francis-bacon解析

1、Essays 论说文论说文The Advancement of Learning The Advancement of Learning 知知识的进步识的进步Novum Organum 新工具新工具 Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition

2、 of business.For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best from those that are learned.To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament is affectation; to make judgm

3、ent wholly by their rules is the humour of a scholar.They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants that need pruning by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience.Crafty men c

4、ontemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them, for they teach not their own use, but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation.Read not to contradict and confute, nor to believe and take for granted, nor to find talk and discourse, but to weigh and consider.So

5、me books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention.Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made

6、 of them by others, but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of book; else distilled books are like common distilled waters, flashy things.Reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need

7、 have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not.Histories make men wise; poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle; natural philosophy, deep; moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to conten

8、d. Abeunt studia in mores.Nay, there is no stond or impediment in the wit, but may be wrought out by fit studies, like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises. Bowling is good for the stone and reins, shooting for the lungs and breast, gentle walking for the stomach, riding for the he

9、ad, and the like.So if a mans wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again. If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the schoolmen, for they are cumini sectores. If he be not apt

10、to beat over matters and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers cases. So every defect of the mind may have a special receipt. Men in great place are thrice servants: servants of the sovereign or state; servants of fame; and servants of business. So as they h

11、ave no freedom; neither in their persons, nor in their actions, nor in their times. It is a strange desire, to seek power and to lose liberty: or to seek power over others, and to lose power over a mans self. The rising unto place is laborious; and by pains, men come to greater pains; and it is some

12、times base; and by indignities, men come to dignities.The standing is slippery, and the regress is either a downfall, or at least an eclipse, which is a melancholy thing. Cum non sis qui fueris, non esse cur velis vivere. Nay, retire men cannot when they would, neither will they, when it were reason

13、; but are impatient of privateness, even in age and sickness, which require the shadow; like old townsmen, that will be still sitting at their street door, though thereby they offer age to scom. Certainly great persons had need to borrow other mens opinions, to think themselves happy; for if they ju

14、dge by their own feeling, they cannot find it; but if they think with themselves, what other men think of them, and that other men would fain be, as they are, then they are happy, as it were, by report; when perhaps they find the contrary within. For they are the first, that find their own griefs, t

15、hough they be the last, that find their own faults. Certainly men in great fortunes are strangers to themselves, and while they are in the puzzle of business, they have no time to tend their health, either of body or mind. Illi mors gravis incubat, qui notus nimis omnibus, ignotus moritur sibi.居高位者乃

16、三重之仆役：帝王或国家之臣，荣名之奴，事业之婢也。因此不论其人身、行动、时间，皆无自由可言。追逐权力，而失自由，有治人之权，而无律己之力，此种欲望诚可怪也。历尽艰难始登高位，含辛茹苦，唯得更大辛苦，有时事且卑劣，因此须做尽不光荣之事，方能达光荣之位。既登高位，立足难稳，稍一倾侧，即有倒地之虞，至少亦晦暗无光，言之可悲。古人云：“既已非当年之盛，又何必贪生？”殊不知人居高位，欲退不能，能退之际亦不愿退，甚至年老多病，理应隐居，亦不甘寂寞，犹如老迈商人仍长倚店门独坐，徒令人笑其老不死而已。显达之士率需借助他人观感，方信自己幸福，而无切身之感，从人之所见，世之所羡，乃人云亦云，认为幸福，其实心中往往

17、不以为然；盖权贵虽最不勇于认过，却最多愁善感也。凡人一经显贵，待己亦成陌路，因事务纠缠，对本人身心健康，亦无暇顾及矣，诚如古人所言：“悲哉斯人之死也，举世皆知其为人，而独无自知之明！”Merit and good works, is the end of mans motion; and conscience of the same is the accomplishment of mans rest. For if a man can be partaker of Gods theatre, he shall likewise be partaker of Gods rest. Et con

18、versus Deus, ut aspiceret opera quae fecerunt manus suae, vidit quod omnia essent bona nimis; and then the sabbath.行动之目的在建功立业，休息之慰藉在自知功业有成。盖人既分享上帝所造之胜景，自亦应分享上帝所订之休息。圣经不云乎：“上帝回顾其手创万物，无不美好”，于是而有安息日。In the discharge of thy place, set before thee the best examples; for imitation is a globe of precepts.

19、And after a time, set before thee thine own example; and examine thyself strictly, whether thou didst not best at first. Neglect not also the examples, of those that have carried themselves ill, in the same place; not to set off thyself, by taxing their memory, but to direct thyself, what to avoid.

20、Reform therefore, without bravery, or scandal of former times and persons; but yet set it down to thyself, as well to create good precedents, as to follow them. Reduce things to the first institution, and observe wherein, and how, they have degenerate; but yet ask counsel of both times; of the ancie

21、nt time, what is best; and of the latter time, what is fittest.执行职权之初，宜将最好先例置诸座右，有无数箴言，可资借镜。稍后应以己为例，严加审查，是否已不如初。前任失败之例，亦不可忽，非为揭人之短，显已之能，以其可作前车之鉴也。因此凡有兴革，不宜大事夸耀，亦不可耻笑古人，但须反求诸己，不独循陈规，而且创先例也。凡事须追本溯源，以见由盛及衰之道。然施政定策，则古今皆须征询：古者何事最好，今者何事最宜。Histories make men wise; poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle; nat

22、ural philosophy, deep; moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend. Abeunt studia in mores.Nay, there is no stond or impediment in the wit, but may be wrought out by fit studies, like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises. Bowling is good for the stone and reins, shooting for

23、the lungs and breast, gentle walking for the stomach, riding for the head, and the like.So if a mans wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again. If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the schoolmen, for they are cumini sectores. If he be not apt to beat over matters and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers cases. So every defect of the mind may have a special receipt.ScienceScienceBacons ideas were