土木工程专业英语结课作业

1、土木工程专业英语结课作业姓名：葛威班级：5123003244学号：512300324402Underground structureConstruction of rock or soil in the construction. It is a modern city of high-speed product development, the city will again ease the contradictions of the role to improve the living environment, but also opened up new human life. Rat

2、ional development and utilization of human natural and artificial excavation of the underground space, not only help to ease the development of modern urban contradictions, to improve the living environment, but also to open up a new human life. Because of the large-scale development of underground

3、construction, underground architecture is taking shape, its research includes the history of development of underground construction and development of underground space development and utilization of underground space in urban planning, various types of underground construction planning and design,

4、 as well as underground construction and related environmental, physiological, psychological and technical issues. Underground construction has a good protective performance, better thermal stability and confined, as well as an integratedeconomic, social and environmental benefits. Underground const

5、ruction in a certain thickness of rock or soil, you can avoid or reduce nuclear weapons, conventional weapons, chemical and biological weapons of destruction, while at the same time more effectively to resist earthquakes, hurricanes and other natural disasters. Underground construction in and around

6、 the confined environment of relatively stable existence of the temperature field, temperature, or for creating ultra-clean manufacturing environment and at low temperatures or under high-temperature storage of materials, pollution prevention, especially for energy conservation as well. In the city

7、planned the construction of underground construction, urban land use for savings, lower building density, to improve urban transportation, the expansion of green space, reduce urban pollution and improve the quality of urban life, etc., can play an important role. Underground construction also has s

8、hortcomings, such as construction costs are high, the construction complicated.Underground construction of the type of underground construction can be classified according to the functions of military, civil, air works, industry, transport and communications, storage and other buildings, and undergr

9、ound utilities. For example: in the construction of military fortifications can be used for shooting,observation of construction, shelter construction, etc., in civil construction, including residential buildings, public buildings, a variety of civil air defense engineering, industrial construction,

10、 transportation and communication construction, warehouse construction, as well as the types of underground utilities, such as underground water plant, solid or liquid waste treatment plant, pipeline and other corridors. Several features of both large-scale underground construction known as the unde

11、rground complex. Tiefbau classified according to construction method, there are two types of open excavation and mining. Open excavation completely backfilled after construction, the above did not build any buildings, known as single-built underground construction; above to build other buildings, kn

12、own as the attached underground construction. Open excavation backfill the latter part of the construction, soil or bulldozers, and as bulldozers building construction or soil. Underground mining construction, usually in the deeper layers of rock or digging into the required space for more than a ce

13、rtain thickness at the top of the natural cover. In addition, China also has a habit of classification methods, into the underground tunnel type, tunnel-type (usually mining, opening ceremony (equivalent to a single open excavation built and the basement air (that is attached open excavation . Road

14、tunnel and the main difference is that therelationship between inside and outside the ground elevation, internal than external, as the tunnel, which is lower than the outside as the authentic.Underground construction of the design requirements for the underground architectural design requirements: c

15、hoose engineering geological and hydrogeological conditions of a good place. Underground construction of the planning and design, must be complete and accurate information based on Geological Survey, full use of the favorable geological conditions, to avoid unfavorable factors. Arrangement in the so

16、il in the ground floor of buildings, should be chosen with a certain capacity, and relatively uniform thick soil layer, avoiding the backfill layer, layer of mud, sand and other streaming sites; in the rock should be chosen homogeneous lithology, structure simple, thick stone rock hard to avoid the

17、fault fracture zone, seismic zone and instability, such as the slope. In the plain areas, should pay attention to changes in groundwater level and its direct impact on the burial depth of underground construction, construction measures and construction methods; in the mountains, rock fissures should

18、 be based on the volume of water and gushing location, organization of the underground drainage system construction and attention to surface water flow and the excretion of mountain torrents. to ensure the necessaryprotection. Although the underground construction itself with varying degrees of prot

19、ection against all kinds of weapons, but the air defense of the military construction and engineering, but also the protection levels in accordance with the provisions of the various effects of different weapons, to conduct a comprehensive protection of the design, layout of the various protection f

20、acilities, building structures and protection facilities, as well as a variety of holes, I have the appropriate protection, we should focus on building entrances and exits to ensure the security of the site. the creation of an appropriate internal environment. Underground space in the internal envir

21、onment, including air temperature, humidity, cleanliness, noise intensity, the illumination lights, interior colors and so on. Appropriate depends mainly on improving the quality of air in the ventilation design to ensure; sound insulation and sound absorption of the appropriate use of measures to c

22、ontrol the noise level allowed. Building to deal with such as a complete portfolio of interior space and changes in the unity of the material texture and contrast the rich interior colors and harmonization, have helped to create a good internal environment, the elimination of the underground environ

23、ment on people's poor physical and psychological effects. for structural design and construction to create favorable conditions. Underground construction of the mainfeatures of the structural design is a big load, so in the architectural design, from layout, column network options to determine t

24、he areas of story should be for the structural design of the economy, create conditions reasonable. The construction of underground construction is rather complicated, the design should be to simplify the construction and shorten the duration and the use of advanced construction technology to create

25、 favorable conditions and minimize the ground during the construction period of the normal activities such as transportation and so on.As the underground construction of the building structure is different from the specificity of the upper part, involving the design, construction technology, environ

26、ment and soil mechanics, such as technical progress in a series of problems in engineering applications engineers often encounter the following problems:(1 of the underground structures of conventional reinforced concrete structures are mainly ordinary reinforced concrete structural system used in t

27、he existence of large-scale underground structure of the high cost, even cross-section structure, and the impact of depth of underground structures, construction progressing at a slow pace, as well as the shortcomings of a waste of construction materials, should the new system, the introduction of c

28、onstruction materials and structural design of undergroundstructures to meet the modern requirements of the development of underground space, with limited resources for better results.(2 as the cause of urban rail transit development, urban towel existing and new buildings and subway lines crisscros

29、sing the upper part of structure is at the top of the subway tunnel, the conventional reinforced concrete structure of care for the larger cross-section of the underground architectural space also have a greater impact. Workers should be the actual situation in innovative technology, choose a reason

30、able form of structural transformation of the construction and related measures to ensure that the subway project and the safety of the upper structure and to minimize the impact of the underground space.(3 as an urban development strategy of three-dimensional one, high-rise buildings will continue

31、to challenge the next new height, and construction will continue to increase in the floor, vertical wall structure is not posit the lower part of the greater cross-section, located in Building the lower part of the basement of the building material the use of space caused by an enormous impact; anot

32、her - aspects of underground construction is the future direction of space, large-span, the vertical component will be an inevitable increase in cross-section. Therefore, the vertical cross-section configuration to optimize materials and even toimprove the underground construction of the space is de

33、signed to be taken into account.(4 as a result of large-scale development of underground space and underground construction and use of the water requirements of more demanding, long, extra-wide development of the underground construction joints or less, regardless of the trend is sub-slit, regardles

34、s of current underground construction joints maximum length of over 800m, long and spacious underground construction specification requirements higher than the conventional approach has solved the structure of super-long concrete shrinkage, temperature, deformation and so on, the ground floor of bui

35、lding large-scale crack the case more and more. On the other hand, in order to prevent occurrence of cracks to increase the floor, roof and side wall of the reinforcement, so that the sharp increase in the basement of steel, it is therefore necessary to seal a device able to reduce power consumption

36、 Ultra - contraction of a long side wall and bottom of the internal force and deformation temperature, effectively improve the problem of cracking of underground construction.(5 as a result of underground construction in the fire reached the bottom of the lift requirements for the high-level and ult

37、ra-high-rise building, fire pit at the end of the lift is often deeperthan 2m, the largest reach 3m. Conventional reinforced concrete pile cap by inch: the requirements of anti-punching greater thickness, and then caused by the lift at the end of the partial concave pits and the requirement of the c

38、ap to meet the bending, shear, anti-punching conditions, go on local concave The site needs to be integrated with the cap around the basically the same thickness, such as the 3.0m-thick cap, in the partial concave 3.0, the caps into a partial thickness of 6m, the amount of concrete and reinforced ca

39、used a significant increase, while the base pit at the bottom of the second excavation deeper than 5m, the safety of the Foundation have been affected.Modern underground structure calculation and analysis of three major aspects: 1 the overall structure of underground construction, including both gro

40、und-level structures with basement soil - guitar and pure combination of overall analysis of the soil underground construction - combined with the overall analysis of colorectal; 2 underground construction structure steel - concrete composite structure components of the calculation of portfolio anal

41、ysis; 3 against the practice of underground structure calculation and analysis of the simulation. No matter how kind of an underground structure, the system solve the overall analysis, component analysis and dug up the ground floor of the structure ofthe three aspects of the problem of the real simu

42、lation of underground structures of the structural optimization of a certain significance. Calculation methods and design come to the Conclusion, it can be used as the structural design of underground structures of reference.Most of the use of underground reinforced concrete structures or steel rein

43、forced concrete structure, the current design specifications related to the probability theory are based on limit state design method, the reliability of indicators to measure the reliability of structural components using the design of sub-expressions coefficient design. Limit state can be divided

44、into the carrying capacity limit state and serviceability limit state, for the carrying capacity limit state should be met:Cracks in the ground floor of building structures to deal with prevention and treatment.Analysis:(1 Design factors: emphasis on the general design of underground construction wo

45、rks vertical wall panels of the reinforced structure and intensity, the level of neglect of horizontal reinforcement cracking strength. Cross-section of the wall structure due to the particle stress is non-uniform shrinkage stress and thermal stress of concrete efforts to achieve the ultimate tensil

46、estrength, caused by the plastic deformation and fracture;(2 improper selection of materials, such as contraction of cement, and stone size distribution of the poor, with a large quantity of mud; the diameter of fine sand; doped admixtures, such as poor quality. As a result of commodity high-strengt

47、h grade concrete, cement, and water consumption, and hydration heat caused by high temperature, when the environmental temperature significantly decreased the role of the temperature difference, the new casting of the linear expansion coefficient of concrete! c = 10 × 10-6 / , when the contract

48、ion in the cooling caused by tensile stress increases. Concrete wall surface area larger than the shrinkage stress generated internally binding, the formation of shrinkage, shrinkage, temperature difference between the integrated stress, ultimate tensile strength greater than concrete and cracks;(3

49、The regulations: First, the summer heat without cooling measures construction: concrete mixture into the mold temperature is higher than 35 , when the temperature dropped at night when the temperature both inside and outside the large and prone to fracture; Second, in winter there is no low-temperat

50、ure thermal insulation during the construction of measures , that is, when the goods after the concrete into the mold, cement hydration heat andthe environment significantly increased the temperature at 0 about, then the outer panel of contraction at low temperatures, resulting in cracks. Third, imp

51、roper pouring methods, such as pumping to take concrete pouring is not hierarchical, but pouring from one part of the maximum, and then the mobile shop and then pouring a section of pipe; Concrete is a mixture of vertical joints, and pouring speed, vibration trace and uneven, resulting in the concre

52、te wall is not homogeneous, the particle stress is not evenly, resulting in stress cracks Department. Fourth, non-standard installation of reinforced, such as uneven spacing, horizontal transfer has not been reinforced and joint relaxation banding, or the protection of strict control, resulting in a

53、 collision so that when pouring concrete reinforced skew, stress is not absorbed, prone to cracks. Especially the "underground engineering specification waterproof" GB50108-2001 of underground water surface reinforced concrete structure to protect the layer thickness is not less than 50 mm

54、 since the implementation of the mandatory requirements, long cracks in the basement of the issue of concrete structures have become more prominent.Treatment and prevention measures:(1 underground construction of the vertical cracks in the wall: the contraction is mainly concrete, shrinkage, shrinka

55、ge, etc.generated under stress cracks generally do not affect the carrying capacity that can be used to deal with chemical grouting method. The purpose of dealing with the gap closed to prevent leakage of water, so that cracks in bonding to restore the original function of the wall and to prevent da

56、mage to steel because of cracks and corrosion of passive film role;(2 in the ground outside the building (that is, water surface, a comprehensive inspection of the quality of irrigation joints until cured slurry to eliminate the wall of the swelling on the skin surface, to paste the cracks Departmen

57、t of Polymer waterproofing membrane, a width of about 250 mm. Cracks formed along the first grinding, clean, brush the grass-roots level to deal with agents, chosen with the membrane of qualified matching binder will be a solid material paste;(3 do a good job back to the outskirts of underground con

58、struction fill, is the underground construction of the first line of defense against water;(4 the proposed design of the underground construction of the wall panels should be allocated by the hydration of cement can withstand the heat caused by the thermal stress, shrinkage stress, the level of crac

59、k control reinforcement, diameter of not less than 12, spaced not more than 150mm, joints should be the use ofwelding, and Cold Drawn Straightening, keep straight after installation, spacing and location of protective layer should be accurate. The addition of reinforced concrete beam and dark columns, enhancing the role of the wall cracking strength, super-long construction of "pouring after sewing" or mixed in concrete ways to UEA expansive agent is effective in reducing measures undertaken Crack. 60d of the late us