考研英语2000阅读及翻译

1、考研英语2 0 00-阅读及翻 译作者:日期:2 000 Passage 11. A histor y o f 1 ongandef f ortlesss u cc ess canbead read f ulhan dicap, but,if pro p e rlyhan dled, itmaybecomea d ri vi ngforce.When the Unite d St a tes entere d just such a glowing p e riod a ft er the e nd of theSec ond W or 1dW ar, i thadam a rke te ig

2、httimesla rger than anyc ompet i tor,g ivingit s in d ust ri e s unpa r a l1 e 1 ed econ o m ies o f sc a le . It s s cienti s ts were t h e wo rld's b e st, it s w o r k ers th e most ski 1 led . A meric a and Am ericans we r e prospe r ou s be yon d t he dream s of th e Europ e a n s a nd As i

3、 ans whose e con o mie s t he war had d e stroyed.一段长时间并且 不费力而成功的历史可能成为一种 可怕的不利因素，但若处理得当，这种不 利因素也有可能转化为一种积极的推动力。二战结束后，美国恰好进入了这样的一个辉煌时期，当时，它拥有比任何竞争者大8倍的市场，这使其工业经济具有 前所未有的规模经济。美国的科学家是世上最优秀的，它的工人是最富于技术的。美国的国富民强是那些经济遭到战争破坏的 欧亚诸国做梦也无法达到的。I t was in e v i table th a t t his p r i ma c y shoul d have na r

4、rowe d as othe r co untries g rew r i cher. J ust as i nev itabl y, t he r etreat from pre dominanc e pr o v edpain ful . By the mid-1 98 0s Ame ricans hadf o und the m selves ata lossover t heir f a d ing industrial comp et i tiv en ess .S omehu g e Am ericanind ust ties, su c h a scon s umerele ct

5、r on ics,hads h runk o r van ishedin t h e fac e of f o reign c ompetit i o n.B y 1987 there wa s only one Am e rican tele v isi o n m aker left, Zenit h . (Now th ere is n one: Zenith was bought by South Ko r ea's LG Elect r onic s i n July.) Fo r eign ma d e car s and texti 1 es were s w e epi

6、ng int o the d om est i c market. A m eri c a z s mach i ne-tool industry was on t h e ropes . 2 For a while it loo k e d as t h ou g h the m a ki ng ofs emicon ductor s,whi ch America ha d i n v e nted and w hich satat t hehe a rto f thenewc omputer a g e, was going t o be the n e x t ca su a l t y

7、.随着其他国家日益强盛，美国的这一优势地位逐渐下降是不可避免的。从优势地位上退出的痛苦也同样是不可避免的。到了 80年代中期，面对其日益衰退的工业竞争力，美国人感到不 知所措。面对国外竞争，一些大型的美国工业，如消费电子产业，已经萎缩或渐渐消失。至J1987 年，美国只剩下Zeni t h这一家电视生产商。(现在一家也没有了 :Ze n ith于当年7月被韩国 LG电器公司收购。)外国制造的汽车和 纺织品正在大举进入国内市场。美国的机床工业也即将 灭亡。人们曾一度感觉下一个在海外品牌面前全军覆没的似乎该轮到美国的半导体制造业了，而在新计算机时代有着核心作用的半导体正是美国人发明的。All of

8、 this c a used a crisis of con f i den c e. Ame r icans stop p ed taking p rosper i ty for g r an t ed. They began to b e lieve th a t th e i r wa y o f do ing business was f ail i ng , and that t heir inco m e s would t heref o re shortl y begin to fall a s w el 1 . The m id-198 0 s b r ought o nee

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12、 neartalancat theagef matrity a rd 新 o i70-yealdo , therarstwc asnanywcmena men Buttnegret universal malm(rtal y is begchngedlo 曲oybabiesrvivelmost 石 well 或rlsdo Th s meathat;orthe fi t rtimejherw i ljben exess of b oyn thec uu da ly 弱rswhe they a re Cin for a mae Nbr amponffandterchancr natu r aser

13、 dion h出 b史njemved Fi f tvasago,the chanc&acbaKpaticularlynay bb m wdghLAk ilo gamtooligho rfoo. feav yn 箪ntimost rta in de OhToda y naksalmo no dffr en也 Sncem ch oft he variaon isedtognes, oie m ea方nt fev cutinhasgone做男人总是充满危险，出生时男女比例大约是10 5:10 0,但到了成熟期，这一比例几乎持平，而在70岁的老人中女性是男性的两倍，但是男性死亡率普遍偏高这种情

14、况正在改变，现在 男婴存活率几乎同女婴一样高。 这就意味着男孩到了寻找伴侣的关键年龄将首次出现男孩过剩现象。更重要的是，又一次自然选择的机会不复存在了。5 0年前，婴儿（尤其是男婴）存活的机会取决于体重，过轻或过重几乎意味着必死无疑。今日体重几乎不起什么作用，因为大部分差异是由基因引起的，又一个进化的因素消失了。There is ano t he r waytoco m m i t e vol u tionary suicide : stayalive , buth a ve fewer children .F ew p e o ple are as fert i le as in t hep

15、a st. Excep t in some rel i g ious c ommunities, v e ry fewwomen has 1 5 chi ldren. N owadays t h e number of b i rths , l i ke the ag e of death, h a s become averag e . Most of us h ave roughly t h e s a me n umber of offspring.2- Aga in,d i f ferenc es b e tw e en pe o ple and theo ppo r t unity

16、fo rna tu r a l se1 e c ti on totake a d vantag eof it have d i min ish ed .India s hows what ish appening. The cou ntry offerswealth fora fewin thegr e at cities an d p overty for th e re mainin gtr i balpeo ples .3-The grandme d iocrity of today - eve r yone being th e same ins ur v iv a la nd num

17、berof offs pring -means th a t natural s election has lost80% of i ts po we r i n u pper-middle-cl ass India compa red to the tr i be s.进化自杀还有另一种方法：存活，但少生孩子。现在没有几个人像过去那样具有旺盛的生 育力。除了在一些宗教社区之外，没有几名妇女有1 5个孩子。当今婴儿出生的数量同死亡年龄 一样已趋于平均化，我们多数人的 子女数量大致相同。人与人之间的差异和利用差异进行自然选 择的机会再一次减少。印度可以说明正在发生的一切。这个国家给大城市里的少数

18、人提供财富，而给其余的各部落民族以贫困。今天这种极其显著的平均化一一每个人的生存机会和子女数量都 相同一一意味着与部落相比较，自然选择在印度中、上层已经失去了 80%的效力。For u s, th i s mea n s tha t evoluti o n i s over; the biolog ical U t o p ia has a r r i ved. S t range 1 y, it hasi nv o l v ed li t tle p hysi c a 1 ch a n g e.No o t her spe c iesfil 1 s somanyplacesinnature.

19、But in thepa s t100,000 years- even thep ast100y ears-our1 i v es havebeentransform ed but our bod i es ha v e not. We di d not evolve , because mac h ines ands o cie t y did itfo rus.4.D a rwinhada ph r ase to descr ibe t h o s e i g nor ant of ev olution: they"1 ook at an organi c being asasa

20、vage1 o ok sa ta shi p ,asa t something whollybey ond his compr eh e n sion ." No do ubtwew ill remember a20thc e ntu ry wayo f lifeb eyo n dcomprehensi onforits u g 1 ines s.Buthow everamazedourdescendant s mayb eat howfar f ro mU t opiawewe r e,they wil1 look just like u s .对我们来说，这意味着进化已经结束；生

21、物学上的乌托邦已经降临。奇怪的是，这一过程几乎 丝毫没有牵涉到身体上的变化，没有其他物种充斥着自然中如此多的空间。但在过去的10万年今一甚至过去的100年中，我们的生活发生了 变化，但我们的身体却没变。我们没有进化。因 为机器和社会替我们办了这一切。达尔文有一句话描述那些对进化一无所知的人，他们“看有机的生命如同野人看船，好像看某种完全不能理解的东西”。毫无疑问，我们将记住20世纪的生活方式，尽管对其丑陋之处不得其解，但是，不管我们的子孙后代对我们离乌托邦的理想境界还差多远感到有多么惊讶，他们的样子会同我们差不了多少。20 0 0 Pas sage 31 Wh e n a new move m

22、 e nt in art attains a c ertainfashion, it isad v isable t o find out what its ad v oca t es a reaimi ngat ,for, how everfar f etc h ed and unrea son able th e i r pr i n c ip1 es may seemtoday, it ispo s sible that inyear s tocomethe ymaybe regardeda s no rmal.2.Wi t h regard toF u turis tpoetry, h

23、owev er, t hecase is r a t he r difficu1t , fo r whatever Fu t u ri s tpoetrym aybe even ad mi tti n g thatthe theory on whic h it i sbasedmay ber ight it can hard ly be classedas Literat u re .当一场新的艺术运动形成某种时尚时，理应弄清其倡导者的目标所在，因为无论他们的 准则在今天看来是多么 牵强附会、不可思议，将来都有可能被视为正常的。然而，就未来派诗歌而言,情况却相当不同，因为无论未来派诗歌为何物一

24、一即使承认其理论根据可能正确，也很难称之为文学。T h is, in bri e f, is what the Futurist s ays: f o r a c e ntury, past c o ndit ions of lif e have been c o n d i tionall y s p e e d ing up, t i ll now we l i ve in a world o f n o ise and viol e n c e and s pe e d . Consequently, our feeling s,thou ghtsand em otionshaveu n

25、der gonea cor respond ingc h a nge.T h is sp eedi ng upo f life, say sthe Futurist,requires anewform o f e x pression. W e mu s t s p eed up our liter a ture to o , i f we want to in t erpretmo dernst r e s s. 3. Wemustpour outa1argestream of es senti a1words ,u n h a m pered byst o ps,or qualifying

26、 adje c t i v es, or finite v erbs . Inste a d of d escribi ng sounds we must mak e up words t h at imitat e t hem; w e mus t use many si z es of typ e and d if f e r e nt col o r ed in k s on the sam e page, and s h or ten or lengthenwords a twil 1 .简而言之，未来派诗人宣称：一个世纪以来，过去的生活一直在有条件地急剧变化；现在，我们生活在一个充斥

27、着喧嚣、暴力和快节奏的世界之中。因此，我们的感情、思想和情绪都经历 了相应的变化。未来派诗人声称，这种加速的生活节奏需要一种新的表达形式。如果我们想诠释现代生活的压力，就必须加快文学发展的步伐。我们必须大量使用基本词汇，摆脱句号，修饰性形容词及限定动词的羁绊。我们不应描绘声音，我们必须造出模仿声音的词语；我们必须在同一 张纸上使用不同型号和不同颜色的墨水，任意缩短或加长词语。Certainly their desc r iptio ns o f b a t tle s are confu s e d. 4. Bu t it isa li tt 1 eups et t i ngto rea d

28、i n theexplan ator ynotes t hatacertainline describe s afightbetwee naT ur k ishandaBulga rianofficer on a bri d geoffwhichth eybo t h fa1 linto th e river- andthen to fin d tha t thel i ne consists ofthe n ois e o f thei r fal1i ng andthe weight s of th e o f f i cers: " P l u ff! Pluf f! A hu

29、ndred and ei g hty f i ve ki log rams."他们对战斗的描述确实让人很难理解。但是读到一句描写战斗的诗行的注解时，则令人有 点生厌，注解中说该诗描写了一名土耳其军官和一名保加利亚军官在一座桥上发生了搏斗，结果双双从桥上掉进河中一一结果，诗把他们两人落水的声音和体重写在了一起：“扑通！扑通！185公斤JT his, though it fulf i 11s the law s and require me nts of Futurist p o e try, can ha r dly b e classed as L ite r ature. 5. A

30、ll the s ame , no t h inking m an ca n refuse to accept th e ir f irst p r opo s ition : th a t a great c hang ein ou r e m o tio n a1 lif ecal 1 s for achange o fexpression. Thewhol eque s tion i s rea 1 l y this : have we esse n tiall ychang e d?尽管这符合未来派诗歌的 规则和要求，却很难被归入文学之列。实际上 ，没有一个善于思考 的人会拒绝接受他们

31、的第一个 观点：即情感生活的巨大变化要求表达方式也随之变化。实际问题是：我们发生了根本的变化吗？2000 P a ssage 41 Aimlessne s s h as ha r dl y be e n t y pic a l of t hepost war Ja p a nwhose p roductivity and s oci al har m ony are th e envy of t h e U n i ted S t a te s and E ur o p e . But i nc r ea s ingly t he Jap anese are seein g a d e cl

32、i ne of th e t r a d i t ional wor k - mo r al values. Ten years ag o young people w ere hardwo r king an d saw their jobs as t he i r primar y reason fo r bei n g, but now Japan has largely f ulfilled its e c o n omic needs , an d young pe o ple d on't knoww here th e y shou 1 d go next.战后日本的生产

33、率和社会的 和谐为美国和欧洲所称羡，因此 漫无目标很难说是战后日本的 特色。但是，日本人正在经历传统工作道德价值观的日益衰退。10年前，日本人工作勤奋，将工作视为他们存在的主要理由，但现在日本大体上已经满足了其经济需求，年轻人却不知道他们下 一步的目标在哪里。2 The c om i ng of ag e of the pos t w ar ba b y boom and a n entry of w o men in t o the male- do min ated jobmarket have li m ited t h e opportuni t ies o f teenager s

34、who are a 1 ready q uestion ing th e heavy p ersonal sacrifice s i n volved in climbing Japan's rigid s o c ial lad d er to good sch o o ls a n d jo b s. In a recent survey , it was f o und that only 24. 5 per cent o f J apanese students were full y s atisfied with s c h o ol life, c o mpa red w

35、i t h 6 7. 2 p ercent of st udents i n the United St a t e s. In ad d ition , f a r mo r eJapan e s e wor k ers expressed dissa t i s f act i on with their j ob s than did t heir coun t er parts in t he 10 oth e r cou n t ries surv e y ed .s,私pa ese _ banic al am iig. overeativity and s eSfoeXThoseo

36、cra c P arty'sducatiom m让teFrstratia一 mid theryqmarconserval 用ders a return poehreep sis omoai educafiOnE year , M its) eoya miwhoswh educat 血化 rmrasedeyebro w whehisarg idihalib a Jr refornnstrocl Uc eyth 6Ame jican ocupatontholies ftr WoTWar hadveak a d the1 Japaneorality oespect r parentWHe c

37、ten,traisleby roagnrs for itm phrisQnth bai c s, Epi esedcauo ten sfo strss t d 隘 ngandec anic al am iig overeativity and s 困foexphose thhastsdo n dt. sow up jntestsc res, -personaObyi, go irae or Kim nityarecometely)iord,sayTcsnik履用 chi imaofthe rulin LibeDH ocracParty'sucatiom mitteenstratiam

38、insFth k d f thincleadsscto dp 汨 不 runlw." .Lta yearJlpan expeced225incdents o6svHenc iratu idg 9 a s 冉 s ontea ch s Amid th eyurtaiconserval 田ders a e s kiBut th y e山 hife-s tylesJa pn， uestfow heer you civ ocandr 乙硒 fully 76cp t检wh©cornu nrgendur' dlen±hycommus(t . crowded ncod

39、ition, b it ahe)ld eake thediormft is bnii ig toell 厂Ja aneseior e iat ewn dstilkell bdowtha ofite Inite State has ncre>e by mo than 50ten tansuic i s dave increed by near-quartrmy havmore dotith J an的 li torokouro,' i's ie迨r a quesfowmeerwu jobandyor ffeb让 oinyhowuchv ocanddr ecjiQ ic gr

40、oh ha.aone. oentalif r "t f J span's19 nUnoni t £ is livein cit _eseity 由d tee或end fail jhave be abablednfaor fi ckted, t og era tn hoiuhofe. UrbJapanesve 1 o 工ztr双els。andJomw rk)andJgrou pnd 自m ly values .I nthe。st decadtfeie bdowth a ofi te的大家庭已经成为过去，而取而代之的是单门独户的两代之家。城市里的日本人长期 忍受着漫长

41、的上下班来回路程和拥挤不堪的居住条件，随着旧的群体家庭道德观的削弱，令人不舒服的结果 开始显现出来。在过去1 0年中，日本的离婚率，尽管仍远在美国之下，已经上升了50%,而自杀事件则上升了近1/4 o2 0 0 0 Passag e 51. If ambit i on i s to be w e ll regarded , t he r ewards o f ambition 一 we a 1th, dist i n c tio n , c o n t rol ov e r on e's destin y - must be d e e med wo r t h y oft he s

42、acrifice s made on ambitio n / s behalf. 2. If t he tradit io n o f am b itio n is t o ha v e vi t ali t y, i t must be widely share d ; a nd i t especia 1 l y must be highly regarded b y peo p le who are the mse 1 v es admired, thee d u c a ted not leas t among them. I n a n odd wa y, how e ver,it

43、ist he ed u c a ted whohavecl aimed to h a ve g i veup on ambi t ion a s an id e a 1 . Wh a t is odd i s t h at t he y h ave pe r haps m o s t b e nef i ted from am b iti on i f not a 1 way s the i r own the n t h at of th e ir parents and gr a n d p arents. 3. Th ere is a heavy note of hypo c risy

44、in this, a c a se of cl o s i ng the barn door after the horses have esca ped - wit h the educ a ted t hem selves ri d ing on t hem.个人的雄心如果能被正确看待的话，那么它的回报一一财富、声誉、对命运的掌握一一则应该被认为值得为之付出 牺牲。如果雄心的传统具有 生命力，那么它就应该受到广泛的推崇，尤其应该受到那些自身得到他人羡慕的人们的高度重视，当然那些接受过良好教育的人也应包括在内。然而，恰恰是那些受过良好教育的人却不可思议地声称他们已经放弃了雄心壮志这一理想。

45、奇怪的是他们已经从雄心壮志中获益颇多了一一如果不是他们自己的雄心，那么就是他们父母的和祖父母的。这其中有着浓厚的 虚伪色彩，恰如马跑后再关上马厩的门那样，而受过良好教育的人 自己正骑在那些马背上。4. Cer t ainly p e ople d o n o t s eem less i n ter e s te d in su c ce s s and its s i gns n ow than f o rm erly. S u mm e r ho m es, E u ro p ean t rav e l, B MWs 一 T he locations, p1 acenames andnam

46、e br and s mayc hange, bu t suchit e m sd o not seem1ess in demandtoda ythan adecade o r two years ago .5. Whathas ha ppe ne disthat pe o p le c an n o tcon fess ful1yt o their dreams,a seasilyand ope nl y as on ce they coul d ,les tthey b e th o ughtp u shi ng, acquis iti ve and vulgar. 6 Instead ,

47、 we ar etreated t o finehy po c ritica l spectacles, w hich now m o reth an ever seem in am p le supply: t h e c r iti c of Ameri c an m a te r ia 1 i s m wi t h a Sou t h a mpt o n su m mer home ;thep ub 1 ishe r ofr ad ical b ooks wh ot a kes h i s mealsi n three-starre sta u rants; thejournalista dv ocating part ici patorydemoc r acy in all phas e s of life,whoseown children a ree n ro1 ledin p r ivate s c h o o ls. Fo r s uch peo pl eand many more p erha p snotso exceptional , t