材料科学与工程专业英语课本第二版

1、ContentsPART 1 INTRODUCTION TO MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERINGUnit 1 Materials Science and Engineering ,j - - *" 1Reading Material; Chemical Banding and Solid Materials- oUnit 2 Classification of Materials 11Reading Material; Hew Does the Structure of Metals and Alloys Hiffer from thai ofCera

2、mics or Polymers? - - 14Unit 3 Structure-Properly Relationships of Materials - 1-8Reading Material; Fracture Mechanisms of Elastic and Plastic Deformation for Materials 22Unit 4 Chemistry and Advanced Materials 2$Reading Material; Chemistry and the Synthesis of Novel Materials -3 Unit 5 Materials Re

3、search; Today and Future (Pari I ) - 3$Reading Material- Material Research; Today and Future (Part ) -2PART I METALLIC MATERIALS AND ALLOYSUnit 6 An Introduction to Metallic Materials- -46heading Material; Structures of Metals and Alloys "-4ttUnit 7 Applying Powder Metallurgy to Gear Manufactur

4、ing 54Reading Material; Fowder Metallurgy Innovations 57Unit 8 Metal-Matrix Composites: Challenges and Opportunities* - *-*61Reading Material; Materials Science in Space 6fiPART I CERAMICSUnit 9 Introduction to Ceramics ( I ) - - - - - - -7 Reading Material; Introduction to Ceramics t LI ) 75Unit 10

5、 Advanced Ceramics on the Battlefield -*79Reading Materia!: Advance Ceramics to Continue Growth into the Millennium 32Unit 11 Ceramic Processing Methods 85Reading Material; Novel Ceramic Processing Method- Diretl Casting -8£Unit 12 Advanced Ceramic Materials- Basic Research Viewpoint (I) 91Read

6、ing Material; Advanced Ceramic Materials; Basic Research Viewpoint ( ) 94PART F POLYMERSUnit 13 Polymer Synthesis 97Reading Material- Chemistry Basics "-., qUnit H Polymer Structure _QgReading Material; Polymer Morphology 110Unit 15 Polymer Liquid Crystals 113Railing Material: PLCs' Phases

7、anil Their ApplicationsH7Unit IB Applications of Polymery 120Reading Material: Thermal Properties of Polymers -J23PART V COMPOSITESUnit 17 Polymeric Composite Materials -.- -127Reading Material; Ceramic Matrix Composites *j*33?Unit 18 OjMiposires Turn r,wn (Pari I ) -* -138Reading Material; Natural

8、Fibre Compsns-HOUnit 10 Composites Turn Ureeir (Part U 14 fiReading Materiel; True Biocom Joshes-148PART M NANOMATERIALSUnit 20 Na restructured MaterialsCategories t.i Nanostruciured Materials130Riding Material? Nfl no structured Maieriafs -Factors Controlling the Propertiesof Naiiostructured Mflier

9、ials15.1Unit 21 Nanosiructured Materials Recetii Scientific Advance156Reading Material; NaiiuMructured Maitnah Recent '! ethnological Advanced 1511Unit 22 uosiructured Materials- Applications -.162Redding Material- Nanostructured Materials Carbon Materials *QTyUnit 23 The Future of Nanostruclure

10、 Science and Technology 1G8Reading Material: Synthesis of Nanocrysttfllme Materials 171PART 1 BIOMATERJALSUnit 24 Bioinaterials Introduction-i%Reading Material: Rmactive Alternative Materials 179Unit 25 Design of Novel Functional HiomateriaU- -185Rending Materia). FuncTional Bioniatemls; Arrive Mate

11、ria) Traris forma lion 184Unit 26 Typical Applications ftf Biocomposite?; Soft Tissue Applications 194Reading Material; Typical Applications of Hiocomposites; Hard Tissue Applications-198Unit 27 Biomedical Materials for the New Millennium; A Perspective on the Future 205Reading Material Composite Bi

12、omatenals- Biocom palibihty and Future Advance -210APPENDIXESAppend. 1 Elements Listed hy Atomic Number 216Append. 2 Main Journals of Materials Science and Technology 217Append. 3 Research Group and Society of Materials Science and Technology -221Append, A The List of Polymers in Common Use222Glossa

13、ry * »-., rLr224PART I INTRODUCTION TO MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERINGUnit 1 Materials Science and EngineeringMaterials are properly more deep-seated in our culture than mos; of us realize, 1 rans-portation, housing, clothing, communication. recreation and food productionvirtuallyevery segmen

14、t of our everyday lives is influenced to one degree or another by materials- Historically, the development and advancement of societies have been intimately tied 10 the members T abilities to produce and manipulate materials to fill their needs. In fact 1 carl y civilizations have been designated by

15、 the level of their materials development Li, c. Stone Age, Bronze Age),The earliest humans has access to only a very limited number of materials, those that occur naturally stone, woodi clay, skins, and so on. With time they discovered techniques for producing material that had properties superior

16、to those of the natural ones: these new materials included pottery and various metals. Furthermore, it was discovered that the properties of a material could be altered by heat treatments and by the addition of other substances. At this point* materials utilization was totally a selection process, t

17、hat is, deciding from a given, rather limited set of materials the one that was best suited lor an application by virtue of its characteristic. It was not until relatively recent times chat scientist s came to understand the relationships between the structural elements of materials and their proper

18、ties. This knowledge, acquired in the past 60 years or so, has empowered them to fashion, to a large degree, the characteristics of materials. Thus, tens of thousands of different materials have evolved with rather specialized characteristics that meet the needs of our modern and complex society.The

19、 development of many technologies that make our existence so comfortable has been intimately associated with the accessibility of suitable materials. Advancement in the understanding of a material type is often the forerunner to the stepwise progression of a technology. For example, automobiles woul

20、d not have been possible without the availability of inexpensive steel or some other comparable substitutes. In our contemporary era* sophisticated electronic devices rely on components thai are made from what are called semiconducting materials.Materials Science and EngineeringMaterials science is

21、an interdisciplinary study that combines chemistry, physics, metallurgy, engineering and very recently life sciences. One aspect of materials science involves studying and designing materials to make them useful and reliable in the service of humankind, ft strives for basic understanding of how stru

22、ctures and processes on the atomic scale result in the properties and functions familiar at the engineering level. Materials scientists are interested in physical and chemical phenomena acting across large magnitudes of space and time scales. In this regard it differs from physics or chemistry where

23、 the emphasis is more on explaining the properties of pure substances. In materials science there is also an emphasis on developing and using knowledge to understand how the properties of materials can be controllably designed by varying the compositions, structures, and the way in which the bulk an

24、d surface? phase materials are processed.In contrast, materials engineering is, on the basis of those structure properties correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties. In other words, materials engineering mainly deals with the use

25、of materials in design and how materials are manufactured."Structure" is a nebulous term that deserves some explanation. In brief, the structure of a material usually relates to the arrangement of its internal components. Subatomic structure involves electrons within the individual atoms a

26、nd interactions with their nuclei. On an atomic level, structure encompasses the organization of atoms or molecules relative to one another. The next large structural realm, which contains large groups of atoms that are normally agglomerated together, is termed "microscopic" meaning that w

27、hich is subject to direct observation using some type of microscope. Finally* structural elements that may be viewed with the naked eye are termed "macroscopic".The notion of "property" deserves elaboration. While in service use, all materials are exposed to external stimuli that

28、 evoke some type of response. For example, a specimen subject to forces will experience deformation; or a polished metal surface will reflect light. Property is a material trait in terms of the kind and magnitude of response to a specific imposed stimulus. Generally, definitions of properties are ma

29、de independent of material shape and size.Virtually all important properties of solid materials may be grouped into six different categories! mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical, and deteriorative. For each there is a characteristic type of stimulus capable of provoking different resp

30、onses. Mechanical properties relate deformation to an applied load or force: examples include elastic modulus and strength. For electrical properties, such as electrical conductivity and dielectric constant, the stimulus is an electric filed. The thermal behavior of solids can be represented in term

31、s of heat capacity and thermal conductivity. Magnetic properties demonstrate the response of a material to the application of a magnetic field. For optical properties- the stimulus is electromagnetic or light radiation; index of refraction and reflectivity are representative optical properties. Fina

32、lly, deteriorative characteristics indicate the chemical reactivity of materials.In addition to structure and properties, two other important components are involved in the science and engineering of materials, namely "processing" and 14performance1'. With regard to the relationships o

33、f these four components, the structure of a material will depend on how it is processed. Furthermore, a material's performance will be a function of its properties. Thus, the interrelationship between processing, struciure, properties, and performance is linear as follows:Processing-* Structure-

34、*-Fro per ties-*- PerformanceWhy Study Materials Science and Engineering?Why do we study materials? Many an applied scientists or engineers, whether mechanical, civil, chemical, or electrical, will be exposed to a design problem involving materials at one time or another. Examples might include a tr

35、ansmission gear, the superstructure for a building, an oil refinery component, or an integrated circuit chip. Of course, materials scientists and engineers are specialists who are totally involved m the investigation and design of materials.Many limes, a materials problem is to select the right mate

36、rial from many thousands available ones. There are several criteria on which the final decision is normally based- First of all, the in-service conditions must he characterized. On only rare occasion does a material possess the maximum or ideal combination of properties. Thus, it may be necessary to

37、 trade off one characteristic for another. The classic example involves strength and ductility; normally, a material having a high strength will have only a limited ductility. In such cases a reasonable compromise beiween two or more properties may be necessary.A second selection consideration is an

38、y deterioration of material properties that may occur during service operation. For example, significant reductions in mechanical strength may result from exposure to elevated temperatures or corrosive environments.Finally, probably the overriding consideration is economics. What will the finished p

39、roduct cost? A material may be found that has the ideal set of properties, but is prohibitively expensive. Here again, some compromise is inevitable. The cost of a finished piece also includes any expense incurred during fabrication.The more familiar an engineer or scientist is with the various char

40、acteristics and structure-property relationships, as well as processing techniques of materials, the more proficient and confident he or she will be to make judicious materials choices based on these criteria.Selected from Materials Science and Engineering -. An Introduction ,by William D Callister,

41、 002)New Words and Expressionspottery 'potari n. J8J¥ghyvirtueof<*j*>, %ftt njf,empower im'paua vu gft, J£ft t ®fjg# empower sb. to do sth. gKSAlftS* forerunner 'foirAna n. %M f£1T> stepwise Vepwaiz a, jiife* interdisciplinary jntdisiplinari a, 3EX*ft&*J

42、metallurgy me'ta?tad3i n. ?nnebulous 'nebjubs a. Szirtt,«$5ffl> SSfftagglomerate a'glomareit n. XWi > JZ&i a. jSftW, SiRWelaboration Uaeba'rcijwiWWIffl, £f#* Hi£electrical conductivity dielectric constant jtLlfc thermal conductivity heat capacityrefraction ri

43、'fnsekjsn n. tSIt reflectivity ,rif lek1 tiviti ti. J£ ff ductility dAk'tiliti n.corrosive kaWsiv a,tAffM* l££f£ttftjl ft. JfftiMfc * J&WJoverriding jjauva'raidirj .a, §lfft; ifti-flffr prohibitive pra'hibitiv -2. Ir_f?5> ffiJfftJW judicious d3u:'d

44、if3s a. BJJtflcriterion krai'tbrisn n. pL criteria) #r8> nf M'J» Z-lKNotes(P It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationshipsbetween the structural elements of materials and their properties.'I" 'nf 1 kMcarneto+SSt,"UfF%&

45、#39;ASJftifi, ft*© The notion of "property" deserves elaboration, deserve, £)Z3£, ffif#* elaboration, i-MR* "property"© Many an applied scientist or engineer ,. . . , will at one time or another be exposed to a de-sign problem involving materials, many a (an,

46、another) + t$!fi, iJN ilfti hjgT#J, ftlfth many a person, ft&X* be exposed to,ffitti * On only rare occasion does a material possess the maximum or ideal combination of pro-perties. jJifeMS*A material possesses the maximum or idealcombination of properties on only rare occasion, ft)*p$S possess

47、;H "-Jlf" (ftS*Exercises1. Question for discussion(1) What is materials science? What is materials engineering?(2) Why do we study materials science and engineering?(3) Give the important properties of solid materials.2. Translate the following into Chinesematerials scienceStone Agenaked e

48、yeBronze ageoptical propertyintegrated circuitmechanical strengththermal conductivity Materials science is an interdisciplinary study that combines chemistry, physics, metallurgy, engineering and very recently life sciences. One aspect of materials science involves studying and designing materials t

49、o make them useful and reliable in the service of human kind. Virtually all important properties of solid materials may he grouped into six different categories: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical, and deteriorative. In addition to structure and properties, two other important compon

50、ents are involved in the science and engineering of materials, namely "processing" and "performance". The more familiar an engineer or scientist is with the various characteristics and structure-property relationships, as well as processing techniques of materials, the more profi

51、cient and confident he ov she will be to make judicious materials choices based on these criteria.3. Translate the following into EnglishReading MaterialChemical Banding and Solid MaterialsSolid materials are distinguished from the other states of matter (liquids and gases) by the fact that their co

52、nstituent atoms are held together by strong interatomic forces. The electric and atomic structures, and almost all the physical properties, of solids depend on the nature and strength of primary interatomic bonds. Three difference types of strong of primary interatomic bonds are recognized: ionic, c

53、ovalent, and metallic.Ionic bonding: In the ionic bond, electron donor (metallic) atoms transfer one or more electrons to an electron acceptor (nonmetallic) atom. The two atoms then become a cation (e.g. *metal) and an anion (e. g. ,nonmetal), which are strongly attracted by the electrostatic effect

54、. This attraction of cations and anions constitutes the ionic bond.In ionic solids composed of many ions, the ions are arranged so that each cation is surrounded by as many anions as possible to reduce the strong mutual repulsion of cations. This packing further reduces the overall energy of the ass

55、embly and leads to a highly ordered arrangements called a crystal structure. The loosely bound electrons at the atoms are now tightly held in the locality of the ionic bond. Thus, the electron structure of the atom is changed by the creation of the ionic bond. In addition, the hound electrons are no

56、t available to serve as charge carriers and ionic solids are normally poor electrical conductors. Finally, the low overall energy state of these substances endows them with relatively low chemical reactivity. Sodium fluoride <NaF) and magnesium chloride (MgCIO are examples of ionic solids.Covalen

57、t Bonding: Elements that fall along the boundary between metals and nonmet-als, such as carbon and silicon* have atoms with four valence electrons and about equal tendencies to donate and accept electrons. For this reason, they do not form strong ionic bonds. Rather, stable electron structures are achieved by sharing valence electrons. For example, two carbon atoms can each contribute an electron 10 a shared pair. This shared pair of electrons constitutes the covalent bond.If a central carbon atom participates in four of these covalent bonds (two electrons p