英语阅读理解正确项与干扰项的特点

1、高考英语阅读理解专题复习英语阅读理解正确选项与干扰选项的特点第一节正确选项往往是根据原文的词或句进行语意转换一般来说，阅读理解测试中要求找出主要事实或特定细节的问题，在文章中均可找到回答。但是，需要注意的是，这些问题的表述常常不是采用文章中的原话，而是根据原文的词或句进行语意转换。一、利用原文词句的同义词句或相似结构，转换表达形式。【考例1】Shrilkhasgreatpotential，theinventorssaid.Materialsfromwhichitismadearepientifulinnature，foundineverythingrangingfromshrimpshells

2、，insectbodiestolivingplants.Thatmakesshrilklowcost，anditsmassproductionpossibleshoulditbeusedforproductsdemandingalotofmaterial.（2012湖南卷C篇）68.Accordingtotheinventors，shrilkhasgreatpotentialpartlybecause.A. itcanhelpplasticdegradeB.itcanbefoundinlivingthingsC.itsmassproductionhasbeenrealizedD.itsrawm

3、aterialsareabundantinmature【考例2】“WeshowthaEasternersandWesternerslookatdifferentfacefeaturestoreadfacialexpressions，Jacksaid.“Westernerslookattheeyesandthemouthinequalmeasure，whereasEasternersfavortheeyesandneglect（忽略）themouth（2010湖南卷C篇）ThediscoveryshowsthatWesterners.A. payequalattentiontotheeyesan

4、dthemouthB. considerfacialexpressionsuniversallyreliableC. observetheeyesandthemouthindifferentwaysD. havemoredifficultyinrecognizingfacialexpressions二、利用原文词句的反义词或相反结构，转换表达形式。【考例3】Yetdespitethat，readingisincreasinglyunpopularamongchildren.Accordingtostatisticsin199723%saidtheydidntlikereadinginall.I

5、n2003,35%did.Andaround6%ofchildrenleaveprimaryschooleachyearunabletoreadproperly.（2007山东B）Statisticssuggestedthat.A. thenumberoftopstudentsincreasedwiththeuseofcomputersB. adecreasingnumberofchildrenshowedinterestinreadingC. aminorityofprimacyschoolchildrenreadproperlyD. ahugepercentageofchildrenrea

6、dregularly【考例4】WhenIputonmyflashlights，Iwassayingtootherdrivers，“Ihaveaproblemhere.Iamtheywaited,knowingthedriverinfrontofthemwasinsomewayweak.（2011广东卷A）weakanddoingthebestIcan.Andeveryoneunderstood.insteadofgettingimpatientandangry，Whatdidtheotherdriversdowhentheysawtheflashlights?A. Theyspeeduptop

7、ass.B.Theywaitedwithpatienee.C.Theytriedtheirbesttohelp.D.Theyputontheirflashlightstoo.三、通过词性变化，转换表达的形式【考例5】ZackHoeking,theheadofChildTrustFunds,said:“Itspossiblethatonegoodthingtoarisefromthedownturnwillbeagenerationthatsfinaneiallywiserandbetterequippedtomanagetheirmoneythroughtimesofeconomicuneer

8、tainty.（2009山东D）AccordingtoHocking,theglobaleconomiccrisismightmaketheyoungsters.A.wiserinmoneymanagementB.haveaccesstobetterequipmentC.confidentabouttheirfuturecareersD.getjobsinChildTrustFunds四、使用原文的词句的上下义结构，转换表达形式。【考例6】Universityapplicationsrose7%lastyear,buttherewererisesaboveaverageinseveralsub

9、jects.Nursingsawa15%jump,withpeoplesrenewedinterestincareersinthe部门igsector（whichareseenasmoresecureineconomiccrisis.（2009山东D）Careersinthepublicsectoraremoreattractivebecauseoftheir.A.greaterstabilityB.higherpayC.fewerapplicationsD.betterreputation第二节英语阅读理解干扰项的设置特点分析通过分析干扰项的设置特点可以为我们提供思考的方向。常用的干扰手段有

10、哪些。干扰项的如下特点：（一）偷梁换柱。干扰项用了与原文相似的句型结构和大部分相似的词汇，却在不易引人注意的地方换了几个词汇，造成句意的改变。【考例1】（2011湖南卷A篇）Whenfirstentered,VanakRestaurantdoesnotlooklikemuchofarestaurant,butoncethepleasantsmellsofkabob（烤肉串）hitthesenses,youareincapableofcallingitanythingless.Ownedbyalocalcouple,thisPersianrestauranthasaninviting,homel

11、ikeatmospherethatManyrestaurantslack.Thespaceissmallwithonlyafewdiningtablesandnearlynodecoration,butenvironmentistrulycharming.56. Whenfirstenteringtherestaurant,onecanfindthat.A.issplendidlydecoratedB.haspleasantsmellsofkabobsC.iscrowdedwithdiningtablesD.lookslikeacommonrestaurant【考例2】（2011湖南卷A篇）A

12、commonsightisthatofoldPersianmensittinginthecornertalkingloudlyaboutworldtopics,watchingnewseventsonTV,drinkingablackteaknownasPersianchai,andreadinglocalPersiannewspapersallthewhiletryingtofinishofftheirplatespiledwithfood.57. Whatactivityisalsomentionedapartfromdiningintherestaurant?A. Watchingnew

13、seventsonTV.B.Drinkingakindofblackcoffee.C.ReadinglocalEnglishnewspapers.D.Discussingworldtopicsinlowvoices.（二）在推理判断中利用词的表面意义来设置干扰推理判断要求在理解原文表面信息的基础上，做出一定的判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义，要注意不能以文字的表面含义代替推理。【考例1】（2010湖南卷B）Butshehasntalwayspracticedwhatsheteaches.Inherbook,shedescribesthatawfulday,almost40yearsago,w

14、henshereceivedtwopiecesoflife-changingnews.First,shehadlostthebabyshewascarrying,andsecond,testsshowedthatshehaddiabetes.Inachildlikeact,sheleftthehospitalandtreatedherselftoaboxofdoughnuts（甜甜圈）.Yearswouldpassbeforesherealizedshehadtogrowupagainandtakecontrolofherdiabetes,notletitcontrolher.Onlythen

15、didshekickherthree-pack-a-daycigarettehabit,overcomeheraddictiontoalcohol,andbegintofollowabalaneeddiet.WhenMaryreceivedthelife-changingnews,she.A. lostcontrolofherselfB.beganabalaneeddietC.triedtogetatreatmentD.behavedinanadultway【考例2】McKayswarrecordsweredestroyedduringaWorldWarIIairbombingonLondon

16、anexplanationforwhyhewasallbutforgotten.Butnow,thankstotheeffortsofBroadandhisstudents,amarkerinMcKaysmemorywaontheuniversitygroundsinNovember2007.“foundmyeyesfillingwithtearsasIreadtheworddeceased车亡（）nexttohisname,”saidCoreyE,vestettentwhofoundapictureofMckayinhisuniform.“Thiswassuchasimpleexampleo

17、fthefactthathehadbeenastudentjustlikeus,butinsteadoffinishinghistimeatWestern,hechosetofightanddieforhiscountry.湖南卷）”（2009WecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthatMcKayA.preferredfighttohisstudyB.wenttowarbeforegraduationC.leftapictureforCoreyEverrettD.setanexampleforhisfellowstudents【考例3】（2009湖北）Afewyears

18、ago,PaulGernerbegantogatheragroupofarchitectsinLasvegastoaskthemwhatitwouldtaketodesignapublicschoolthatused50percentlessenergy,costmuchlesstobuildandobviouslyimprovedstudentlearning.”Itttnkfblilt）ffftheirchairs,”Gernersays.HowdidthearchitectsreacttoGarnersdesignrequirements?A.Theylostbalaneeinexcit

19、ement.B.theyshowedstrongdisbelief.C.theyexpressedlittleinterest.D.theyburstintocheers.【考例4】Isuddenlyheardanelephantcryingasthoughfrightened.Lookingdown,Iimmediatelyrecognizedthatsomethingwaswrong,andrandowntotheedgeofthenearbank.ThereIsawMaShwewithherthree-month-oldcalfstrugglinginthefast-risingwate

20、r,anditwasalife-and-deathstruggle.Hercalfwasfloatingandscreamingwithfear.Thenwithahugeeffort,shepickeditupinhertrunkandtrieduntilshewasabletoplacethecalfonanarrowshelfofrock.Justatthismoment,shefellbackintotheriver.Ifshewerecarrieddown,itwouldbecertaindeath.Iknew,aswellasshedid,thattherewasonespotwh

21、ereshecouldgetupthebank,butitwasontheothersidefromwhereshehadputhercalf.WhileIwaswonderingwhatIcoulddonext,Iheardthesoundofamotherslove.MaShwehadcrossedtheriverandgotupthebankandwasmakingherwaybackasfastasshecould,roaring（吼叫）allthetime,buttohercalfitwasmusic.（2009宁夏）Howdidthecalffeelaboutthemotherel

22、ephantsroaring?A. Itwasagreatcomfort.B.Itwasasignofdanger.C.Itwasacallforhelp.D.Itwasamusicalnote.（三）以偏概全。把文章中的事实和细节当主旨，把片面的、次要的观点当成主要观点。在猜测文章或段落大意、标题以及释义题中，干扰项总是以偏概全，具体表现为：（1）把文章中的次要观点、细节混进体现文章主要观点、中心思想的选项（2）把超过文章讨论的东西亦作为归纳或结论混进选项。（3）把段落的主旨当作文章的主旨。【考例1】Thereisasimpleeconomicprincipleusedtodetermine

23、prices.Itiscalledthelawofsupplyanddemand.Supplymeanstheamountof,oraccessto,certaingoods.Demandrepresentsthenumberofpeoplewhowantthosegoods.Iftherearemoregoodsthanwanted,thepriceofthemfalls.Ontheotherhand,ifthedemandforthosegoodsismuchgreaterthanthesupply,thenpricerises.Ofcoursemanufacturersprefertos

24、ellmoregoodsatincreasedprices.ThemainpurposeofthisParagraphistotellusthat.A. EconomicPrinciplesB.LawofSupplyandDemandC.MoreGoods,LowerPricesD.FewerGoods,HigherPrices【考例2】Thereisnonecessaryconnectionbetweenthesymbolandthatwhichitstandsfor.Justassocialpositionscanbesymbolizedbyfeatherswornonthehead,by

25、goldonthewatchchain,orbyathousandotherthingsaccordingtotheculturewelivein,sothefactofbeinghungrycanbesymbolizedbyathousanddifferentnoisesaccordingtotheculturewelivein.（2005北京D）WhatcanweconcludefromParagraph2?A. Differentnoisemaymeandifferentthings.B. Ourculturedetermineswhatasymbolstandsfor.C. TheIa

26、nguageweusesymbolizesoursocialpositions.D. Oursocialpositionsdeterminethewaywearedressed.【考例3】ItseemsthattheEnglishmenjustcannotlivewithoutsportsofsomekind.AfamousFrenchhumoristoncesaidthatthisisbecausetheEnglishinsistonbehavinglikechildrenalltheirlives.Whereveryougointhiscountry,youwillseebothchild

27、renandgrown-upsknockingaballaboutwithastickorsomething,asifinBritainmenshallalwaysremainboysandwomengirls!Still,itcanneverbebadtogetexercise,canit?ThemainpurposeofParagraph1istotellusthattheEnglish.A.areallsportsloversB.behavelikechildrenC.liketokickaballaroundD.remainyoungbygettingexercise（四）张冠李戴。把

28、一个事物的特征说成是另一个事物的特征，因果倒置（把因说成果，把果说成因）；把他人的观点说成是作者的观点。命题者把文章作者的观点与他人的观点混淆起来，题干问的是作者的观点，选项中出现的却是他人的观点；或者题干问的是他人的观点，却把作者的观点放到选项中去。【考例1】Manyyearsago，whenIwasfreshoutofschoolandworkinginDenver，IwasdrivingtomyparentshomeinMissouriforChristmas.Istoppedatagasstation（加油站）about50milesfromOklahomaCity，whereIwas

29、planningtostopandvisitafriend.WhileIwasstandinginlineatthecashregister（收款台）,Isaidhellotoanoldercouplewhowerealsopayingforgas.（2006全国A）TheauthorplannedtostopatOklahomaCity.A.tovisitafriendB.toseehisparentsC.topayatthecashregisterD.tohavemoregasforhiscar【考例2】Asthepaperburns,itneedsoxygenandusesuptheox

30、ygen（air）inthebottle.Theeggactsasasealintheneckofthebottle,sonomoreaircangetinside.Thisreducestheairpressureinsidethebottle.Theairpressuremustequalize,somoreairfromoutsidemustenterthebottle.Theoutsideairpressureagainsttheeggandthentheeggispushedintothebottle!Theprovesthatairisallaroundandthatitispre

31、ssingdownonit.Intheexperiment,theburninginsidethebottlecan.A.equalizetheairpressureinsideandoutsideB.makeasealintheneckofthebottleC.finishuptheoxygeninsidethebottleD.producemoreoxygeninsidethebottle【考例3】Onefamoussurgeonalwaysmadeitaruletospendatleast15minutesongeneralreadingbeforehewenttosleepeachni

32、ght.Whetherhewenttobedat10p.m.or2.30a.m.madenodifferenee.Evenifyoucannotkeeptothiskindofdiscipline,itisagoodideatomakesureyoualwayshaveageneralinterestbookinyourpocket.DontforgetitshouldbeabookwhichentertainsyouandtheEnglishmustnotbetoodifficultforyou.ThefamoussurgeonmentionedinthefirstParagraphexem

33、plifiesthepeoplewho.A. makeitaruletoreadat10p.m.or2:30a.m.everydayB. areinthehabitofdoingregularreadingeverydaynomatterhowbusytheyareC. alwayshaveaninterestingbookintheirpocketsD. habituallygotobedlate【考例4】AyearagoAugust,DaveFusslosthisjobdrivingatruckforasmallcompanyinwestMichigan.Hiswife,Gerrie,wa

34、sstillworkinginthelocalschoolcafeteria,butworkforDavewasscarce,andthepriceofeverythingwasrising.TheFusseswereatriskofjoiningthemillionsofAmericanswhohavelosttheirhomesinrecentyears.ThenDaveandGerriereceivedatimelygift$7,000,alegacy（遗产）fromtheirneighborsIshandArleneHatch,whodiedinanaccident.madeEedfe

35、reneewhenweweregoingunderfinancially.”saysDav东（A009Accordinggothetext,theFusses.A.wereemployedbyatruckcompanyB.wereinfinancialdifficultyC.workedinaschoolcafeteriaD.losttheirhome【考例5】Thisisnotasurprisetopublichealthadvocates.Theyvestudiedtheeffectofstatetaxincreasesyears,findingthatsmokers,especially

36、teens,arepricesensitive.Norisitashocktotheindustry,whichfiercelyfightseverytaxincrease.Theonlywonderisthatsomanystatesinsistonclosingtheirearstothemessage.Tobaccotaxesimprovepublichealth,theyraisemoneyandmostparticularly,theydeterpeoplefromtakingupthehabitasteens,whichiswhennearlyallsmokersareaddict

37、ed.Yettherateoftaxationvarieswidely.Whatdoestheauthorthinkisasurprise?（2009山东C）A.Teensmokersarepricesensitive.B.Somestatesstillkeepthetobaccotaxlow.C.Tobaccotaxesimprovepublichealth.D.Tobaccoindustryfiercelyfightsthetaxrise.（五）正反倒置1. 把事实发生的顺序颠倒【考例1】Unlikeher1995autobiography,AfterAll,hersecondbookis

38、lessaboutlifeasanaward-winningactressandmoreaboutlivingwithdiabetes（糖尿病）.AllthemoneyfromthebookisintendedfortheJuvenileDiabetesResearchFoundation（JDRF）,anorganizationsheservesasinternationalchairman.Ifelttherewasaneedforabooklikethis,”shesays.IdidntwbutIwantedotherdiabeticstoknowthatthingsgetbetterw

39、henwereself-controlledanddoourpartinmanagingthedisease.”湖2南10B）Wecanknowthatbefore1995Mary.A.hadtwobookspublishedB.receivedmanycareerawardsC.knewhowtouseacomputerD.supportedtheJDRFbywriting2. 把事物的正面影响或负面影响反过来说。【考例2Wehavemettheenemyandheisours.Weboughthimatapetshop.Whenmonkey-pox,adiseaseusuallyfound

40、intheAfricanrainforest,suddenlyturnsupinchildrenintheAmericanMidwestitshardnottowonderofthediseasethatcomesfromforeignanimalsishominginonhumanbeings.“Mostoftheinfections（感染）wethinkofashumaninfectionsstartedinotheranimals“saysSteplMorsedirectoroftheCenterforPublicHealthPreparednessatColumbiaUniversit

41、y.（2009宁夏D）FromParagraphIwelearnthatthepetsoldattheshopmay.A.comefromColumbiaB.preventusfrombeinginfectedC.enjoybeingwithchildrenD.sufferfrommonkey-pox【考例3】Asthepaperburns,itneedsoxygenandusesuptheoxygen（air）inthebottle.Theeggactsasasealintheneckofthebottle,sonomoreaircangetinside.Thisreducestheairp

42、ressureinsidethebottle.Theairpressuremustequalize,somoreairfromoutsidemustenterthebottle.Theoutsideairpressureagainsttheeggandthentheeggispushedintothebottle!Theprovesthatairisallaroundandthatitispressingdownonit.Intheexperiment,theburninginsidethebottlecan.A.equalizetheairpressureinsideandoutsideB.

43、makeasealintheneckofthebottleC.finishuptheoxygeninsidethebottleD.producemoreoxygeninsidethebottle4.因果倒置（把因说成果，把果说成因）【考例4Ifyoulookforabookasapresentforachild.YouwillbespoiledforchoiceeveninayearthereisnonewHarryPotter.J.KRowlingswizardithnopasodecadehasbeenaharvestforgoodchildrensbooks,whichhassetoff

44、alargequantityoffilmndanincreasedsalesofclassicssuchasThelardoftheRings.（2007山东B）WhichofthefollowingistrueofParagraph1?A. Manychildrensbookshavebeenadaptedfromfilms.B. Manyhigh-qualitychildrensbookshavebeenpublished.C. Thesalesofclassicshaveledtothepopularityoffilms.D. Thesalesofpresentsforchildrenh

45、aveincreased.【考例5（2009安徽E）Arainforestisanareacoveredbytalltreeswiththetotalhighrainfallspreadingquiteequallythroughtheyearandthetemperaturerarelydroppingbelowl6C.Rainforestshaveagreateffectontheworldenvironmentbecausetheycantakeinheatfromthesunandadjusttheclimate.Withouttheforestcover,theseareaswoul

46、dreflectmoreheatintotheatmosphere,warmingtherestoftheworld.Losingtherainforestsmayalsoinflueneewindandrainfallpatterns,potentiallycausingcertainnaturaldisastersallovertheworld.Rainforestscanhelptoadjusttheclimatebecausethey.A. reflectmoreheatintotheatmosphereB. bringabouthighrainfallthroughoutthewor

47、ldC. rarelycausethetemperaturetodroplowerthan16CD. reducetheeffectofheatfromthesunontheearth4.把作者观点的反面说成是作者的观点【考例6InatimeoflowacademicachievementbychildrenintheUnitedStates,manyAmericansareturningtoJapan,acountryofhighacademicachievementandeconomicsuccess,forpossibleanswers.However,theanswersprovidedbyJapanesepreschoolsarenottheonesAmericansexpectedtofind.InmostJapanesepreschools,surpiisinglylittleemphasisis