American--Dialect--美国方言

1、Americans DialectA brief introduction about American”s dialect What is dialect The dialect is a variant of the language, according to nature, dialect can be divided into regional dialects and social dialects, regional dialects is a variant form of the language because of the geographical difference,

2、 is the branch on the different regions of the dialect of China Language is language development is not balanced geographical reflect. Social dialect form different social variants of the same territory members of society because the social differences in occupation, class, age, gender, and cultural

3、 upbringingFrom Sociolinguistic Perspective view of the U.S. dialect1 Social dialects2 Regional dialectsSocial dialectsReasons Characteristic Black EnglishREASONSA. 人口的迁移人口的迁移B.一般说来一般说来, 相对高收人和有教育背景的人相对高收人和有教育背景的人所持语言基本相同所持语言基本相同C.和中产阶级迁移不同和中产阶级迁移不同, 下层百姓的搬迁一下层百姓的搬迁一般不会使方言消失般不会使方言消失, 因为新的语言环境和旧因为新的语

4、言环境和旧的没什么不同的没什么不同CHARACTERISTIC 语言随情景而变化语言随情景而变化, 每个说话人都掌握各种语言变体每个说话人都掌握各种语言变体, 而而根据情景、话题和说话对象选择合适的方式。一般认为根据情景、话题和说话对象选择合适的方式。一般认为, 使用语言包括社会方言区别的语音特点。使用语言包括社会方言区别的语音特点。 一般认为社会地位较低的人群把后缀一般认为社会地位较低的人群把后缀in g 发音为发音为n , 而不是叻而不是叻例如例如: r u n n in , 代替代替r u n n in g。但是所有。但是所有的美国人的美国人,无论社会地位无论社会地位, 都在正式场合用都

5、在正式场合用们们; 同样还有同样还有用用t和和f代替代替幻幻, 如如wit和和 wif发发with ，对，对自己的语言没有把握的人经常挑剔他人的语言。一个突出自己的语言没有把握的人经常挑剔他人的语言。一个突出的例子是代词的例子是代词I , m e 。大多数人通常说。大多数人通常说: It s me. 但教师但教师们认为这个表达不对们认为这个表达不对, 而要求学生说而要求学生说: It s I。在此人们对。在此人们对是用是用m e或是或是I 很敏感。对有人用很敏感。对有人用John and me went home 反应强烈反应强烈。黑人创造的英语不注意过去时态和主谓一致。在现代黑人英语中常用H

6、e go 而不是He goes.黑人英语的显著特点就是动词可以表示完成、动作, 却不注意时态。S h e is in the hospital.在黑人英语中是S he in the hospital.(1 )She be in the hospital.(2 )She in the hospital.在(l) 中, 没有动词be 表示她已经在医院里一段时间了。(2 ) 中有be 表示她经常去医院。又如She be sillyShe silly.非标准英语的另一个语法特点是双否定现象, 如:You cant have no more John never did know nothing在标准英

7、语中这两句话分别为:You cant have anymoreJohn never did know anythingNEXT Regional dialectsThere are 8 major English dialect areas in North America, listed below the map at left. These are shown in blue, each with its number, on the map and in the Dialect Description Chart below, and are also outlined with bl

8、ue lines on the map. The first 6 of these begin at the eastern seaboard and proceed west, reflecting western settlement patterns.The many subdialects are shown in red on the map and in the chart, and are outlined with red lines on the map. All of these are listed in the margins of the map as well.In

9、 the Dialect Description Chartadditional features not shown on the map are provided for distinguishing the dialects.General Northern This is sometimes also refered to as General American and is used in almost two-thirds of the country. It breaks down into the dialect regions below:Northern New Engla

10、nd dialect许多美国北方方言均源于此，并随着西进运动深入到美国中西部。此方言因波士顿地区的传统政治经济地位，和哈弗大学的学术地位，而在美国广受尊崇。凯瑟琳 赫本是此口音的典型代表，这些人有时将炸面包圈称作“cymbals”, “simballs”, 和“boil cakes”。Eastern New England dialect这是所有美国方言中最特殊的一个，R通常不发音，但以元音结尾的词儿，却总是加上一个R；A被发作AH音，结果就有了“Pahk the cah in Hahvahd yahd”（把车停到哈弗）Boston city dialect和美国许多大城市一样，波士顿和美国许

11、多大城市一样，波士顿方言的形成并非地理原因，而是方言的形成并非地理原因，而是社会不同等级结构和种族构成的社会不同等级结构和种族构成的产物。泛波士顿方言使用最广，产物。泛波士顿方言使用最广，并且听起来和新英格兰东部方言并且听起来和新英格兰东部方言很像；还有一种被称为很像；还有一种被称为“新婆罗新婆罗门门”的本地方言，使用者主要是的本地方言，使用者主要是一些上层新贵族，就像电视连续一些上层新贵族，就像电视连续剧剧Gilligans Island中的百万富中的百万富翁翁Mr. Howell那样儿。那样儿。 Compared with the Eastern United States, the Co

12、mpared with the Eastern United States, the Western regions were settled too recently for Western regions were settled too recently for very distinctive dialects to have time to very distinctive dialects to have time to develop or to be studied in detail. Many words develop or to be studied in detail

13、. Many words originally came from Spanish, cowboy jargon, originally came from Spanish, cowboy jargon, and even some from the languages of the Native and even some from the languages of the Native Americans: Americans: adobe, beer bust, belly up, boneyard, adobe, beer bust, belly up, boneyard, bronc

14、o, buckaroo, bunkhouse, cahoots, corral, bronco, buckaroo, bunkhouse, cahoots, corral, greenhorn, hightail, hoosegow, lasso, mustang, greenhorn, hightail, hoosegow, lasso, mustang, maverick, roundup, wingding.maverick, roundup, wingding. Western DialectsWestern Dialects Southwestern dialectthere had

15、 already been as many as ten generations of Spanish speaking people living here, so the Mexican dialect of Spanish had an important influence on this area that became a melting pot for dialects from all over the USA. Some local words are: caballero, cantina, frijoles, madre, mesa, nana, padre, patio, plaza, ramada, tortilla. 。Some American Slanglow key 低调Ive been back and forth.我犹豫不定。squeezed juice 鲜榨的果汁juice with pulp 带果肉的果汁side effect 副作用He cant come to the phone now.他现在不能接电话herbal tea 花草茶Ready for a refill? 我再给你倒一杯吧？I l