专转本写作讲义

1、1专转本 写作2Outlinev1、写作要求v2、作文常见错误v3. 如何写好作文31、写作要求vPart V Writing (共20分)vDirections: In this part you are required to write an essay about the ways of finding information .You should write at least 120 words and base your comprehension on the outline below.v1 There are different ways of finding inform

2、ationv2.Which way(s) do you prefer? And why? 4作文评分标准v2分 条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。v5分 基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。v8分 基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。v11分 切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。v14分 切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性较好，基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。字数不足应酌情扣分： 52、作文常见错误v语言是评判作文的一个极其重要的因素。在实际的阅卷过程中，语法错误，尤其

3、是较为严重的错误，是阅卷人员的主要“照顾点”，有时甚至是惟一的点；当然那样处理是有道理的，大家可以设想一下，一篇语法上漏洞百出、严重影响表达的作文又会有什么样的好内容呢？如果因为语言上的错误而导致失分，那将得不偿失。因此，认清各种各样的语法错误，尽可能地避免少犯，对于提高作文分是有极大的帮助的。现将阅卷过程中所发现的大量语言错误逐一归类，抽出其中的典型错误，以警示大家，供参考。6一 不一致（Disagreements）v所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致，它还包括了数的不一致时态不一致及代词不一致等v例 When one have money ,he can do what he want to .(

4、人一旦有了钱，他就能想干什么就干什么)v剖析：one是单数第三人称，因而本句的have应改为has; 同理，want应改为wants.本句是典型的主谓不一致改为：Once one has money ,he can do what he wants (to do)71） We can use computers in doing everything you like. 2） A college student should be able to do their washing on their own.3） Horse is an useful animal. 4） The exam wi

5、ll be held in the December, 2004. 8二 修饰语错位（Misplaced Modifiers）v英语与汉语不同，同一个修饰语置于句子不同的位置，句子的含义可能引起变化对于这一点中国学生往往没有引起足够的重视，因而造成了不必要的误解v例.I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campus. v剖析：better位置不当，应置于句末9三 句子不完整（Sentence Fragments）v在口语中，交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等，不完整的句子完全可以被理解可是书

6、面语就不同了，句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清，这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后，笔者又想加些补充说明时发生v例There are many ways to know the society. For example by TV, radio, newspaper and so on . v剖析：本句后半部分“for example by TV,radio,newspaper and so on .”不是一个完整的句子，仅为一些不连贯的词语，不能独立成句v改为：There are many ways to know society ,for example ,by TV ,radio ,and n

7、ewspaper.101 主从句叠置1） There are more and more students like to use the computer. 2） There are still many problems should be noted and resolved.2 简单句叠置I like chatting on line very much, I go to the net bar almost every weekend.113 从句叠置As is known to all that computers play an important role in many fi

8、elds of our life.4 句子成分缺失If work hard, we will surely be successful.5 语序错误1） Why college students spend more and more time on the computer? 2） I often wonder where have they got their money.12四 悬垂修饰语（Dangling Modifiers）v所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清v例1：At the age of ten, my grandfather died. 这句中“at t

9、he age of ten”v只点出十岁时，但没有说明“谁”十岁时按一般推理不可能是my grandfather, 如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点，全句就不那么费解了改为：When I was ten, my grandfather died.v例2 To do well in college, good grades are essential.剖析：句中不定式短语 “to do well in college” 的逻辑主语不清楚改为：To do well in college, a student needs good grades.13五 词性误用(Misuse of Parts o

10、f Speech)v“词性误用”常表现为：介词当动词用；形容词当副词用；名词当动词用等例 None can negative the importance of money.剖析：negative 系形容词，误作动词。改为：None can deny the importance of money.14vIt is my point that reading must be selectively. （误） In my opinion, reading must be selective. （正）vHonest is so important for everyperson. （误） Hone

11、sty is so important for everyone. （正）vThe old man was hit by a car when he across the street. （误）vThe old man was hit by a car when he was crossing the street. （正）vI wish you can consider my suggests. vIf a person wants to success, he must learn to endure sufferings and setbacks.15六 指代不清(Ambiguous R

12、eference of Pronouns)v指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清，或者先后所用的代词不一致。v例1. Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.(玛丽和我姐姐很要好，因为她要她做她的伴娘。)读完上面这一句话，读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘中谁将结婚，谁将当伴娘。如果我们把易于引起误解的代词的所指对象加以明确，意思就一目了然了。这个句子可改为：Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to

13、be her bridesmaid.16v例2. And we can also know the society by serving it yourself. 剖析：句中人称代词we 和反身代词yourself指代不一致。改为： We can also know society by serving it ourselves.17七 不间断句子(Run-on Sentences)v什么叫run-on sentence?请看下面的例句。v例 There are many ways we get to know the outside world. v剖析：这个句子包含了两层完整的意思：“Th

14、ere are many ways.” 以及“We get to know the outside world.”。简单地把它们连在一起就不妥当了。v改为：There are many ways for us to learn about the outside world. 或：There are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside world18八 措词毛病(Troubles in Diction)vDiction 是指在特定的句子中如何适当地选用词语的问题，囿于教学时间紧迫，教师平时在这方面花

15、的时间往往极其有限，影响了学生在写作中没有养成良好的推敲，斟酌的习惯。他们往往随心所欲，拿来就用。所以作文中用词不当的错误比比皆是。v例 The increasing use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also makes pollution.(农业方面化学物质使用的不断增加也造成了污染。)剖析：显然，考生把obstacles“障碍”，“障碍物”误作substance“物质”了。另外“the increasing use (不断增加的使用)” 应改为“abusive use (滥用)”。改为：The abusive use of chemical

16、 substances in agriculture also causes/leads to pollution.19九 累赘(Redundancy)v言以简洁为贵。写句子没有一个多余的词；写段落没有一个无必要的句子。能用单词的不用词组；能用词组的不用从句或句子。v例1.In spite of the fact that he is lazy, I like him.剖析：本句的“the fact that he is lazy”系同谓语从句，我们按照上述“能用词组的不用从句”可以改为：In spite of his laziness, I like him.v例2.For the peop

17、le who are diligent and kind, money is just the thing to be used to buy the thing they need. 剖析：整个句子可以大大简化。改为：Diligent, caring people use money only to buy what they need.20vThis test is end, but there is another test is waiting for you. （误）One test ends, but another is waiting for you.（正）vThe drive

18、r of the red car was died on the spot. （误）The driver of the red car died on the spot. （正）21十 不连贯(Incoherence)v不连贯是指一个句子前言不对后语，或是结构上不畅通。这也是考生常犯的毛病。v例 The fresh water, it is the most important things of the earth. 剖析：The fresh water 与逗号后的it 不连贯。It 与things 在数方面不一致。改为：Fresh water is the most important t

19、hing in the world.22十一 综合性语言错误(Comprehensive Misusage)v所谓“综合性语言错误”，是指除了上述十种错误以外，还有诸如时态，语态，标点符号，大小写等方面的错误。v例1Today, Money to everybody is very importance, ours eat, cloth, live, go etc.233. 如何写好作文v首先要了解写作考试大纲的内容，评分标准、原则，历年真题范围，从而掌握出题原则及规律。同时，弄清自身在写作方面存在的问题：词汇贫乏还是不知如何下手。只有这样课下才能有针对性地学习，才能做到知已知彼，百战不殆。打

20、好基本功。24了解的内容v了解写作考试选词要熟悉、简洁、具体及多样化；v句子要语法规范，具有一致性，连贯性及多样性；v段落要中心突出，思想上保持一致，内容上有连贯性等特点。v熟悉各种文体的结构特点，写作技巧及常用句型、套话等。25作文结构形式v如论说文的常用开头法有谚语法、定义法、对比法、提问法、直接法、间接法、故事法、概括法及综合法；v中间段的扩展法有时间、空间、定义、分类、过程、例证、比较与对比及因果法；v结尾段常用方法有重述法、总结法、提问法、预测法、建议法及名言法等。 26谚语法v所谓“名言警句”是指人们耳熟能详的谚语、习语、俗语、警句或伟人的论述等，它们常常具有权威性或其道理已为大家

21、公认。由此开篇可以增强文章的说服力。但要注意所引述的名言警句一定要家喻户晓，人所共知，不可引述生僻的名言。另外，一般是用直接引语来引述，所以务必准确无误。 27Examplesv1）As an old saying goes，“Art is long， but life is short”We have only limited time to obtain unlimited knowledge v2）“Practice makes perfect”This self-evident proverb means doing something repeatedly is the way to

22、 become very good at it 28定义法v就是对文章要阐述的主题先下个定义，或者对文章题目所用的词汇、所持的观点或所提到的事物进行定义，然后通过举例、逻辑推理等方法加以详细说明或论述。这种方法的作用就是解释概念，限定范围，然后引入正文。应该说明的是，文章所下的定义总的来说应该简练，而且也有别于哲学意义上的定义。此法常用于说明文和议论文。 29Examplesv1）Psychology is the study of the mind and mental activitiesFor example， psychologists are interested in why so

23、me things make you sad，but others make you happyThey want to know why some people are shy，but others are quite talkativev2）Self-confidence means the trust in ones own abilityAs a very important psychological quality，it brings your creative power，arouses your enthusiasm and helps you overcome difficu

24、lties 30对比法v在作文开篇把人们熟悉的人物或事物与其他的人物或事物放在一起，分析它们的相似或不同之处。通过比较对比，强调某一人物或事物，使读者对其有更为深刻的认识和理解。31vThe relationship between a teacher and a student can be good or bad，helpful or harmful Either way，the relationship can affect the student for the rest of his lifeA good teacher-student relationship will make

25、learning enjoyable and interesting，whereas a bad relationship can discourage the student from learning and make teaching an unpleasant task v例句用对比的方法开头，通过对比良好的师生关系对教与学产生的积极影响和恶劣的师生关系产生的不良影响，说明建立良好的师生关系的重要性。 32提问法v用提出问题的方法引出文章的主题，以激起读者的阅读兴趣。然后可以针对这个问题进行解答，这样也就展开了段落。这种方法可用于各种文体。 33v1）What is success？D

26、ifferent people may give different answers to this question Some people think that v2）Can wealth bring happiness？Different people have different opinions about this Some people take it for granted that wealth is the source of happinessSome people 344.写作的基本原则一、一、 长短句原则长短句原则 v写一个短小精辟的句子，可以起到画龙点睛的作用。而且

27、如果我们把短句放在段首或者段末，也可以揭示主题： 35vAs a creature, I eat; as a man, I read. Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar. v强烈建议强烈建议：在文章第一段（开头）用一长一短，且先长后短；在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式，定会让

28、主体部分妙笔生辉！文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。 36二、二、 主题句原则主题句原则v国有其君，家有其主，文章也要有其主。否则会给人造成“群龙无首”之感！相信各位读过一些破烂文学，故意把主体隐藏在文章之内，结果造成我们稀里糊涂！不知所云！所以奉劝各位一定要写一个主题句，放在文章的开头（保险型）或者结尾，让读者一目了然，必会平安无事！ v特别提示：隐藏主题句可是要冒险的特别提示：隐藏主题句可是要冒险的！ vTo begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam（主题句）. W

29、ithout sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly. 37三、 一二三原则 v领导讲话总是第一部分、第一点、第二点、第三点、第二部分、第一点 如此罗嗦。可毕竟还是条理清楚。考官们看文章也必然要通过这些关键性的“标签”来判定你的文章是否结构清楚，条理自然。破解方法很简单，只要把下面任何一组的词汇加入到你的几个要点前就清楚了。381）first, second, third, last（不推荐，原因：俗）2）firstly, secondly, thirdly, fin

30、ally（不推荐，原因：俗） 3）the first, the second, the third, the last（不推荐，原因：俗） 4）in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly（不推荐，原因：俗） 395）to begin with, then, furthermore, finally（强烈推荐） 6）to start with, next, in addition, finally（强烈推荐） 7）first and foremost, besides, last but not leas

31、t（强烈推荐） 8）most important of all, moreover, finally 9）on the one hand, on the other hand（适用于两点的情况） 10）for one thing, for another thing（适用于两点的情况）40四、四、 短语优先原则短语优先原则v写作时，尤其是在考试时，如果使用短语，有两个好处：其一、用短语会使文章增加亮点，如果老师们看到你的文章太简单，看不到一个自己不认识的短语，必然会看你低一等。相反，如果发现亮点精彩的短语，那么你的文章定会得高分了。其二、关键时刻思维短路，只有凑字数，怎么办？用短语是一个办法！ 41vI cannot bear it. 可以用短语表达：I cannot put up with it. vI want it. 可以用短语表达：I am looking forward to it. 这样字数明显增加，表达也更准确。 42五、多变句式原则 1）加法（串联） 都希望写下很长的句子