环境工程专业_英语口语精简版

1、专业英语环境： environment环境工程： environmental engineering环境保护：environmentalprotection环境意识：环境问题：environmentalissue/problem环境效应：环境污染：environmentalpollution环境要素：环境因子：environmentalfactors环境化学：环境生态学： environmental ecology环境质量：环境自净作用： environmental self-purification/self-cleansingenvironmental consciousness/awar

2、enessenvironmental effectenvironmental elementsenvironmental chemistryenvironmental quality生物圈： biosphere生态平衡：ecological balance生物群落：biological community被猎食者：prey信息反馈：information feedback生态学： ecology生态系统： ecosystem生态破坏： ecological damage猎食者： predator食物链： food chain营养级： trophic level物质循环： material cy

3、cle能量传递： energy transfer物质不灭定律： the law of conservation of mass能量守恒定律： the law of conservation of energy物料平衡定律： Material balance principle水环境： watershed水体： water body水资源： water resources 供水： water supply物理性水质指标：physical indicate of water quality生物性水质指标： biological water-quality index化学性水质指标：chemical

4、 water-quality index流域： watershed水质： water quality废水： waste water水处理： water treatment水污染物： water pollutant水质标准： water quality standardDS： dissolved solidsBOD： biochemicaloxygen demandCOD： chemical oxygen demand TSStotal suspended solids DOTOC： total organic carbon TNtotal nitrogen TPTDS： total disso

5、lved solids： dissolved oxygen：总磷 phosphorusZn ： zincCu ： Copper As ： arsenicCd ： Cadmium Cr ： chromium Ni ： Nickel Hg ： mercuryPb： plumbum 物理处理： physical treatment生物处理：biological treatment化学处理：chemical treatment物理化学处理： physical-chemical treatment过滤： 沉淀： 气浮： 蒸发：screening sedimentation flotation evapo

6、ration稀释： dilution扩散： dispersion好氧处理：aerobic treatment厌氧处理：anaerobic treatment活性污泥法： activated sludge process吹脱： stripping生物膜法：biofilm process bio-membrane process生物滤池：trickling filters生物接触氧化： biological contactSBR 本乙烯-丁二烯 Styrene Butadiene RubberUASB（流式厌氧污泥床）：Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket活性污泥：act

7、ivated sludge一级处理：primary treatment三级处理：tertiary treatment 高生活污水：domestic wastewater城市生活污水： municipal wastewater印染废水： pulp and paper industries wastewater硬度：hardness混凝沉淀：coagulate flocculatingagent隔油池：oil separation tank调节池：adjusting tank加药设备：physical equipment初沉池：primary sedimentation tank絮凝剂：flocc

8、ulant生物降解：biodegradation改进型：modification二级处理：secondary treatment级氧化处理： advanced treatment生产废水： industrial wastewater电镀废水： metalplating plants浊度： turbidity水质净化： water quality purifies活性炭吸附： activated carbon adsorption中和池： neutralization tank生物反应池： biological reactor沉淀池：sedimentation tank二沉池： secondar

9、y sedimentation tank混凝剂：coagulate flocculant生物累积： bioaccumulation大气环境：airshed对流层：troposphere平流层：stratosphere气体净化： atmospheric cleanup摩擦层： frictional layer ？中间层： mesosphere热层：thermosphere粉尘：dust烟雾：smoke飘尘：floatingdust能见度： visibility一次污染物： primary pollutant氮氧化物： nitrogen oxides硫化氢：hydrogen sulfide硝酸：n

10、itric acid硫酸：sulfuric acid除尘工艺： Dust removalGAC（颗粒活性炭）：granular a臭氧层：ozonosphere气溶胶：aerosol降尘： dust fall可吸入颗粒物： inhalable particles酸雨： acid rain二次污染物：secondary pollutant硫氧化物： sulfur oxides碳氧化物：carbon oxides盐酸： hydrochloric acid二氧化硫：sulfur dioxide吸收： absorption 吸附： adsorptionctivated carbon PAC （粉末活性

11、炭） ： powdered a ctivated carbonACF （活性炭纤维）：activated carbon fiber重力除尘： gravitational settling光化学烟雾： photochemical smoke静电除尘： electric dust precipitation臭氧： ozone喷淋（洗涤） ： scavenging 凝聚： flocculation土壤： soil热污染： temperature change/thermal pollution噪声： noise光辐射：optical radiation光合成：反应性：reactivity传染性：EI

12、A： environmental impact assessment大气污染控制工程： air pollution control放射性：radioactivityPhotosynthesis 易燃性： ignitability易爆性： ignitabilityinfectivity腐蚀性：corrosivityCAD （计算机辅助设计） ： computer aided design水污染控制工程： water pollution control固体废物污染控制工程： solid waste management污染物： pollutantassimilation固体废物： solid wa

13、stes生物污泥： biological sludge分选处理：separation treatment破碎处理：processing压实处理： reduction in volume污泥浓缩： sludge thickening离心脱水： centrifugal dewatering堆肥和堆肥化： compost and composting热解与焚烧： pyrolysis and incineration热化学转化作用： thermo-chemical conversion污染源： pollution source危险废物： hazardous wasteswastes化学污泥 chemi

14、cal sludge ：工业固废：industrial wastes矿业固废：mine solid wastes农业固废：agriculture solid wastes污泥脱水：disposal of the sludge带式压滤：Belt filter press筛分： screening沼气和沼气化：biogas生物转化作用：biotransformation消化作用： Digestive Function城市生活垃圾： municipal固化和稳定化作用： solidification and stabilization资源化： resource 减量化： pollution cont

15、rol固体废物全过程控制： solid waste integrated control固体废物处理： processing and recovery物质回收：materials recovery能量回收：energy recovery无害化： harmlessness固体废物污染控制： solid waster pollution control处置： disposal物质转化：material conversion能量转化：energy conversion1 . Environmental engineering has been defined as the branch of eng

16、ineering that is concerned with protecting the environment from the potential, deleterious effects of humanactivity, protecting human populations from the effects of adverse environmental factors, and improving environmental quality for human health and well-being. （ 2 页）环境工程学是环境工程的分支学科，其研究内容包括保护环境免

17、受人类活动改造形成的潜在和不利影响保护人类免受不利环境因素的影响持续改善环境质量，以造福于人类健康与福祉。2 . An understanding of the nature of the environment and of human interaction with it is a necessary prerequisite to understanding the work of the environmental engineering.（ 2 页）了解环境性质以及环境与人类相互作用是了解环境工程师的先决条件。3 . Engineers must appreciate the fu

18、ndamental principles of ecology, and design with the environment，so as not to impact adversely on especially fragile ecosystem 。 For example ， one of the most fragile of all ecosystem is the deep oceans ， yet ocean disposal of hazardous waste is seriously advocatedby some engineers 。 The inclusion o

19、f ecological principles in engineering decisions is a major component of the environmental engineering profession。 （ 6 页）环境工程师必须深入了解、重视生态学的基本原理，并应用生态学原理来规划环境，以免影响较脆弱的生态环境。例如：深海是所有生态系统中最脆弱的环境之一，但却有些工程师极力主张危险废物深海处置。因此充分 考虑生态学基本原理是是环境工程职业在工程决策上的一个重要组成部分。4 . In a natural state, earth s life forms live i

20、n equilibrium with their environment. The numbers and activities of each species are governed by the resources available to them。 （ 11 页）在自然环境状态下，地球上生物与其生存环境之间处于一种相互适应、相互协调的动态平衡关系5 . As pollutants enter air ， water ， or soil ， natural processes such as dilution ， biological conversions ， and chemica

21、l reactions convert waste material to more acceptable forms and disperse them through a large volume 。 （ 17 页）6 . The environmental engineer s unique role is to build a bridge between biology and technology by applying all the techniques made available by modern engineering technology to the job of

22、cleaning up the debris left in the wake of an indiscriminate use of that technology。 （ 17 页）？7 . For only by bringing technology into harmony with the natural environment can the engineer hope to achieve the goals of the professional-the protection of the environment from the potentially deleterious

23、 effects of human activity ， the protection of human population from the effects of adverse environmental factors ， and the improvement of environmental quality for human health and well-being 。8 . The atmosphere ， like a stream or a river ， has natural ， built-in self-cleansing processes without wh

24、ich the troposphere would quickly become unlivable for humans。 Most of the air-pollution-control devices discussed in this chapter ， for both stationary and mobile source ， make use of some of the principles involved in the natural atmospheric cleansing processes。 （ 34 页）9 . When the various and sun

25、dry natural atmospheric cleansing mechanisms are overwhelmed by gaseous and particulate emissions ， the effects of air pollution become increasingly more evident。 Clothing issoiled ， particles are deposited on buildings and other surfaces， plants are damaged ， visibility isreduced ， and human respir

26、atory problems are increased 。 To prevent these and other evidence of air pollution ， it is necessary to establish control procedures or to install control devices。 But evenwith the application of the best available technology ， low-level emission must ultimately be removed by natural atmospheric cl

27、eansing mechanisms 。 （ 35 页）10 . In summary， for treatment of both domestic and industrial wastewaters ， new technology ， new processes ， and new approaches ， as well as modifications of old approaches， are the order of the day 。 The imagetoday is no longer that of the“ large concrete basins ” ， but

28、 one of a series of closely integratedunit operations 。 These operations both physical and chemical in nature， must be tailored for eachindividual wastewater 。 The chemical engineer s skill in integrating these unit operations into effective processes makes him admirably qualified to design wastewat

29、er treatment facilities。11 . Some conjecture exists as to a precise definition for physical-chemical treatment。 Although othersystems might be considered ， the only one discussed here is chemical clarification followed by dissolved organic removal 。 The first stage of treatment is designed to provid

30、e efficient suspended and colloidal solid removal along with phosphorus removal； the second operation removes a largepercentage of the dissolved organic matter。 （ 56 页）？12 . Biological reactions may be classified as aerobic， anaerobic ， or photosynthetic according to thepredominant type of microbial

31、 activity and all three are of importance in biological processes usedfor wastewater treatment 。 These are several basic principles which are common to all three of these classifications.（ 59 页）13 . No city or industry lives in isolation from its neighbors ， and this is particularly true of the wast

32、e discharges matter of a community 。 The decision to discharge wastes into a stream affects many communities 。 A regional approach to waste treatment can attempt to eliminate ill-advised or irresponsible decision-making 。 （ 67 页）14 . Solid wastes are all the wastes arising from human and animal acti

33、vities that are normally solid and that are discarded as useless or unwanted。 （ 73 页）15 . Solid wastes ， as noted previously ， include all solid or semisolid material that is no longer considered of sufficient value to retain in a given setting。 （ 77 页）16 . The overall objective of solid-waste manag

34、ement is to minimize the adverse environmental effectscaused by the indiscriminate disposal of solid wastes， especially of hazardous wastes 。 （ 81 页）Environmental Engineering17 环境工程18 What is this book about ？这本书是关于什么的？19 The objective of this book is to introduce engineering and science students to

35、 the interdisciplinary study of environment problems ； their cause ， why they are of concern ， and how we can control them The book includes:20 这本书的目的是使理工科的学生了解跨学科间的研究环境问题 ; 它们的起因， 为什么它们受到关注， 以及我们怎样控制它们。这本书包括：21 Description of what is meant by environment and environmental systems22 描述环境和环境系统意味着什么23

36、 Information on the basic causes of environmental disturbances24 关于引起环境干扰基础原因的基本信息25 Basic scientific knowledge necessary to understand the nature of environmental problems and to be able to quantify them26 理解环境问题本质，并能够定量计算它们所必要的基本科学知识27 Current state of the technology of environmental control in it

37、s application to water ， air and pollution problems28 目前适用于水，空气和环境污染问题的环境控制技术的现状29 Considerable gaps in our current scientific knowledge of understanding and controlling many of the complex interactions between human activities and nature30 我们目前的科学知识在理解和控制人类活动和自然之间复杂的相互作用的科学知识上存在相当大的缺陷31 Many enviro

38、nmental problems which could be eliminated or reduced by the application of currenttechnology ， but which are not dealt with because of society s lack of will to do so ， or in many instance because of a lack of resources to do so32 许多环境问题可以应用现有技术消除或减少，但没有得到处理是因为社会缺乏这样做的意愿，或者像许多例子那样因为缺乏资源。33 Some imp

39、ortant definitions 一些重要的定义34 Where they are first used in this book， definitions are introduced in block form， as shown hereor printed in bold type35 如果他们是第一次使用这本书，定义介绍采用块形式，像这里显示的一样，或印成黑体字。36 Environment is the physical and biotic habitat which surrounds us； that which we can see ， hear ，touch ， sm

40、ell ， and taste37 环境是围绕在我们周围物质生命的栖息地，在那里我们可以看到，听到，触到，闻到和品尝到。38 System ， according to webster s dictionary ， is defined as “a set or arrangement of things so relatedor connected as to form a unit or organic whole ； as ， a solar system ， irrigation system ， supply system ， the world or universe ”39 系统

41、，依据韦伯斯特的字典，被定义为“一组或一系列能形成一个整体或者有机整体的相互关联的事物 ; 比如， 太阳系统，灌溉系统，供水系统，世界或宇宙” 。40 Pollution can be defined as an undesirable change in the physical ， chemical ， or biological characteristics of the air ， water ， or land that can harmfully affect the health ， survival ， or activities of humans or other liv

42、ing organisms41 污染可以被定义为有害影响健康，生存，活动的人或其它生物体的空气，水，或土地的物理，化学或生物特性的不应该有的变化， 。42 When the goal of improving environmental quanlity is taken to be improving human wellbeing ， the wordenvironment ” broadens to include all kinds of social ， economic ， and cultural aspects Such broadnessis unworkable in ma

43、ny real situations and impractical in a text book designed for a one semester course Our examination of environmental problems is therefore limited by our definition of “ environment ”43 当改善环境质量的目标是用来改善人类的福祉， “环境” 这个词扩大到包括社会，经济，文化等所有方面的内容。 这种扩大化在许多实际情况下是不可行的， 在本被设计为一学期课程的教科书中也是不切实际的。 因此，我们对环境问题的考察限于

44、我们定义的“环境” 。44 Interaction of Systems 互动系统45 A number of different environmental problems are associated with water, air, or land systems许多不同的环境问题都涉及到水，空气，或土壤。46 Many of these problems will apply only within one of these systems, justifying the breakdown intothese categories 许多这些问题只适用于在其中一个系统，这为这些种类中

45、的细目分类提供了充分的理由。47 Such a classification is also useful for easier comprehension of related problems within one system 这种分类也有助于更容易理解一个系统里的相关问题。48 Moreover, it is sensible because, for manager and administrative reasons, such subfields as air pollution, water supply, wastewater disposal, and solid wast

46、e disposal are often dealt with separately by governmental agencies49 此外，这样做是明智的，因为是行政管理的原因，空气污染，水供应，固体废物处置和废水处理，往往是由政府机构分别处理的。50 Unfortunately,many important environmental problems are not confined to an air, water, or land system,but involve interactions between systems很遗憾的是，许多重要的环境问题不只局限于一个空气，水，或

47、土壤系统，更涉及系统之间的相互作用。51 A current example is the acid rain problem stemming from the emission of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide gases into the atmosphere from the stacks of generating stations, smelters, and automobile exhausts 。目前的一个例子是酸雨问题，根源是许多发电站，冶炼，汽车排出的废气中进入大气的二氧化硫和氮氧化物气体。52 These gases are th

48、en transported by air currents over wide regions这些气体被气流运送到广阔的区域。53 Rainfall “ washes them out ” , creating acid rain which is harmful to aquatic life, forests, andagricultural crops 雨水“将它们洗去” ，产生了对水生生物，森林和农作物有害的酸雨。 Two examples of interaction between systems that cause major environmental disturbanc

49、es are presented-the buildup of atmospheric carbon dioxide, a global problem, and the acid rain problem, normally of regional nature54 两个有关于系统间相互作用引起的环境问题有：空气中的二氧化碳的增加的全球性问题以及具有地域性质的酸雨问题。55 Environmental Disturbances 环境扰乱56 Many major improvements to our standard of living can be attributed to the a

50、pplication of science and technology57 我们的生活水平的许多重大改进，可以归因于科学和技术的应用。58 A few examples are noted here Can you think of others?59 这里举几个例子，你可以想到其他例子吗？60 The production of more and better quality food61 生产更多更好的优质食品62 The creation of housing as protection from extremes from climates and as living space63

51、 创造能避免极端的气候的保护所和生活空间64 The building of fast and reliable means of transportation65 建设快速和可靠的运输方式66 The invention of various systems of communication67 发明各种通信系统68 The invention of machines to replace human or animal power69 发明机器来取代人类或动物体力70 The supply of safe water and the disposal of wastes71 安全水的供应和

52、废物处理72 The elimination of many infectious diseases73 消灭多种传染疾病74 The elimination of most waterborne diseases in the developed world through improved water technology75 在多数发达国家中通过改善水技术来消除大部分水源性疾病76 The availability of leisure time through greater productivity, providing the opportunity for cultural an

53、d recreational activities77 通过提高生产力，腾出闲暇时间，为进行文化和娱乐活动提供机会78 The protection from the worst effects of natural disasters such as floods, droughts, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions79 防止最严重的自然灾害的影响，如洪水，干旱，地震和火山爆发80 With these improvements, however, have come disturbing side effects, such as lost arab

54、le land, disappearing forests, environmental pollution, and new organisms resistant to controls 然而 , 随着 （ 科 学技术的 ）发展 , 产生了不良的副作用 , 比如 , 可耕地丢失, 森林消失 , 环境污染 , 微生物滋长81 . Many effects originally considered to be just nuisances are now recognized as potential threats tonature and to humans. 起初只是让我们觉得讨厌的许

55、多事物现在被认为对自然和人类存在的潜在威胁。82 . In an agrarian society, people lived essentially in harmony with mature, raising food, gathering firewood, and making clothing and tools from the land.在农业社会，人们基本上能与自然和谐地相处,他们在陆地上种植食物 , 收集木材 , 做衣服和工具。83 . The wastes from animals and humans were returned to the soil as ferti

56、lizer. Few, if any, problems of water, land, or air pollution occurred. 动物和人类排放的废物作为肥料又返到土地中。很少有水污染、 土地污染、和空气污染问题产生。84 . The cities of ancient times, particularly those of the Roman Empire, had systems to supply water and to dispose of wastes. 在古代的城市，特别是像罗马帝国那类，就已经存在供水系统和处置废物系统。85 . The aqueducts supplying the ancient city of Rome (population about 1 million) with safe water from the Cloaca Maxima, the best known and one of the earliest sewers to be built, are examples of such systems. 从一个最早建成之一且最有名的污水管 古罗马大排泄沟，向古代的罗马城市提供安全的水的渠道，就是这样的系统的例子。86 . The municipal