1）2）混淆语法关系理解原文是翻译的第一步，这需要有一定的词汇及语法基础方能完成。很多学生在翻译中忽视语法的重要作用，仅将注意力放在生词上，从而造成语法分析失误，进而导致译文不正确。Example He stole her a watch.误译：他偷了她一块手表。修改版：他给她偷了一块手表。（更多例句参考第二篇10.2）3）逻辑错误此类错误在于所传达的信息不合常理，前后矛盾。这主要源于缺乏对上下文的通篇考量，只是关注个别词汇与短语。Example World-famous for his works,

21、he was never personally well known, for throughout his life he avoided publicity.误译：他由于成就而世界著名，而他个人却从未有人了解，因为他一生中避免出风头。修改版：他的成就驰名世界，而他个人却始终默默无闻，因为他整个一生总是避免抛头露面。（更多例句参考第二篇10.3）4）缺乏背景知识由于语言总是与所承载的文化紧密相关，因此中英文化差异也造就了汉语与英语在表达方式上的诸多不同。在英译汉时若无文化意识，不考虑到文化差异问题，难免出现选词失当的情况。Example When you are down, you are

22、not necessarily out. 误译：当你倒下时，你不一定在外面。修改版：遇到挫折时，你并非完全丧失了成功的机会。（更多例句参考第二篇10.4）2. 英译汉的具体操作步骤（Procedure in E-C translation）1）充分理解英语原文2）确定汉语整体架构3）分析英语关键词在上下文中的具体词义（具体信息参考第二篇第1章）4）通过直译或意译方式选择汉语中与之相适应的对应词或表达形式（具体信息参考第二篇第9章）5）通读译文，根据汉语语言习惯对其进行修改，注意不要改变原义。3. 课堂翻译实践（Translation Practice） 练习题1（一）、（二）、（三）（Page

23、 64-65）练习题9（Page 122-123）练习题10（Page 131）四、课后作业（Assignment）Directions: Identify your major problems in doing E-C translation, and discuss some possible solutions in your team. Then find a paragraph of about 50 English words, translate it on your own, and then exchange your versions with your partner.

24、 第二讲 增译法与减译法（Amplification & Omission）贾 琼一、教学目标（Objectives）Students are expected to: Ø Know about the definition of amplification and omission as translation strategies in general. Ø Grasp the two translation skills theoretically and practically.二、教学重点与难点（Focus）² 英译汉中何种情况用增译法或减译法&

25、#178; 英译汉中如何具体应用增译法与减译法² 英译汉中增译法与减译法的修辞效果三、教学内容及课时安排（Main Contents & Time Allotment）Section 1: 50 minutes英译汉中的增译法（Amplification in English-Chinese Translation）1. 定义与原则（Definition and principle）Amplification can be generally defined as the process of supplying necessary words in translation

26、on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original text, which helps to make the final version accurate, fluent, coherent, and vivid according to the rules of the target language. There is one more principle in employing this strategy: no more no less. In other words, only the words required by

27、semantics, rhetoric, and syntax should be added, instead of those randomly chosen ones. 2. 增译法的具体应用（Different circumstances under which amplification is employed）1) Amplification for Semantics & Rhetoric a. Adding verbs Examples Harvey Mackay runs a manufacturing company with about 350 employees

28、. 哈维·麦凯经营着一家拥有大约350名员工的制造公司。The chairman made an appeal to the audience for quietness. 会议主席请听众保持安静。（更多例句可参考第二篇2.1中例4、6、7）b. Adding nounsExamples Day after day he came to his worksweeping, scrubbing, cleaning.他每天来干活扫地、擦地板、收拾房间I could knit when I was seven. 我7岁时就会织毛衣。（更多例句可参考第二篇2.2中例5、7和2.5中例1、2）

29、c. Adding quantifiersFor nouns：名量词Examplesa red sun 一轮红日a crescent moon 一轮新月a stream 一弯溪水For verbs：动量词ExamplesOnce they had a quarrel. 一次，他们争吵了一番。Herb gave her a sly look. 赫伯狡猾地看了她一眼。For generalization：概括词Examples They received us with great enthusiasm他们以非常热情的态度来欢迎我们。Unemployment in that country is

30、very serious.在那个国家失业现象很严重。 （更多例句可参考第二篇2.1中例5和2.2中例5）d. Adding adjectivesExamples What a day! Lets go for a picnic by the lake. 多好的天气啊！我们一起去河边野餐吧。The plane twisted under me, trailing flame and smoke.飞机在下面螺旋下降，拖着浓烟烈焰掉了下去。e. Adding adverbsExamples As he sat down and began talking, words poured out. 他一坐

31、下来就滔滔不绝地讲个没完。Tremaine sank down with his face in his hands. 屈里曼两手蒙住脸，一屁股坐了下去。f. Adding words as tense markersEmphasizing the timeExamples Mother insisted to this day that she thought I was just joking. 直到今天，母亲仍坚持说，她当时以为我只是在开玩笑。The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him. 老头儿曾教过孩子捕鱼，

32、所以孩子很爱他。Emphasizing the contrast of timeExamplesThey say his father was a fisherman. Maybe he was as poor as we are. 他们说，从前他爸爸是个打鱼的。或许他过去也跟我们现在一样穷。I was and still am working as English teacher in this school. 我过去是，现在仍然是这个学校的英语教师。 （更多例句可参考第二篇2.3）g. Adding interjectionsExamples Dont take it seriously.

33、 Im just making fun of you. 不要认真嘛！我只不过开开玩笑罢了。As for me, I didnt agree to this practice from the very beginning. 我啊，从一开始就不赞成这种做法。h. Amplification for the plural form of nouns （更多例句可参考第二篇2.4）2) Amplification for Syntax a. Adding nounsExamples -What! Dont you love him? 什么？难道你不爱他？-Yes, of course, I do.不

34、，我当然爱他。Practically every river has an upper, a middle, and a lower part.但凡是河流，都有上游、中游和下游。（更多例句可参考第二篇2.6中例2） b. Adding verbsExamples Reading makes a full man; conference, a ready man; writing, an exact man.读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，写作使人准确。We dont retreat, we never have, and never will. 我们不后退，以前没有后退过，将来也决不后退。（更多例

35、句可参考第二篇2.2中例1、3、4）c. Others （更多例句可参考第二篇3.2中例1、2和3.2中例1、2、3） Section 2: 50 minutes英译汉中的减译法（Omission in English-Chinese Translation）1. 定义与原则（Definition and principle）Omission is based on the differences between English and Chinese. For example, Chinese has no articles or infinitive markers. And pronou

36、ns, conjunctions, and prepositions are not used as frequently as those of English. So when we translate English sentences with articles and infinitive markers into Chinese, we often omit these articles or infinitive markers. Nevertheless, the original meaning should not be deleted or changed（减词不减意）.

37、 Keep in mind Huxleys dictum: the maximum of thought in the minimum of words; and Shakespeares maxim: Brevity is the soul of wit.2. 减译法的具体应用（Different circumstances under which omission is employed）1) Omission for Semantics & Rhetorica. Omission of the repeated phraseExamples When the pressure g

38、ets low, the boiling point becomes low.气压低，沸点就低。Solids expand and contract as liquids and gases do.如同液体和气体一样，固体也能膨胀和收缩。b. Omission of unnecessary wordsExamples Patients with influenza must be separated from the well lest the disease should spread from person to person. 流感病人必须与健康的人隔开，以免疾病传播。Could you

39、 help me in any way? 你能帮帮我吗？c. Omission of synonymsExamples To our knowledge, advertisement and commercials do many important things for society; they convey business information, facilitate communication and help keep the business world moving. 据我们所知，广告在社会中起着重要的作用：传递商品信息，促进交流，使商界正常运作。Neither party

40、shall cancel the contract without sufficient cause or reason.双方均不得无故解除合同。2) Omission for Syntaxa. Omission of pronounsl 省略作主语的代词ExamplesOne is never too old to learn. 活到老，学到老。He who never reached the Great Wall is not a true man. 不到长城非好汉。以下是泛指人称代词做主语，常常可以省略，可译成无主句。ExamplesAs you come into the room,

41、youll notice a piano.一进房间门，就会看见一台钢琴。The significance of a man is not in what he attains but rather in what he longs to attain. 人生的意义不在于已获取的，而在于渴望获得什么样的东西。l 省略作宾语的代词ExamplesInsects hide themselves in winter. 昆虫冬天蛰伏。Please take off the old picture and throw it away. 请把那张旧画摘下来扔掉。l 省略物主代词ExamplesHe shru

42、gged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes, but said nothing. 他耸耸肩，摇摇头，翻了翻白眼，一言未发。She covered her face with her hand as if to protect her eyes.她用手蒙脸，好像去保护眼睛。l 省略关系代词英语中用来连接定语从句的关系代词一般可用三种方法来处理：重复其指代的先行名词；替换；省略。在定语从句译作汉语前置修饰语或分译为并列子句时，关系代词常省略。ExamplesDay light come from the sun, which is a

43、mass of hot, glowing gas. 日光来自太阳，太阳是一团炽热，发光的气体。（分译，重复）The activities are postponed, which was exactly what we wanted. 那项活动延期了，这正是我们所希望的。（替代那件事）Good people relationship between partners are the rudders which steer joint ventures through trouble waters. 合资伙伴之间的和谐关系犹如船舵，（）能引导合资企业穿过惊涛骇浪。l It的省略非人称代词（imp

44、ersonal pronoun）ExamplesOutside it was pitch dark and it was raining cats and dogs.外面漆黑一团，下着瓢泼大雨。It requires patience to do the job.做这件工作需要有耐性。He took it upon himself to pay off the debt.他自愿负责还清债务。强调句中的it （emphatic pronoun）ExamplesIt is only shallow people who judge by appearances.只有浅薄的人才会以貌取人。It wa

45、s with some difficulty that he found the way to his own home. 他费了不少劲才找到家。b. Omission of conjunctionsl Omission of the coordinating conjunctions省略并列连词ExamplesThe door was opened, and they came in.门开了，他们走了进来。Your parents or your wife or your son or your best friends might be expecting you back home sa

46、fe and sound. 也许你的父母，妻儿，或者你最好的朋友都在盼望你平安回家呢。l Omission of the subordinate conjunction 省略从属连词省略表示原因的连接词英语因果句中一般用连接词表示原因，而汉语则往往通过词序先后来表示因果关系，“因”在前，“果”在后。因此，英译汉时往往可以把原文中这种连接词省掉不译。ExamplesI knew the train was coming as I had seen the passengers swarm into the platform.我看到乘客们涌上站台，知道火车就要进站了。As it is late,

47、let us go to bed.不早啦，睡吧！省略表示条件的连接词表示条件的连接词if，一般译为“假如”、“如果”等，但在日常口语体系结构中，往往可以省略不译。ExamplesIf winter comes, can spring be far behind?冬天来了，春天还会远吗？（雪莱西风颂）I would not have said it if I had known it. 早知如此我就不说了。省略表示时间的连接词 表示时间关系的when和as 等连接词，汉译时一般用“当时”，或仅用“时”。但如果汉语时间先后次序明显，为简略起见，“当时”或“时”往往可以省略。ExamplesAs t

48、he temperature increases, the volume of water becomes greater.温度增高，水的体积就增大。 Sunday is the day when I am least busy.周日我最闲。c. Omission of articles冠词是汉语所没有的词类。汉译时往往要斟酌，是否把冠词的意思译出来。一般说来，除了带有明显指示意义的定冠词和含有明显的“一个”或“每一个”意思的不定冠词不能省略外，其它情况一般可以不译。ExamplesThe moon was slowly rising above the sea. 月亮从海边慢慢升起。A te

49、acher should have patience in his work. 当老师的应当有耐心。The pen is mightier than the sword. 文笔胜于刀剑。 在不定冠词明显地表示数量“一”，或是表示“每一”、“同一”之意时，往往就不宜将其减译。 ExamplesJack often drives at 90 miles an hour. 杰克开车时速总在每小时90英里。We enclose a check for US $ 10,000. 随附一张一万美元的支票。He said that he was getting a dollar a mile. 他说他每开一

50、英里就赚一块钱。Mother stared at me without saying a word. 妈妈一句话不说地瞪着我。 d. Omission of prepositions一般来说，表示时间和地点的介词短语在翻译成汉语时，如果能够放在句首，介词往往可以省略；如果只能放在句末，就不能省略。ExamplesSmoking is prohibited in public places. 公共场所禁止吸烟。Rumors had already spread along the streets and lanes. 各种流言传遍了大街小巷。Trees grow along both banks

51、 of the canal.运河两岸长着树木。The Communist Party of China was founded in 1921. 中国共产党成立于1921年。应该注意的是，虽然引导地点状语的英语介词在译文句首往往可以省略，但放在动词后却一般不省略。ExamplesHe stood by the desk.他站在桌旁。She hid behind the door.她藏在门后。3. 课堂翻译实践（Translation Practice） 1) 练习题2（一）、（二）、（五）（Page 71-72）和练习题3中6、8、9、10（Page 75）Directions：Have st

52、udents explain why to translate like this by using the relevant theories. 2) Please translate the following sentences by using omission so as to make the final version accurate, fluent, and concise. (a) There are some things that I have happily seen of the wondrous way of the spider. (b) To learn is

53、 not an easy matter and to apply what one has learned is even harder.(c) We must make a comprehensive analysis of a problem before it can be properly solved. (d) We should never take advantage of someone who is in trouble. (e) It was only then I began to have doubts whether my story would ever be to

54、ld.四、课后作业（Assignment）1. Sentence TranslationDirections: Please translate the sentences numbered (1)-(5) by using amplification, and those numbered (6)-(10)by using omission so as to make the final version accurate, fluent, and coherent.(1) With his promotion, he has taken on greater responsibilities

55、. (2) As a society, we need to realize that fathers are just as important to children as mothers arenot only for financial support, but for emotional support, education and discipline as well. (3) Innovations are occurring at a bewildering rate: as many now arrive in a year as once arrived in a mill

56、ennium.(4) Then they returned to their hammocks and slept through the rest of the night. (5) Five students from Class 3 won prizes in the competition; two from Class 1; none from Class 2. (6) It is impossible to master a foreign language in a few months. (7) He studied in the college for two years, and then he his own business.(8) They had to stay there until the person they were addressed to happen to come by and st