2011考研英语阅读长难句练习

1、2011年硕士研究生入学考试英语辅导阅读理解魔道之争，水火不容。然我辈常误入歧途，至于走火入魔而不知。易筋洗骨，正本清源，不二法门之端也，篇名易筋经之深意也。做题分三步，先本后末再选择，从我正道，勿走邪道，切记，切记。 题型总揽题型即招数，参透对手招数，知己知彼，百战不殆。题型定义特征解题对策例题主旨题考查全文或段落主旨题干标志词：main ideamainly aboutprimarilycenter (focus) onpurposein order to 段落主旨题题干一般会指明某一段落1找主旨句是关键，主旨句一般在文章首尾或段落首尾。2如果文章开头写的是例子、细节；现象、问题；旧观点、

2、大众观点；这些就不会是主旨句，应该略过这些内容，往下找概括性、总结性、转折的句子，这才是主旨句。3没有明显主旨句时，可把各段段意相加归纳。4根据全文内容的详略判断主旨，主题着墨多，写得详。5主旨题答案特征：抽象是解，具体不是解。6主旨题可放在最后做。态度题考查对某一事物、现象和人的态度。题干标志词：attitude ,in ones opinion, impression, tone, view,1在文章中找带有情绪色彩的词、句。2注意对比处、比较处。3注意相关事物好的方面写得多（暗示作者积极的态度），还是差的方面写得多（暗示作者消极的态度）。态度题选项常用词：(1)approving hum

3、orous positive emotionalsympathetic instructive optimistic complimentaryinformative subjective(2)critical questioning ironic depressed pessimisticdoubtful pessimistic prejudiced mockingdisapproval disappointed unconcerned partial(3) neutral indifferent objective concerned标题题考查文章的标题题干标志词：tittle1标题总是和

4、全文主旨有关，做标题题时，要选择与全文主旨、或主要谈论对象最接近的一项2标题不能太宽，没有涉及全文主要谈论对象3标题也不能太窄，仅涉及文章某一部分4标题题没把握时，还可以反过来思考，这一个标题按照常规应写些什么，原文是否这样写了例证题考查某一个例子说明什么题干标志词：exampleillustrate experiment1答案在例子前一句、后一句；若例子占据一整段，则答案存在前一段、后一段。2例子本身不是解。释义题考查对文章中某一个单词、词组、句子的理解。题干标志词：引号，mean， refer to1瞻前顾后原则。观察考点前后表示相同、相似或相反意义的词、同位语、定语，注意破折号、冒号。2

5、带入法，将选项带入原文，从语义、语法、逻辑上判断是否正确。3结构法，分解单词、词组，猜测大意4熟悉的词汇，一定不能选基本含义，答案一定是其引申含义。细节题题干涉及文章某一细节的题1根据题干信息词，迅速在原文找到出处，原文说什么就选什么，原文没说的不能选。2正确答案有时是原文的某些信息或同义代换。3较难的题目，原文是一个或多个具体信息，正确答案将之概括成一个信息。推理题就文章某一信息进行推理，体会言外之意。题干标志词：deduce conclude imply infer indicate learn from， judging from， suggest1推理题答案往往是相关内容的综合概括、引

6、申发展。2答案必然在原文中有依据，但又不能是原文中明确提到的，即立足原文，做到三个“不行”：不推不行，推过不行，推错了也不行。3推理题的答案往往在长难句处、虚拟语气处、对比处、比较处等。 十大埋伏埋伏处，生与死之交也，敌欲困我于此，我偏冲出囹圄。考场时间，分秒必争。搜索路标，快慢有律。遇见埋伏，三思而行。今列出十大埋伏，皆为出题人偏爱之处，题目路标，常隐含其中。暴露对手命门，大快朵颐。1文章首尾，段落段首：2 转折处，对比处：（1）but，however，nevertheless，although；含蓄转折，通过过去与现在对比，或It seems that、Its said that等句型表达

7、。（2）morethan, not so much as , lessthan, would rather 3 强烈语气处：especially, particularly, true, surprisingly, 4 双重否定处：表肯定，实为强调 5 列举、举例处：常出细节题、例证题。如first, second, third, for example, for instance, 6 数字处、年代处，专有名词处：常出细节题 7 因果处：连词：because of, therefore, consequently, 动词：cause, result, originate from, unde

8、rlie,名词：basis, result, consequence8 长难句处：常出推理题：虚拟语气处、强调句、形式主语、从句套从句、同位语、插入语、if, when等引导的条件句9 特殊标点符号处：如冒号“：”、引号10 最高级、绝对化的词：如the best, most, worst, never, must, all, only, everyone, anything, 干扰项特点我辈常苦众多干扰，似是而非，真假难辨，实不知江湖之险恶也。守住原文，识别干扰，方能铲除心魔，修成正果。1 有无之辨：干扰项是原文没有提到的。2 正反之辨：干扰项内容与原文相反。3 深浅之辨：正确答案往往涉及深

9、层次内容，如与文章主旨有关、或比较抽象概括。干扰项往往比较浅显，如涉及某个细节。 4 强弱之辨：原文没有用绝对化的词，干扰项含有绝对化的词，往往不能选，如only, all, never, every。但注意，如果原文中出现绝对化的词，则要根据原文选择。5 宽窄之辨：把原文某个细节、某个词的范围扩大或缩小是出题人常用之伎俩，一定要注意原文相关内容的使用范围。6 答非所问：某一个选项在文章中的确出现，本身没错，但题目问的不是这个问题。7 指鹿为马：一个单词有多种含义，某选项中该词的含义与文章中该词的含义不一样，此项一定为干扰项。另一种情况，选项中一个单词与原文某个单词长得很像，但意思完全不同，此

10、项一定是干扰项。8 偷梁换柱：干扰项大体上与原文所述相同，但其中某处被换成其他内容。9 主客之辨：动作的发出者变成了动作的接受者；或客观内容变成了主观看法。古云：重剑无锋，大巧不工。研习易筋经，常思常练，初则按部就班，如履薄冰；继而游刃有余，行云流水，以至于全无羁绊，随心所欲，任其千变万化，出手是招，当其所时，可谓天下无敌矣。2009及2010真题建议用来作考前训练！其余真题中划线的句子必须准确理解！2008年真题回顾Text 1While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be w

11、ay ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New Yorks Veterans Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have

12、shown that sex hormones somehow affects the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemi

13、cal responses became equal to those of the males.Adding to a womans increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress. “Its not necessarily that women dont cope as well. Its just that they have so much more to cope with,” says Dr. Yehuda. “Their capacity for tolerating

14、 stress may even be greater than mens,” she observes, “Its just that theyre dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in mor

15、e of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family numbers, and they t

16、end not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but wad determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that tha

17、t was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.” Later her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “Its the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”Not everyone experiences the

18、 kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarezs experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.21.

19、Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?A Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.B Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.C Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.D Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress

20、.22. Dr. Yehudas research suggests that women _.A Need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.B Have limited capacity for tolerating stress.C Are more capable of avoiding stress.D Are exposed to more stress.23. According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be _.A domestic and tempo

21、rary.B irregular and violent.C durable and frequent.D trivial and random.24. The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”(Line 6, Para. 5) shows that _.A Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.B Alvarezs salary barely covered her household expenses.C Alvarez got paychecks from different j

22、obs.D Alvarez paid practically everything by check.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A Strain of Stress: No Way Out?B Responses to Stress: Gender DifferenceC Stress Analysis: What Chemicals SayD Gender Inequality: Women Under StressText 2It used to be so straightforward

23、. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept

24、the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer. The Internet and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money fro

25、m government-funded research by restricting access to it is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University

26、in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment

27、 in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more tha

28、n 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones wer

29、e indentified by the reports authors. There is the so called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the

30、 paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a

31、 paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.26. In the first paragraph, the author discusses _.A the background information of journa

32、l editing.B the publication routine of laboratory reports.C the relations of authors with journal publishers.D the traditional process of journal publication.27. Which of the following is true of the OECD report?A It criticizes government-funded research.B It introduces an effective means of publica

33、tion.C It upsets profit-making journal publishers.D It benefits scientific research considerably.28. According to the text, online publication is significant in that _.A it provides an easier access to scientific results.B it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.C it emphasizes the crucial

34、role of scientific knowledge.D it facilitates public investment in scientific research.29. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to _.A cover the cost of its publication.B subscribe to the journal publishing it.C allow other online journals to use it freely.D compl

35、ete the peer-review before submission.30. Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage?A The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.B A new mode of publication is emerging.C Authors welcome the new channel for publication.D Publication is rendered easier by online service.T

36、ext 3In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, a

37、nd managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, todays

38、 people- especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations- apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they arent likely to get any taller. “In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, weve pretty much gone as far as we can go,”

39、says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and

40、 nutrients notably, protein to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern know

41、n as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height- 59 for men, 54for women- hasnt really changed since 1960.Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty

42、 passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. “There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic arch

43、itecture of the individual organism,” says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.Genetic maximums can change, but dont expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and wor

44、kstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, “you could use todays data a

45、nd feel fairly confident.”31. Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to _.A illustrate the change of height of NBA players.B show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S.C compare different generations of NBA players.D assess the achievements of famous NBA players.32. Which of the following plays

46、a key role in body growth according to the text?A Genetic modification.B Natural environment.C Living standards.D Daily exercise.33. On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?A Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.B Human height is conditioned by the

47、upright posture.C Americans are the tallest on average in the world.D Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.34. We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future _.A the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.B the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.C gene

48、tic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.D the existing data of human height will still be applicable.35. The text intends to tell us that _.A the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.B human height is becoming even more predictable.C Americans have reached their genetic growth

49、 limit.D the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.Text 4In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw- having extracted them from the months of his slaves.Thats far dif

50、ferent image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost

51、certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nations early leaders and the fragile nature of the

52、countrys infancy. More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong and yet most did little to fight it.More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste f

53、or slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was “like having a large bank account,” says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washi

54、ngton, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution,” including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.And the statesmens political li

55、ves depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved i

56、nto 13 states, including three slave states.Still, Jefferson freed Hemingss children- though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War,

57、 overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.36. George Washingtons dental surgery is mentioned to _.A show the primitive medical practice in the past.B demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.C stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history.D reveal