新编跨文化交际英语教程_参考答案Unit

1、Unit3CulturalDiversityReadingIDifferentLands,DifferentFriendshipsComprehensionquestions1. WhyisitcomparativelyeasytomakefriendsintheUnitedStatesBecausefewAmericansstayputforalifetime.Witheachmove,formingnewfriendshipbecomesanecessityandpartoftheirnewlife.2. Dopeoplefromdifferentcountriesusuallyhaved

2、ifferentexpectationsaboutwhatconstitutesfriendshipandhowitcomesintobeingYes.Thedifficultywhenstrangersfromtwocountriesmeetistheirdifferentexpectationsaboutwhatconstitutesfriendshipandhowitcomesintobeing.3. HowisfriendshipinAmericadifferentfromfriendshipinWestEuropeInWestEurope,friendshipisquitesharp

3、lydistinguishedfromother,morecasualrelationships,isusuallymoreparticularizedandcarriesaheavierburdenofcommitment,whileinAmericatheword“friend”canbeappliedtoawiderangeofrelationshipandafriendshipmaybesuperficial,casual,situationalordeepandenduring.4. Inwhatcountrydoesfriendshiphavemuchtodowithone'

4、;sfamilyAndinwhatcountrydoesitnotInGermany,friendshiphasmuchtodowithone'sfamilyasfriendsareusuallybroughtintothefamily,whileinFranceitdoesn'tas,forinstance,twomenmayhavebeenfriendsforalongtimewithoutknowingeachother'spersonallife.5. WhatisfriendshiplikewhenitiscompartmentalizedForinstanc

5、e,amanmayplaychesswithafriendforthirtyyearswithoutknowinghispoliticalopinions,orhemaytalkpoliticswithhimforaslongatimewithoutknowingabouthispersonallife.Differentfriendsfilldifferentnichesineachperson'slife.6. WhatarefriendshipsusuallybasedoninEnglandEnglishfriendshipsarebasedonsharedactivity.Ac

6、tivitiesatdifferentstagesoflifemaybeofverydifferentkinds.Inthemidstoftheactivity,whateveritmaybe,peoplefallintostepsandfindthattheyparticipateintheactivitywiththesameeasyanticipationofwhateachwilldodaybydayorinsomecriticalsituation.7. DoyouthinkfriendshipsharessomecommonelementsindifferentculturesIf

7、youdo,whataretheyYes.Thereistherecognitionthatfriendship,incontrastwithkinship,invokesfreedomofchoice.Afriendissomeonewhochoosesandischosen.Relatedtothisisthesenseeachfriendgivestheotherofbeingaspecialindividual,onwhatevergroundsthisrecognitionisbased.Andbetweenfriendsthereisinevitablyakindofequalit

8、yofgive-and-take.8. WhatdoyouthinkisthetypicalChineseconceptoffriendshipIsitsimilartoordifferentfromanyoftheWesternfriendshipsItseemsthatthetypicalChineseconceptoffriendshiplaysgreatemphasisonpersonalloyaltyandalsohasmuchtodowithfamily.ItmaybesimilartoGermanyfriendshiptosomeextentandquitedifferentfr

9、omotherWesternfriendships.ReadingIIComparingandContrastingCulturesComprehensionquestions1. HowisthemainstreamAmericanculturedifferentfromtheJapanesecultureAmericansbelievethathumannatureisbasicallygoodandmanisthemasterofnature.Theyarefuture-orientedand“being”-oriented.Theirsocialorientationistowardt

10、heimportanceoftheindividualandtheequalityofallpeople.However,theJapanesebelievethathumannatureisamixtureofgoodandevil.Manisinharmonywithnature.Theyarebothpast-orientedandfuture-oriented.Andtheyareboth“growing-"and“doing-"oriented.Theygiveemphasistoauthoritiesandthegroup.2. Canyoufindexampl

11、estosupporttheauthor'sviewoftraditionalculturesindifferentvalueorientationsForexample,thetraditionalIndianculturebelievesthatmanissubjugatedbynatureanditisbeing-oriented(whichcanbeexemplifiedbyitscastesystem).Also,traditionalChinesecultureispast-oriented,foremphasishaslongbeengiventolearningfrom

12、theoldandpast.3. WhydoAmericanstendtoequate“change”with“improvement”andregardrapidchangeasnormalConcerningorientationtowardtime,Americansaredominatedbyabeliefinprogress.Theyarefuture-oriented.Theybelievethat“timeismoneyandhaveanoptimisticfaithinthefutureandwhatthefuturewillbring.Sotheytendtoequate“c

13、hange”with“improvement"andconsiderarapidrateofchangeasnormal.4. Whatdoes“ElectricEnglishman"meanwhenitisusedtodescribetheAmericanAsforactivity,Americansaresoaction-orientedthattheytendtobehyperactive.That'swhythattheyhavebeendescribedas“ElectricEnglishmen”,whoalwayskeepthemselvesbusy.5

14、. HowwouldyouexplainthefactthatcontradictoryvaluesmayexistinthesamecultureAstimechangesfasterandfasterandthereismorecontactbetweencultures,itismorelikelytofindcontradictoryvaluesexistinginthesameculture.Thisisespeciallythecaseinasocietythatisbeingtransformedfromatraditionaloneintoamodernone.Forexamp

15、le,intheJapaneseculture,somepeoplemaystillbeverypast-orientedandsomeareratherfuture-oriented,andeventhesamepeoplemaybesometimespast-orientedincertainsituationsandsometimefuture-orientedinothersituations.6. WhatcanwegetfrommodelsofthiskindaboutculturaldifferencesModelsofthiskindarequiteusefulingiving

16、roughpicturesofstrikingcontrastsanddifferencesofdifferentcultures.However,suchamodelonlycomparesculturesonsomebasicorientations.Itdoesnottelluseverythingabouteveryconceivableculture.Wehavetorecognizethatmodelsofthiskindareover-simplificationsandcanonlygiveapproximationsofreality.7. Doculturalvaluesc

17、hangeastimechangesYes,thevaluesmaybeintheprocessofmarkedchangeduetorapidmodernizationandglobalization.However,theyhaveawayofpersistinginspiteofchange.Theevolutionofvaluesisaslowprocess,sincetheyarerootedinsurvivalneedsandpassedonfromgenerationtogeneration.8. Howiscommunicationinfluencedbydifferingcu

18、lturalvaluesPuttingpeoplefromonecultureintoanotherculturewithradicallydifferentvalueorientationscouldcausestress,disorientation,andbreakdownsincommunication.CaseStudyCase 9HierarchyissignificantintheJapaneseculture.ThisstructureisreflectedeverywhereinJapaneselife,athome,school,community,organization

19、s,andtraditionalinstitutionssuchasmartialartsorflowerarrangements.Inthiscase,theyoungchairmanmusthavehadhisownideasabouthowtomanagethecompany;however,whenencounteredwithhisgrandfather'sdissentingopinions,hedarednottotakeastandagainsthim.ThismaymanifesttherigidhierarchicalstructureintheJapaneseso

20、ciety.IntheJapanesesociety,howhierarchyisformeddependsmainlyonseniority,socialroles,andgender.Asarespectableseniormemberofthefamilyandtheformerleaderofthecompany,thegrandfatherobviouslyoverpoweredtheinexperiencedyoungchairman.Inotherwords,thegrandfatherseemedtobeanabsoluteauthorityfortheyoungchairma

21、n.InJapaneseculture,challengingordisagreeingwithelders'opinionswouldbedeemedasbeingdisrespectfulandisoftencondemned.Peopleinlowerpositionsareexpectedtobeloyalandobedienttoauthority.That'swhytheyoungchairmandidn'tsayanythingbutjustnoddedandagreedwithhisgrandfather.ButPhilseemedtoknowlittl

22、eabouttheJapanesecultureinthisaspect.InmanyWesterncultures,particularlyAmericanculture,seniorityseldommattersverymuchinsuchsituations,andyoungpeopleareusuallyencouragedtochallengeauthorityandvoicetheirownopinions.Unfortunately,hisoutspokenprotestcouldeasilyoffendthegrandfatherandhemightberegardedasa

23、rudeandill-bredpersonbyotherJapanese.Case 10InJapan,acompanyisoftenverymuchlikeabigfamily,inwhichthemanger(s)willtakegoodcareoftheemployeesandtheemployeesareexpectedtodevotethemselvestothedevelopmentofthecompanyand,ifitisnecessary,tosacrificetheirownindividualinterestsfortheinterestsofthecompany,fro

24、mwhich,inthelongrun,theemployeeswillbenefitgreatly.ButfortheFrench,acompanyisjustaloosely-knitsocialorganizationwhereinindividualsaresupposedtotakecareofthemselvesandtheirfamilies.Moreover,thewaytheFrenchmakedecisionsinthefamilymightalsobedifferentfromthetypicalJapaneseone,whichmaynotofteninvolvefem

25、alesandthepowertodecideusuallylieswiththedominatingmale.AstherearesuchculturaldifferencesbetweentheJapaneseandtheFrench,Mr.Legrand'sdecisionmadeMr.Tanakafeeldumbfounded.Case 11Incidentssuchasthesecanpointtopossibleculturaldifferencesinso-called“polite”behavior,andatthesametimehighlightthetendenc

26、yforpeopletoreactemotionallytounexpectedbehavior.Peopleinmostcultureswouldprobablyagreethatanapologyisneededwhenanoffenceorviolationofsocialnormshastakenplace.However,theremaybedifferingopinionsastowhenweshouldapologize(whatsituationscallforanapology)andhowweshouldapologize.TomanyWesterners,JapaneseapologizemorefrequentlyandanapologyinJapanesedoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthepersonisacknowledgingafault.TomanyJapanese,WesternersmayseemtoberudejustbecausetheydonotapologizeasoftenastheJapanesewoulddo.Inthiscase,forinstance,theattitudeoftheAustralians