ecology英语词汇

1、生态学词汇：窗体顶端 agroecology农业生态学 abundance丰度，丰富 abiotic components非生物组分 assimilate同化 assimilation同化作用 aquatic水生的，水域的，水栖的 aquatic ecosystem水生生态系统 algae藻类，海藻 ammonium氨 age structure年龄结构 area effect面积效应 atmospheric cycle气相型循环 ammonification氨化作

2、用 acid rain酸雨 acid deposition酸性沉降物 asexual reproduction无性繁殖 aquaculture水产养殖 annual weeds一年生草本 abandoned field废弃农田 alternative energy sources替代能源窗体底端 窗体顶端 adaptation适应 alternative farming替代农作 adaptative radiation适应辐射 aerobic respiration有氧呼吸 

3、agroforestry农林业 alien species外源种 ancient forest原始森林 altitude纬度 anaerobic respiration无氧呼吸 arable land耕地 autotroph自养生物 aphid蚜虫 boundary边界 biotic components生物组分 biotic population生物种群 biotic community生物群落 biomass生物量（用重量或能量单位表示） biome生物群系，区

4、域性生物群落类型 boreal forest北方针叶林 beaver海狸窗体底端 窗体顶端 biosphere生物圈 biological nitrogen fixation生物固氮 biological oxygen demand (BOD)生物需氧量 biotic potential生物潜能（生殖潜能） biodiversity生物多样性 biogeochemical cycles生物地球化学循环 biological magnification生物放大作用 biotrophic paras

5、ite活体寄生物 biodegradable生物能降解的 biological control生物防治 biennials两年生的 biotic factors生物因子 birth control生育控制 broad-spectrum pesticides光谱杀虫剂 behavioral ecology行为生态学 biocoenosis生物群落 biotope（群落）生境 cultivation栽培，驯养 climate change气候变化 carbonhydrate碳水化

6、合物窗体底端 窗体顶端 carbon cycle碳循环 Calcium carbonate碳酸钙 coral reef珊瑚礁 carrying capacity环境容纳量 clumped dispersion成丛分布 commensalism偏利作用 competitive exclusion竞争排斥 coevolution协同进化 camouflage伪装 climax community顶极群落 consumer消费者 carnivores肉食动物 canopy

7、冠层 coniferous forest针叶林 convergent evolution趋同进化 clear-cut采伐空地 contour plowing等高耕作 crop rotation作物轮作 cowbird燕八哥 carbon dioxide concentration二氧化碳浓度窗体底端 窗体顶端 cellulose纤维素 closed system封闭系统 coexistence共存 courtship求偶（期） crude birth rate粗出生率

8、0;compost有机肥料，堆肥 continental ecosystem陆地生态系统 distribution分布 decomposition分解，腐烂，降解 discipline学科 degradation退化 desertification沙化,荒漠化 deciduous forest落叶林 decomposer分解者 detritus有机残体 density-independent controls非密度制约 density-dependent controls密度制约

9、60;distance effect距离效应 detritivore食碎屑者 detrital food chain腐生食物链窗体底端 窗体顶端 deforestation破坏植被；森林砍伐 denitrification反硝化作用 deepsea fishery深海渔业 dominant species优势种 dilution effect稀释效应 ecological生态学的，生态的 ecology生态学 ecosystem生态系统 environment环境 envir

10、onmentalism环境论，环境保护论 ecologist生态学家，生态学者 earthworm蚯蚓 ecological efficiency生态效率 entropy熵 endothermic animal温血动物,恒温动物 ectothermic animal冷血动物，变温动物 El Nino厄尔尼诺现象 estuary河口，江口 ecosystem function生态系统功能 euphotic zone透光层窗体底端 窗体顶端 ecological pyramid生态金字塔&

11、#160;ecosystem value生态系统价值 ecological niche生态位 exponential growth 指数型增长 energy flow能流 environmental reservoir环境库 evaporation蒸发 ecosystem modeling生态系统模拟 environmental gradient环境梯度 energetic trade-off能量平衡 equilibrium平衡 emergent挺水植物，突出树丛 epiphyte附生

12、植物 extinction灭绝 exotic species外来种 endangered species濒于灭绝的物种 ecotone群落交错区 ecotourism生态旅游 external cost外部成本 ecological crisis生态危机窗体底端 窗体顶端 fungi真菌 first law of thermodynamics热力学第一定律 food chain食物链 food web食物网 flux流（量） fossil fuels化石燃料

13、0;fixed action pattern固定行为模式 fundamental niche基础生态位 feedback反馈 fern蕨类植物 flagship species旗舰种 feedback loop反馈环 floating-leaved aquatic plant浮叶水生植物 gross primary productivity(GPP)总初级生产力 grazing food chain草牧食物链 geological uplifting地质抬升 greenhouse effect温

14、室效应 greenhouse gases温室气体 green revolution绿色革命 guild共位群窗体底端 窗体顶端 grasshopper蝗虫 genetic drift遗传漂变 global warming全球变暖 geothermal power地热能 geographic isolation地理隔离 green manure绿肥 genetic diversity遗传多样性 hunter-gatherer society狩猎-采集社会 herbivore草食

15、动物 hydrological cycle水循环 habitat生境 human intervention人类干扰 humus腐殖质 hummingbird蜂鸟 habitat fragmentation生境片段化 heterotroph异养生物 herbcide除草剂 hazardous waste有害废物 hydrosphere水圈 homeostasis动态平衡窗体底端 窗体顶端 interact相互作用 irrigation灌溉 individua

16、l level个体水平 infrared spectrum红外光区 industrial nitrogen fixation工业固氮 infiltration rate渗漏速度 inverted ecological pyramid倒生态金字塔 impermeable layer不透水层 intraspecific competition种内竞争 interspecific competition种间竞争 intertidal zone潮间带 instinctive behavior先天性行为 

17、inshore fishery沿海渔业 isotope同位素 ice-cap冰盖，冰帽 intermediate disturbance hypothesis中度干扰假说 inorganic fertilizer无机肥料 interplanting间作 integrated pest management综合害虫管理 island biogeography岛屿生物地理学窗体底端 窗体顶端 edge effect边缘效应 indicator species指示生物 infant mortality

18、 rate幼体死亡率 intercropping间作 invasive species入侵物种 infectious disease传染病 keystone species关键种 kinetic energy动能 K-strategistsK-对策者 landscape ecology景观生态学 Lindemann efficiency林德曼效率 lynx猞猁，山猫 life table生命表 life expectancy平均寿命 limiting resource限制性资

19、源 limiting factors限制因子 logistic growth逻辑斯谛增长 leafcutting ants切叶蚁 leaching渗漏 land-use planning土地利用规划窗体底端 窗体顶端 law of tolerance耐性定律 law of conservation of energy能量受恒定律 Lyme disease莱姆关节炎病 lithosphere岩石圈 lentic ecosystem静水生态系统 management of ecosyste

20、m生态系统管理 mycorrhizal fungi菌根真菌 mineralization矿化作用 marine system海洋生态系统 methane甲烷 mortality rate 死亡率 mutualism互利共生 maximum fatal temperature最高致死温度 mimicry拟态 migratory birds候鸟 maximum sustainable yield最大持续收获量 marginal cost边际成本 marginal benefit边

21、际收益 microclimate微气候（小气候） matapopulation联种群窗体底端 窗体顶端 minimum viable population最小可生存种群 nematode线虫类 natural resources自然资源 net primary productivity (NPP)净初级生产力 nutrient cycle养分循环 nitrogen cycle氮循环 nitrogen-fixing bacteria固氮菌 nitrate硝酸盐 neutral inter

22、action中性作用 nitrogen fixation氮固定 nitrification硝化作用 n-dimensional hypervolumen维超体积 niche separation生态位分离 necrotrophic parasite尸养寄生物 nonpoint source pollutant非点源污染物 nonbiodegradable 生物不能降解的 native species本地种 nature reserves自然保护区 natural disasters自然灾害

23、60;organism生物体，有机体窗体底端 窗体顶端 overgrazing过度放牧 organic matter有机质 open system开放系统 overlapping generations世代重叠 one-way flow 单向流动 ozone layer臭氧层 ozone hole臭氧空洞 overexploitation过度开发利用 overfishing过度捕捞 optimal foraging theory最适捕食理论 oscillation波动，摆动 

24、oligotrophic（水域）贫营养的 Omnivores杂食动物 oil spill漏油 productivity生产力 pathogen病菌，病原体 pesticide杀虫剂 photosynthesis光合作用 primary productivity初级生产力 photosynthetic efficiency光合效率窗体底端 窗体顶端 predator捕食者，肉食动物 praying mantis螳螂 phytoplankton浮游植物 permafrost永冻带

25、（土） phosphorus cycle磷循环 parent material土壤母质 population demography种群统计学，人口统计学 population density种群密度 spatial distribution空间分布 predation捕食 parasitism寄生 parasite寄主,寄生者 parasitoid拟寄生物 pioneer species先锋种 primary succession原生演替 prairies草原 pr

26、imary producer初级生产者 precipitation降水（量） photochemical smog光化学烟雾 population fluctuation种群波动窗体底端 窗体顶端 periodic fluctuation周期性波动 prey猎物 preadapted预适应的 perennial weeds多年生草本 positive feedback mechanism正反馈机制 point source pollutant点源污染物 power plant能源植物 

27、physiological ecology生理生态学 photic zone透光层 population dynamics种群动态 protist原生生物 resistance抗性，抵抗力 regulation of ecosystem生态系统的调控 respiration呼吸作用,呼吸 root nodule根瘤 red tides赤潮 random dispersion随机分布 resource partitioning资源配置（分配） realized niche实际生态位

28、60;remote sensing遥感窗体底端 窗体顶端 restoration ecology恢复生态学 system系统 stability of ecosystem生态系统的稳定性 soil erosion土壤侵蚀 salinization盐化（作用） solar energy太阳能 second law of thermodynamics热力学第二定律 species diversity物种多样性 sable紫貂，黑貂 seal海豹 standing biomass现存生物量 static life table静态生命表 survivorship curves存活曲线 symbiosis共生(体) succession演替 secondary succession次生演替 structure of ecosystem生态系统的结构 sedimentary cycle沉积型循环 surface runoff地表径流 soil acidification土壤酸化窗体底端 窗体顶端side effect副作用 solid wastes固体废物 shiftin