常见化学官能团

1、含氧官能团不同的碳氧键会因其中原子杂化程度的不同而有性质上的差异。sp2杂化的氧原子有吸电子效应，而sp3则有给电子效应分类官能团名称化学式结构式英文前缀央义后缀酰卤卤代甲酰基RCOXAhaloformyl-oylhalide醇羟基ROHRQHhydroxy-ol酮谈基RCORE人R2keto-,oxo-one醛醛基RCHOXaldo-al碳酸酯碳酸酯ROCOOR%人。出alkylcarbonate竣酸盐竣酸根RCO-Ocarboxy-oateROR氢过氧基过氧化物编辘含氮官能团RCOOHRCOORROOHROORcarboxy-alkoxy-hydroperoxy-peroxy-oicaci

2、dalkylalkyletheralkylalkanoatealkylhydroperoxidealkylperoxide0xNa*乙酸钠过氧化甲乙酮二叔丁基讨氧化物分类官能团英义后缀名称化学式结构式英文前缀酰胺酰胺RCONRbdcarboxamido-amide伯胺RNHr-nc；hHamino-amine仲胺RNHKamino-amine股叔胺RNrR-NR,amino-amine季镂盐季镂阳离壬RN%RNrammonio-ammoniumn，h1而胺一级酮业股RC(=NH)R人imino-imine酰亚胺二级醛亚RC(=NR)H酰亚胺RC(=O)NC(=O)R叠氮化物叠氮根imino-i

3、mino-imino-imido-偶氮化合物.偶氮基RNRRXFC氟酸酯氟酸酯ROCNR4azo-cyanato-imine-imine-imine-imidealkylazide-diazenealkylcyanate甲基黄异月青RNCR-NEC异氟酸酯RNCOkJ异氟酸酯异硫氟酸酯RNCSX”弋硝酸酯硝酸酯RONOroR、N*0CTisocyano-isocyanato-isothiocyanato-nitrooxy-,nitroxy-I士-t=HC-41CM1自鼠整RCNE=1Mcyano-亚硝酸酯亚硝酸酯RONOnitrosooxy-alkylisocyanidealkylisocya

4、natealkylisothiocyanatealkylnitratealkanenitrilealkylcyanidealkylnitrite硝某化合物硝基RNOnitro-亚硝基化合物亚硝基RNOnitroso硝酸正戊酯苯甲月青亚硝酸异戊酯硝基甲烷口比噬及衍生物口比呢基RGHN亚硝基苯4-pyridyl编辑含磷、硫官能团(pyridin-4-yl)3-pyridyl(pyridin-3-yl)2-pyridyl(pyridin-2-yl)-pyridine与同族的氮和氧相比，有机磷化合物和有机硫化合物中的杂原子倾向于成更多的键。官能分类团名称化学式结构式英文前缀英文后缀例子RPphosph

5、ino-phosphaneH甲基丙基瞬磷酸磷酸二酯酯HOPO(OR)phosphoricaciddi(substituent)ester亚磷亚磷RP(=O)(OH)酸酯酸酯八phosphono-di(substituent)hydrogenphosphatesubstituentphosphonicacidDNA亚磷酸苇酯磷酸酯磷酸酯ROP(=O)(OH)OHphospho-硫醴硫醴RSRdi(substituent)sulfideOHHOOh3-磷酸甘油醛二甲基硫醴sulfonyl-di(substituent)sulfone二甲基碉sulfosulfinyl-substituentsulf

6、onicaciddi(substituent)sulfoxide二苯基亚碉硫醇筑基RSHR-Smercapto-,sulfanyl-thiolSH乙硫醇硫鼠酸酯硫位酸酯RSCNthiocyanato-alkylthiocyanate二硫化物二硫铤RSSRalkylalkyldisulfide二苯基二硫化物煌基根据所含汽键的不同，不同的煌基官能团具有不同的性质。注意：烷煌基（如甲基、亚甲基）不算官能团，而苯基是官能团。分类官能团名称化学式结构式央乂刖缀央乂后缀例子H烷姓:烷基RHalkyl-ane代出H甲烷HH烯督烯基RC=CRalkenyl-eneC=CHH快基ROCRR=R*alkynyl-yne乙烯H-C=C-H乙快爰及衍生物苯基RCHRPhphenyl-benzene异丙苯Br甲苯及衍牛物苇基RCHCHRBnbenzyl-1-(substituent)toluene澳甲苯编辑含卤素取代基卤代烧中含有碳-卤素键,键能随卤素不同而有变化。一般除氟代煌外,卤代煌都可发生亲核取代反应和消去反应。分类取代基名称化学式结构式英文前缀英文后缀例子卤代烷卤代RXR-Xhalo-alkylhalide氯乙烷氟代烷氟代RFRFfluoro-alkylfluorideF1H吁、hH