2019考研英语五夜十篇讲义何

1、惊喜关注【最强】人的精神家园！2019英语五夜十篇2019英语五夜十篇讲义主讲人：何凯文目录英语一：1. 1第一篇：. 3第二篇：第三篇：科学研究5第四篇：科学研究7第五篇：美国法律9第六篇：美国法律11. 13第七篇：美国第八篇：美国教育15第九篇：英国政治17第十篇：数据监管19英语二：21第一篇：办公语言21董事23第二篇：第三篇：美国报业25使用27第四篇：第五篇：人机竞赛29附录31. 31第一篇：科学0惊喜关注【最强】人的精神家园！2019英语五夜十篇类型33第二篇：第三篇：英国福利35第四篇：英国乡村37之殇39第五篇：GDP1惊喜关注【最强】人的精神家园！2019英语五夜十篇第

2、一篇：Two years ago, Rupert Murdochs daughter, Elisabeth, spoke of the “unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions. Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the mechanism in society should be profit and the market. But its us, human beings, we

3、the people who create the society we want, not profit.”Driving her point home, she continued: “Its increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose，of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom.” This same absence of

4、 moral purpose was wounding companies, such as News International, she thought, making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.As the hacking trial concludes-finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to h

5、ack phones, and finding the predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge-the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands. Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people. This is hacking on an industrial scale, as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, theman hired

6、 by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.for phone hacking.In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place. One of the astonishing revelation

7、s was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived. The core of her successful defense was that she knew nothing.In todays world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be

8、 accountable for what happens in the organizations that they run. Perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business-fr

9、iendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words degraded to the margin have been justice, fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote readerunderstanding, to be fair in what was written or to

10、betray any common huma. Itwas to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions-nor received traceable, recorded answers.1英语一：惊喜关注【最强】人的精神家园！2019英语五夜十篇36. A

11、ccording to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset byAthe consequences of the current sorting mechanism.Bcompanies financial loss due to immoral practicesCgovernmental ineffectiveness on moral issues.Dthe wide misuse of integrity among institutions.37. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that

12、AGlenn Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime.Bmore journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.CAndy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge.Dphone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.38. The author believes that Rebekah BrookssdefenceArevealed a cunningBcentered on trivial

13、 issues.Cwas hardly convincing.Dwas part of a conspiracy.ality.39. The author holds that the current collective doctrine showsAgenerally distorted values.Bunfair wealth distribution.Ca marginalized lifestyle.Da rigid moral code.40. Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?AThe quali

14、ty of writings is of primary importance.BCommon humais central to news reporting.CMoral awareness matters in editing a newspaper.DJournalists need stricter industrial regulations.2惊喜关注【最强】人的精神家园！2019英语五夜十篇第二篇：A new survey by Harvard University Americans disapprove of President Trumpsfinds more use o

15、fthan two-thirds of young. The implication is thatMillennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other sources, not a presidents social media platform.Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people may be starting

16、 to beef up their media literacy skills. Such a trend is badly needed. During the 2016 presidential campaign, nearly a quarterof web content shared byusers in the politically critical state of Michigan wasfake news, according to the University of Oxford. And a survey conducted byBuzzFeed News found

17、44 percent of the media giant.users rarely or never trust news fromYoung people who are digital natives arebecoming more skillful atseparating fact from fiction in cyberspace. A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between ages 14 and 24 found they use “distributed trust” to verifyst

18、ories.Theycross-checksourcesandprefernewsfromdifferentperspectivesespecially those that are open about any bias. “Many young peopleassume a great deal ofal responsibility for educating themselves and activelyseeking out opposing viewpoints,” the survey concluded.Such active research can have another

19、 effect. A 2014 survey conducted in Australia, Britain, and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young peoples reliance on social media led to greater political engagement.Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also pe

20、rmitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests. This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along information. A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is “reader error,” more so than made-

21、up stories or factual mistakes in reporting. About a third say the problem of fake news lies in “misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news” via social media. In other words, the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue. “Thisindicates there is a realal responsibility

22、 in counteracting this problem,” saysRoxanne Stone, editor in chief at Barna Group.So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skillsand in their choices on when to share on social media.3惊喜关注【最强】人的精神家园！2019英语五夜十篇26. According to the P

23、aragraphs 1 and 2, many young Americans cast .A the justification of the news-filtering practice Bpeoples preference for social media platforms Cthe administrations ability to handle informationDsocial media was a reliable source of newsdoubton27. The phrase “beer up” (Line 2, Para. 2) is closest in

24、 meaning to. AboastB defineC sharpen Dshare28. According to the Knight Foundation survey, young people. Atend to voice their opinions in cyberspaceB verify news by referring to diverse resourcesC have a strong sense of social responsibility Dlike to exchange views on “distributed trust”29. The Barna

25、 survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is. Areaders misinterpretationB journalists biased reportingC readers outdated values Djournalists made-up stories30. Which of the following would be the best title for the text? AA Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting Trend BA Rise in Cri

26、tical Skills for Sharing News OnlineCThe Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social MediaDThe Platforms for Projection ofal Interests4惊喜关注【最强】人的精神家园！2019英语五夜十篇第三篇：科学研究In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers

27、who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experiences. Prior knowledge and interests influence what we ex

28、perience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes

29、 collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researchers me, here, now becomes the commu s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery

30、claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectualcredit. But, unlike with mining claims, the commutakes control of what happensnext. Within the complex social structure of the scientific commu, researchersmake discoveries; editors and reviewers agatekeepers by controlling thepublication pro

31、cess; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works its way through the commu , the interaction and confrontation between shared and com

32、peting beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individuals discoveryclaim into the commus credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing knowledge that is viewed as incomplete

33、or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new search, not research. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge an

34、d potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else ha

35、s thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claima process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described

36、 as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each others reasoning and each others conceptions of reason.”5惊喜关注【最强】人的精神家园！2019英语五夜十篇31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized its.A uncertainty and complexity Bmisconception and

37、 deceptiveness Clogicality and objectivityDsystematicness and regularityby32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires. Astrict inspectionB shared effortsC individual wisdom Dpersistent innovation33. Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it.Ahas

38、 attracted the attention of teral publicB has been examined by the scientific commuC has received recognition from editors and reviewers Dhas been frequently quoted by peer scientists34. Albert Azent-Gyorgyi would most likely agree that. Ascientific claims will survive challengesB discoveries today

39、inspire future researchC efforts to make discoveries are justified Dscientific work calls for a critical mind35. Which of the following would be the best title of the test? ANovelty as an Engine of Scientific Development BCollective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery CEvolution of Credibility in Doing

40、 ScienceDChallenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science6惊喜关注【最强】人的精神家园！2019英语五夜十篇第四篇：科学研究“The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers,”wrote Queen Liliuokalani, Hawaiis last reigning monarch, in 1897. Star watchers were among the most esteemed members of Hawaiian society. Sadly, all is not well with ast

41、ronomy in Hawaii today. s have erupted over construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT), a giantobservatory that promises to revolutionize humas view of the cosmos.At issue is the TMTs planned location on Mauna Kea, a dormant volcano worshiped by some Hawaiians as the Piko that connects the Haw

42、aiian Islands to the heavens. But Mauna Kea is also home to some of the worlds most powerful telescopes. Rested in the Pacific Ocean, Mauna Keas peak rises above the bulk of our planets dense atmosphere, where conditions allow telescopes to obtain images of unsurpassed clarity.Opposition to telescop

43、es on Mauna Kea is nothing new. A small but vocal group of Hawaiians and environmentalists have long viewed their presence as disrespect for sacred land and a painful reminder of the occupation of what was once a sovereign nation.Some blame for the current controversy belongs to astronomers. In thei

44、r eagerness to build bigger telescopes, they forgot that science is not the only way of understanding the world. They did not always prioritize the protection of Mauna Keas fragile ecosystems or its holiness to the islands inhabitants. Hawaiian culture is not a relic of the past；it is a living cultu

45、re undergoing a renaissance today.Yet science has a cultural history, too, with roots going back to the dawn of civilization. The same curiosity to find what lies beyond the horizon that first brought early Polynesians to Hawaiis shores inspires astronomers today to explore the heavens. Calls to dis

46、assemble all telescopes on Mauna Kea or to ban future development there ignore the reality that astronomy and Hawaiian culture both seek to answer big questions about who we are, where we come from and where we are going. Perhaps that is why we explore the starry skies, as if answering a primal call

47、ing to know ourselves and our true ancestral homes.The astronomy commuis making compromises to change its use of MaunaKea. The TMT site was chosen to minimize the telescopes visibility around the island and to avoid archaeological and environmental impact. To limit the number of telescopes on Mauna

48、Kea, old ones will be removed at the end of their lifetimes and their sites returned to a natural state. There is no reason why everyone cannot be welcomed on Mauna Kea to embrace their cultural heritage and to study the stars.7惊喜关注【最强】人的精神家园！2019英语五夜十篇26. Queen Liliuokalanis remark in Paragraph 1 i

49、ndicates.A her conservative view on the historical role of astronomyB the importance of astronomy in ancient Hawaiian societyC the regrettable decline of astronomy in ancient timesD her appreciation of star watchers feats in her time27. Mauna Kea is deemed as an ideal astronomical site due to.A its

50、geographical featuresB its protective surroundingsC its religious implicationsD its existing infrastructure28.TheconstructionoftheTMTisopposedbysomelocalspartlybecause.A it may risk ruining their intellectual lifeB it reminds them of a humiliating historyC their culture will lose a chance of revival

51、D they fear losing control of Mauna Kea29.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph5thatprogressintodaysastronomy.A is fulfilling the dreams of ancient HawaiiansB helps spread Hawaiian culture across the worldC may uncover the origin of Hawaiian cultureD will eventually soften Hawaiians hostility30.The authors a

52、ttitude toward choosing Mauna Kea of.A severe criticismB passive acceptanceC slight hesitancyD full approvalas the TMT site is one8惊喜关注【最强】人的精神家园！2019英语五夜十篇第五篇 美国法律On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizonas immigration law Mondaya modest policy victory for the Obama Admi

53、nistration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administrations effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contestedprovisions of Ar

54、izonas controversial plan to have state and localenforcefederal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization” and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial. Arizona had attempted to fashion state pol

55、icies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Courts liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held that Congress had deliberately “occupied the field” and Arizona had thus intruded on the federals privileged powers.However, the Justices said that Arizonawould be allowed to verify thelegal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement. Thats because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and exp