英语专四模拟题听写答案

1、269TVRatingsChildrenintheUnitedStateswatchfromonetofivehoursoftelevisioneveryday./That'salotoftelevision!/Teachersandparentsdon'tlikealotofthechildren'stelevisionprograms./Theythinkalotoftheseprogramsarenotsuitableforchildren./Forthisreason,everytelevisionprograminAmericahasarating./Ther

2、atingstellparentsabouttheprogram./Parentscanchecktheratingsinthenewspaperandthisgivesparentsachoice./TV-Gprogramsaresuitableforallages,andfamilieswatchthemtogether./TV-Yprogramsaresuit-ableforchildren2-6,andtheydon'tfrightenchildren./TV-PGprogramsaresuitableforsomechildren,buttheycanfrightenchil

3、dren./SomeparentswatchtheseprogramswiththeirchiIdren./Then,theycananswertheirchildren'squestions./TV-14programsaresuitableforchildren14andolder./TV-MAprogramsareforadults,17andolder./Theyarenotsuitableforchildren./268TheFunctionsoftheFamilyThefamilyfulfilsanumberofroles,/suchasprovidingeducation

4、andrecreationalactivities./Yetthereareseveralmajorfunctionsperformedbythefamily./First,unliketheyoungofanimals,/humaninfantsneedconstantcareandeconomicsecurity./Inallcultures,thefamilyassumesultimateresponsibilityfortheprotectionofchildren./Second,parentsmonitorachild'sbehavior/andtransmittheval

5、uesandlanguageofaCulturetothechild./Third,ideally,thefamilyprovidesmemberswithwarmandintimaterelationships/andhelpsthemtofeelsatisfiedandsecure./Unlikeotherinstitutions,thefamilyisobligedtoservetheemotionalneedsofitsmembers./Finally,familyresourcesaffectchildren'sabilitytopursuecertainopportunit

6、ies/suchashighereducationandspecializedstudy./Itisapparent,then,thatthefamilyhasbeenassigned/atleastfourvitalfunctionswithinhumansocieties./267StressAsthepaceoflifecontinuestoincrease,/wearefastlosingtheartofrelaxation./Onceyouareinthehabitofrushingthroughlife,/itishardtoslowdown./Butrelaxationisess

7、entialforahealthymindandbody./Stressisanaturalpartofeverydaylife./Infact,itisnotthebadthingitisoftensupposedtobe./Acertainamountofstressisvitaltoprovidemotivation./Itisonlywhenthestressgetsoutofcontrol/thatitcanleadtopoorperformance./Theamountofstressapersoncanwithstanddependsverymuchontheindivid-ua

8、l./Somepeoplearenotafraidofstress,/othersloseheartatthefirstsignsofunusualdifficulties./Sincewecannotremovestressfromourlives,/weneedtofindwaystodealwithit./266LawsBeforelawswerewritten,therewasnosureway/ofknowingwhatwaspermittedandwhatwasforbid-den./Onejudgemightapplyonesetofrulestoacase/whileanoth

9、erjudgemightapplycompletelydifferentrulestoasimilarcase./Italldependedonthepersonaljudgmentofoneperson./Todaywefollowthecustomofrecordingourlaws./Rulespassedbyourlawmakersareprintedandavail-ableforeveryonetosee./Unlesslawsarepubliclyavailable,/wedonotregardthemasbinding./Eachofusissubjecttomanydiffe

10、rentsetsoflaws./Somelawssaywhatispermitted,suchashowfastyoumaydrive./Otherlawssaywhatisrequired,suchaspayingafederalincometax./Stillotherlawssaywhatisprohibited,suchassmokinginelevators./IntheUnitedStates,federallawsapplytoeveryone/andstatelawsapplytoactivitieswithineachstate./265ThanksgivingDayThan

11、ksgivingDayisoneofthemosttrulyAmericanholidaysintheUnitedStates/andismostcloselyconnectedwiththeearliesthistoryofthecountry./In1620,thesettlers,orPilgrims,sailedtoAmericaontheMayFlower,/seekingaplacewheretheycouldhavefreedomofworship./Afteratwo-monthtempestuousvoyagetheylandedatPlymouth,Massachusett

12、sintheicyNovember./Duringtheirfirstwinter,overhalfofthesettlersdiedofstarvationorepidemics./Thosewhosurvivedbegansowinginthefirstspring./Allsummerlongtheywaitedfortheharvestswithgreatanxiety,/knowingthattheirlivesandthefutureexistenceofthecolony/dependedonthecomingharvest./Finallythefieldsproducedar

13、ichyieldbeyondexpectations./Andthereforeitwasdecided/thatadayofthanksgivingtotheLordbefixed./Yearslater,aPresidentoftheUnitedStatesproclaimedthefourthThursdayofNovemberasThanksgivingDayeveryyear./ThecelebrationofThanksgivingDayhasbeenobservedonthatdateuntiltoday.264TheFatherandHisSonsAfatherhadafami

14、lyofsonswhowereperpetuallyquarrelingamongthemselves./Whenhefailedtohealtheirdisputes,/hedeterminedtogivethemapracticalillustrationofdisunion;/andforthispurposehetoldthemtobringhimabundleofsticks./Whentheyhaddoneso,heplacedthefaggotintothehandsofeachoftheminsuccession,/andorderedthemtobreakitinpieces

15、./Theytriedwithalltheirstrength,andwerenotabletodoit./Henextopenedthefaggot,/tookthesticksseparately,onebyone,/andagainputthemintohissons1hands,uponwhichtheybrokethemeasily./Hethenaddressedtheminthesewords:/f,Mysons,ifyouareofonemind,andunitetoassisteachother,/youwillbeasthisfaggot,uninjuredbyallthe

16、attemptsofyourenemies;/butifyouaredividedamongyourselves,/youwillbebrokenaseasilyasthesesticks.f,263SleepSleepispartofaperson'sdailyactivitycycle./Thereareseveraldifferentstagesofsleep,andtheytoooccurincycles./Ifyouareanaveragesleeper,yoursleepcycleisasfollows./Whenyoufirstdriftoffintosleep,your

17、eyeswillrollaboutabit,yourtemperaturewilldropslightly,/yourmuscleswillrelax,andyourbreathingwillslowandbecomequiteregular./Yourbrainwavesslowdownabit,too,/witharhythmofratherfastwavespredominatingforthefirstfewminutes./ThisiscalledStage1sleep./Forthenexthalfhourorso,asyourelaxmoreandmore,/youwilldri

18、ftdownthroughStage2andStage3sleep./Theloweryourstageofsleep,thesloweryourbrainwaveswillbe./Thenabout40to69minutesafteryouloseconsciousness/youwillhavereachedthedeepestsleepofall./Yourbrainwillshowthelargeslowwaves./ThisisStage4sleep.262SocialandPhysicalDistanceSocialdistancemayaffecthowopenlyemploye

19、esspeakabouttheirwork./Peopleofthesamerankmaytalkfranklytooneanotherabouthowthingsaregoing./However,theymaybelesshonestwithsomeonehigherupinthehierarchy/forfearofprejudicingtheirpositioninthecompany./Forthisreasonemployeesoftenalterthefactstotellthebosswhatheorshewantstohear./Onewayofreducingsociald

20、istanceistocutclowntheways/inwhichemployeescanindicatehigherstatus./Physicaldistancecanaffecthowwellpeoplecommunicate./Thefartherawayonepersonisfromanother,thelessoftentheycommunicate./Someresearchhasshownthatwhenthedistanceismorethan10meters,/theprobabilityofcommunicatingatleastonceaweekisonly8%./T

21、hemostimportantthingforallmanagerstoremember/isthatcommunicationisatwo-wayprocess./Theyshouldencouragetheiremployeestoaskquestions/andtoreacttowhatthemanagersaresaying.261TheHistoricalSignificanceofAmericanRevolutionTheAmericanRevolutionrepresentsthelinkbetweentheseventeenthcentury,/inwhichmodernEng

22、landbecameconsciousofitself,/andtheawakeningofmodernEuropeattheendoftheeighteenthcentury./ItmayseemstrangethatthemarchofhistoryshouldhavehadtocrosstheAtlanticOcean,/butonlyintheNorthAmericancoloniescouldastraggleforcivicliberty/leadalsotothefoundationofanewnation./Here,inthepopularrisingagainsta“tyr

23、annicalgovernment,/thefruitsweremorethanthesecuringofafreerconstitution./Theyincludedthegrowthofanationhorninlibertybythewillofthepeople,/notfromtherootsofcommondescent,/ageographicentity,ortheambitionsofkingordynasty./WiththeAmericannation,/forthefirsttime,anationwasborn,/notinthedimpastofhistory/b

24、utbeforetheeyesofthewholeworld.260SaltWedonotknowwhenmanfirstbegantousesalt,/butwedoknowthatithasbeenusedinmanydifferentways./Historicalevidenceshowsthatpeoplewholivedover3,000yearsagoatesaltedfish./ThousandsofyearsagoinEgypt,/saltwasusedtoembalmthedead./Stealingsaltwasconsideredamajorcrimeduringsom

25、eerasofhistory./Inthe18thcentury1,ifapersonwascaughtstealingsalt,/hecouldbeputinjail./Saltwasanimportantitemonthetableofroyalty./ItwastraditionallyplacedinfrontoftheKingwhenhesatdowntoeat./IntheearlydaysintheU.S.,saltwasveryscarce./Sothestorekeeperofpioneerdayswasverycarefulwithhissalt./inthemodernw

26、orldsalthasmanyusesbeyondthediningtable./Itisusedinmakingglassandairplaneparts,/growingcropsandkillingweeds.259Thereareveryoftenstrongopinionsexpressedaboutwhatmakesagoodwine./Atasimplelevel,agoodwineisonethatyouenjoydrinking./Butwhydoyoupreferonewinetoanother?/Tojudgeawinetherearethreebasicsensesth

27、athavetobeemployed:/thesenseofsight,thesenseofsmell,andthesenseoftaste./Ofthesethree,tasteisbyfarthemostcomplex,butsightandsmellarepowerful./Thewrongcolourorthewrongsmellenablesawinetobediscarded/withouttasteevenbeinginvolved./Havingexaminedthewine,/youcannowgetonanddrinkit./Buttryandrememberyourcon

28、clusions,/foritisonlybybuildingupyourownpersonaltastebankmemory/thatyoucanprogressasawinetaster./Itisnotdifficult,anditisgreatfun.Cheers!258AmericanWeddingCustomsWeddingdaysareoftenconsideredthemostimportantdayofmanypeople'slives./Forthismasonalone,throughoutthepastandintomodernday,/numerouscust

29、omsandsuperstitionshavedevelopedaroundtheweddingevent,/inhopesofcreating"ThePerfectDay'1./Averycommoncustomstillhonoredtoday/isinreferencetoatime-oldsaying:/somethingold,somethingnew,somethingborrowed,somethingblue,/andasilversixpenceinsideyourshoe./Sooldisthisthattracingitbacktoitsoriginat

30、ionisnearlyimpossible./The“old”isbelievedtobethefriendsandfamilyattendingthewedding./The“new”isrepresentedbythecouplethemselves,asa“new”union./The“borrowed”issomethingfromthefamiliesthatistobereturned./Something"blue"isinterpretedtorepresentthebride'svirginity./Thesixpencecanbeanyformo

31、fmoney,tuckedintothebride'sshoe,/thistobringwealthtotheunion,bothinmonetarymeansandlove.257OpportunityOpportunitiesdon'tcomeoften./Theycomeeveryonceinawhile.Veryoften,theycomequietlyandgobywithoutbeingnoticed./Therefore,itsadvisablethatyoushouldvalueandtreatthemwithcare./Whenanopportunitycom

32、es,/itbringsapromisebutneverrealizesitonitsown./Ifyouintendtofulfilloneofyourambitions,youmustworkhard./Otherwise,youwilltakenoadvantageofopportunitieswhentheyvisityou./Thedifferencebetweenasuccessfulmanandonewhoisnotliesonlyintheirwayoftreatingopportunities./Thesuccessfulpersonalwaysmakesadequatepr

33、eparationstomeetopportunities./Theloser,ontheotherhand,workslittleandjustwaitstoseethempassby./Thereareplentyofopportunitiesforeveryoneinoursociety,/butonlythosewhoarepreparedadequatelyandqualifiedhighly/canmakeuseofthemtoachievetheirpurpose./Chancefavorsthemindsthatareprepared.256TelevisionTelevisi

34、on,althoughnotessential,hasbecomeanimportantpartofmostpeople'slives./Italterspeople'swaysofseeingtheworld;/inmanyways,itsupportsandsustainsmodernlife./Televisionhasbecomeababy-sitter,anintroducerofconversations,/themajortransmitterofculture,akeeperoftradition./YetwhatcanbeseenonTVinonedayisc

35、riticallyanalyzed./Itbecomesevidentthattelevisionisnotareaderbutasustainer;/thepoorqualityofprogrammersdoesnotelevatepeopleintogreaterunderstanding,/butrathermaintainsandencouragesthelifeasitexists./TheprimaryreasonforthelackofqualityinAmericantelevision/isrelatedtoboththehistoryofTVprogramdevelopme

36、ntandtheeconomicsofTV./Thecloserelationshipwhichtheadvertisershadwithradioprograms/becamethesystemforAmericanTV./Sponsorsnotonlypaidmoneyfortimewithinprograms,/butmanyactuallyproducedtheprograms.255Self-conceptTheself-conceptisacomplexstructure./Thiscomplexityisillustratedbytheideaofmultipleselves./

37、Weseemtobeadifferentpersonineachofmanydifferentsituations./Anexamplemayclarifythisconcept.First,pictureyourselfatanathleticevent./Now,contrastthisimagewithoneofyourselvestakingafinalexam./Finally,imagineyourselfatworkonaverybusyday./Youshouldprobablydescribeyourselfdifferentlyineachsetting./Whichima

38、geisreallyyou?Ofcourse,allare./Wehavemultipleselves,eachdependentonacontext.Togethertheyformourself-concept./ltisthecontextthatmakescertainaspectsofourself-conceptmoreimportantataparticularmoment./Selfconceptiscomposedofourbeliefs,values,andattitudes./Ourbeliefsgiveourself-conceptstheirsubstance,/ou

39、rvaluesgivethemaspirationsandstandards,/andourattitudesgivethemmotivation./Thesethreeelementsprovideastructureinwhichwedevelopandbuildourselves.254HemingwayAmericanwriterHemingwaywasborninOakPark,Illinois./Hestartedhiscareerasawriterinanewspaperofficeattheageofseventeen./Duringthe1920s,Hemingwaybeca

40、meamemberofthegroupAmericanslivinginParis,/whichhedescribedinhisfirstimportantwork,TheSunAlsoRises./EquallysuccessfulwasAFarewellToArms,/thestudyofanAmericanambulanceofficer'sdis川usionmentinthewarandhisroleasadeserter./Hemingwayusedhisexperienceasareporter/duringtheCivilWarinSpainasthebackground

41、forhismostambitiousnovel,/ForWhomtheBeltTolls./Amonghislaterworks,themostoutstandingistheshortnovel/TheOldManandTheSea,/thestoryofanoldfisherman'sjourney,/hislongandlonelystrugglewithafishandthesea,/andhisvictoryindefeat./NowHemingwayistheclassicsymbolofbravery,orstrongman.253GlobalTextProjectBo

42、oksareahighcostofhighereducation./ButtheGlobalTextProjecthopestocreateafreelibraryofonethousandelectronictextbooks/forstudentsindevelopingcountries./Theaimistooffersubjectsthatstudentsmaytakeintheirfirstfewyearsatauniversity./Thebookscouldbeprintedorreadonacomputer/orcopiedontoaCDorDVD./TheGlobalTex

43、tProjectisanewtechnology,/thefreeencyclopediathatanyonecaneditontheInternet./Butonlyoneortwopeoplewillbeabletomakethefinaleditsintexts./Theprojectincludesacommitteeofscholars,/mostlyfromdevelopingcountries,/toadviceonrequiredtextbooksandtheircontent./Thegroup'sfirstbookoninformationsystemsisbein

44、gtestedinIndonesia./ProjectorganizersalsowanttooffertextbooksinArabic,ChineseandSpanish./TheyareworkingwithatranslationcompanyintheUnitedStates.252ChristmasDayChristmasDay,the25thofDecember,/isthebiggestfestivalcelebratedintheChristiancountriesoftheworld./AlthougheveryoneenjoysChristmasDay,itisparti

45、cularlyenjoyedbychildren,/whogetveryexcitedbemuseofthepresentstheyknowtheyaregoingtoreceive./SmallchildrenbelievethattheirpresentsarebroughtbyFatherChristmas./FatherChristmasisakindofoldmanwho,/thechildrenaretold,livesattheNorthPole./Hetravelsthroughtheskyonasleighwhichispulledbydeerandloadedwithpre

46、sents./Stoppingontheroofofhouses,heentersbyclimbingthechimney./WhensmallchildrengotobedonChristmasEve,/theyhangastockingattheendoftheirbeds./TheirparentswarnthemnottotrytolookatFatherChristmas,/orhewillnotleavethemanything./Whentheywake,theyfindtheirstockingsfilledwithpresents./Childrenareveryexcite

47、donChristmasmorningandalwayswakeupearly.251GuiltyorNotGuiltyManyattemptshavebeenmadeinthepasttoassesstheeffectsofalcoholonroadsafety./Forseveralreasonsthisisacomplicatedproblem./ltishardtoestablishthattheaccuseddriverhadbeendrinking,/andifso,howmuch./Evenwhenthereisnodoubtaboutthis,/therestillremain

48、sthetaskofprovingthattheaccidentwasinfact/duetothealcoholicstateofthedriver./lnGreatBritain,ifsparticularlydifficulttomakeanypreciseassessmentoftheeffectofalcohol/ontherateoftrafficaccidents./Becausethepolice,whenreportinganaccident,/aremostreluctanttosaythattheysuspectthedriverofbeingundertheinflue

49、nceofalcohol/unlesstheychargehimwithbeingdrunk./Theyarealsoawarethat,evenwhenthedriverischargedwithbeingdrunk,/hestandsanexcellentchanceofbeingreleased/ifhechoosestoappearfortrialbeforeajudgeandjury.250InterpersonalSkillsInterpersonalskillsenableyoutocommunicateandtobuildpersonal,socialandworkrelati

50、onshipswithothers.Thesesk川senableyoutoownyourownthoughtsandfeelingsandtoexpresstheseinwordsandactions,thatis,inverbalandnonverbalcommunicationandlisteningsignalsthatformaconnectionwiththeotherperson.Thequalitiesthatidentifyaneffectiveinterpersonalcommunicatorareopennesstoothers,consideratenesswithot

51、hers,supportiveness,positivenessandequality.Peoplewiththesequalitiesacknowledgeandareresponsivetoothers.Skillsindecision-makingandproblemsolvingarecombinedinterpersonalskillstorelatetoothersinawaythatissatisfyingtoboth.Thechallengeistoextendanddevelopyourinterpersonalskillsfurther.Therewardsaretheop

52、portunitytocommunicateeffectively,tosetgoalsandplaninawaythatmeetsandextendsyourabilitieswhilemaintainingabalanceinyourinterpersonalrelationshipswithfriends,co-workersandfamily.249OpportunityOpportunitiesdon'tcomeoften.Theycomeeveryonceinawhile.Veryoften,theycomequietlyandgobywithoutbeingnoticed

53、.Therefore,itfsadvisablethatyoushouldvalueandtreatthemwithcare.Whenanopportunitycomes,itbringsapromisebutneverrealizesitonitsown.Ifyouintendtofulfilloneofyourambitions,youmustworkhard.Otherwise,youwilltakenoadvantageofopportunitieswhentheyvisityou.Thedifferencebetweenasuccessfulmanandonewhodoesnotli

54、esonlyinthewaytreatingopportunities.Thesuccessfulpersonalwaysmakesadequatepreparationstomeetopportunities.Theloser,ontheotherhand,workslittleandjustwaitstoseethempassby.Thereareplentyofopportunitiesforeveryoneinoursociety,butonlythosewhoarepreparedadequatelyandqualifiedhighlycanmakeuseofthemtoachiev

55、etheirpurpose.Chancefavorsthemindsthatareprepared.248CultureShockHCultureshock”occursasaresultoftotalimmersioninanewculture.Ithappensto“peoplewhohavebeensuddenlytransplanted".'Newcomersmaybeanxiousbecausethey,donotspeakthelanguage,knowthecustoms,orunderstandpeople'sbehaviorindailylife.T

56、hevisitorfindsthat"yes"maynotmean"yes*thatHfriendlinessHmaynotmeanfriendship,orthatstatementsthatappeartobeseriousarereallyintendedjokes.Theforeignermaybeunsureastowhentoshakehandsorembrace,whentoinitiateconversations,orhowtoapproachastranger.Thenotionof“cultureshockHhelpsexplainfeeli

57、ngsofbewildermentanddisorientation.Languageproblemsdonotaccountforallthefrustrationsthatpeoplefeel.Whenoneisdeprivedofeverythingthatwasoncefamiliar,difficultiesincopingwiththenewsocietymayarise.Whenanindividualentersastrangeculture,heorsheislikeafishoutofwater.Thafstheeffectofcultureshock.247Capital

58、PunishmentCapitalpunishment,ordeathpenalty,islegalactionofdeathasapenaltyforviolatingcriminallaw.Formostofrecordedhistory,capitalpunishmentwasavailabletoeverygovernmentforespeciallyseriouscrimesandoftenforagreatvarietyoflessseriousoffenses.Despiteitspracticeoflongstanding,thecurrenttrendinmostindust

59、rializednationshasbeentofirststopexecutingprisonersandthentosubstitutelongtermsofimprisonmentfordeathasthemostsevereofallcriminalpenalties.Capitalpunishmentisahighlycontroversialandhotlycontestedissuewithmanygroupsandprominentindividualsparticipatinginthedebate.Argumentsforandagainstitarebasedonpractical,moralandemotionalapproaches.Manypublicopinionpollsindicatethatcapitalpunishmentenjoyssignificantsupport,whileopponentsquestionwhetherahighlevelofsupportactuallyexistsforthedeathpenalty.Theynotethatpublic-approvalratingsofcapitalpunishmentdeclinewhenthealternativepunishmentisal