哈佛大学公共管理教学模式及其启示（The teaching mode of public administration in Harvard University and Its Enlightenment）

1、哈佛大学公共管理教学模式及其启示The teaching mode of public administration in Harvard University and Its EnlightenmentThe teaching mode of public administration in Harvard University and Its EnlightenmentMaBecause of work reasons, I have the honor to participate in the Harvard Universitys Kennedy School of governme

2、nt (hereinafter referred to as the Kennedy Academy) fall 2003 2 months of study, education and training institutions as public sector senior management personnel are teaching methods, the Kennedy School of government and also in the education and training of public sector management talents in China

3、 similar schools in China are different, some methods should be enlightening significance to our country. Below, I will focus on the teaching model of Kennedy Institute itself. At the same time, I will make some superficial comments on my own understanding and the reality of our work.First, the char

4、acteristics of the teaching model of Kennedy InstituteI want to analyze the problem from a practical point of view. Mainly include: project and curriculum establishment, course selection, classroom organization, case teaching, communication and logistics, and several specific aspects:(1) project and

5、 curriculum setting:Kennedy college estimates that more than 800 students will take classes in fall. This is the schools estimate, because there are cross courses between the colleges, and the students are allowed to adjust them in the middle. So, how many students, each of whom has to know at the e

6、nd of the semester?. There have been open teaching project now 6 year project, respectively is MPP- MPP/UP - Master of public policy, public policy and city planning of public management MPA/ID and master of international development, MPA2 - 2 years for master of public administration, MC/MPA offici

7、als (Mid-Career) Master of public administration, public policy, PhD-. In addition, the school also has a Executive Program (training), specialized organizations of various short-term training programs, China for two consecutive years led by the development research center of the State Council offic

8、ial training project (nearly 60 people each year), there are a number of overseas training programs (the students do not come to the United States) are run by the department. Most of the short-term training project (Executive Programme) is a separate design course, separate teaching assessment. With

9、 the exception of Singapores Li Guangyao program, students must take credit courses (as a teacher at the Kennedy Institute). It is understood that the college students in the United States for short-term projects, all American students are attending a formal degree programs. In the formal degree pro

10、gram, generally speaking, MPP (Public Policy) students are young, while MPA (Public Management) students are older. MC/MPA students are older, we see the largest over 60 years old, as well as wheelchair disabled people after class. These reflect the diversity of the Kennedy School of government and

11、the atmosphere of lifelong learning among industrialized nations.Teaching is usually based on annual courses. For the course, the Kennedy Institute has an aim at setting up courses on public policy issues around the United States and around the world. There are 117 courses in the fall 2003 course. T

12、hese courses cover four broad categories:First, API - policy and institutional analysis: economic analysis, practical analysis, models and applications, institutional analysis and design, policy design, values of public policy, historical analysis, research methods.Strategic management, STM - second

13、 public organizations: organizational strategy and its implementation, the development of political negotiations and policy management - management, production, quality and innovation management, financial management, information system and responsibility, development and motivation of human resourc

14、es.Third, PAL - political agitation and Leadership: the mobilization of scientific and political resources, political and political leadership in elections.Fourth Research on classification policy and system: business and government policy, crime and justice, the environment and natural resources, p

15、ublic health policy, human resources, labor and education, housing, city development and transportation, international security and political economy, international trade and finance, non-profit organizations, political and economic development, media, politics and public policy, science and technol

16、ogy and public policy.In addition to the above four categories, the college also offers a large number of courses for students to participate in, including computer courses, job search skills courses, financial management courses. Occasional invitations to ambassadors from the United States, America

17、n political figures, government officials, scientists, journalists, columnists, parliamentarians, and even Democratic candidates are running for open classes at the college.In the formal course, there are the annual curriculum (annually), the semester course (semester) and the half semester course (

18、module). The course of the year is 2 credits, the semester course is 1 credits, and the half semester course is only 0.5 credits. Kennedy college students generally get at least 8 credits a year, and the pressure is pretty high. We actually take part in a Module study, and we have to take at least 4

19、 courses and get 2 credits.(two) course selection procedureThe Kennedy School of project of students, but of course is completely broke the concept of the project and even college, students can choose any courses of interest free, including the Harvard University, even outside the school (as MIT cou

20、rse). And vice versa, outside college and university students may also take courses at the Kennedy institute. The Kennedy Institute itself does not have undergraduates, but it also allows undergraduates at other Harvard colleges to take courses. In addition, courses are generally open to project res

21、earchers at the Kennedy Institute, and they are welcome to sit in. Regular students can also attend classes outside the official selection at any time. This highly open course model gives students an unusually wide range of learning spaces, where students tend to be interested in what they want and

22、what they want to learn. As an elective subject, the college has a relatively new management approach. Specifically includes three procedures:1, preparation stage (orientation): after the new semester registration, students immediately under the guidance of the project supervisor familiar with the s

23、ituation, including the selection system. The college determines the course selection instructor for each student, and a teacher often guides 3-5 people in the course. Students must meet with the instructor for three periods and receive instruction. First, before the start of the course market, the

24、students should visit the instructor individually, and introduce their professional background, subjects, hobbies, restrictions and main intention to the teacher. The teacher will make some substantive suggestions about the course teachers situation and the course selection for students, including r

25、ecommending a longer course list. Two, students in the course market after, have got a general elective course target, and after entering the class stage, also want to report the general situation of the instructor (use E-MAIL), listen to the opinion. The three is in the 1 - 2 weeks after the formal

26、 class, to the final report to determine the course, but also with the teacher interview once, and after he signed in the form of consent, in order to formally register the selected courses.2, take part in the curriculum fair. The so-called curriculum market (Course Shopping) is actually the school

27、officially commenced in 2-3 days ago took a special course of face-to-face communication for all students and teachers, these days are called market day Shopping Day, during this period, all fall 117 course classroom the teacher must be in the classroom, according to the provisions of the specific t

28、ime (usually half of the formal curriculum class time is 45 minutes) attractive to students to sell this course, in order to attract the students to choose his classes, and answer the questions. Students are required to take part in the course Shopping., because the course is too many, students are

29、too wide interest, certain lifelong type of elective is very little. These two days, on the one hand is to demonstrate your knowledge and discipline charm of Harvard professors on the platform, on the one hand to take the market schedule, a classroom nonstop to another classroom bustling about Harva

30、rd students, forming a unique scenery. The vast majority of students take a broad cast, and then gradually eliminate the way to choose courses. Take myself for example, 2 days Shopping down, I took part in 13 professors sales course, and then took 6 subjects.After two weeks of classes, four subjects

31、 were eliminated. He then attended two lectures. Finally completed and got the subject score is four branches, just completed credits. Through elective courses, the participants original project boundaries, country boundaries are thoroughly broken, and finally classes are taken. Each student must be

32、 in a new environment and must make new students.3, determine the course. All courses went into full swing immediately after the market was over. But students will be able to enter and exit in the next two weeks. After two weeks, the classes for each course are almost fixed. Thus, the course selecti

33、on ended.(three) organization of classroom teachingThe teaching methods of Kennedy Institute are mainly case teaching, and minority teachers are mainly lectures. But a common feature is that the curriculum is three-dimensional, and there are many elements about the front and rear, up and down. In ge

34、neral, a course is taught two times a week, 1.5 hours per class, two hours, 3 hours. But every class has to do more than that.First, there are a large number of readings before class, including cases and related literature to be discussed in class. The amount of reading material varies according to

35、the nature of the course. Some of them are large, such as: human rights issues, leading scientific literature, budget reform, etc. most of them read more than 100 pages of books at once; while others are smaller, such as ethics in the government, and so on, there are usually 10-30 pages. Theres no m

36、ore left.Two is to do before class answer (Response). Many classes have this requirement. The most demanding is the strategic management of public organizations, which are taught two times a week. Do the pre answer must be defined before class time by e-mail or the school network to the teacher, and

37、 print a brought to the classroom, the teacher will require students to speak from time to time analysis of Syria view in the case, the lack of preparation will make a fool like.Three is parallel to the course content, as well as network discussion and group discussion. For each discussion, the time

38、 spent is often less than once, from the preparation of data collection to the formation of things.Four papers and final exams. Each course is usually written at least once a month. It usually takes about 1500 English words. Requirements are reported through the college intranet, and sometimes speci

39、al classroom discussions are organized. Thesis title and requirements, teacher. If you want to change, you must use e-mail to ask for permission. Each paper will be given a detailed annotation and graded according to Harvard standards. There is an examination part of the course, the general is a clo

40、sed book exam. 1.5 hours of larger questions, deeper content, generally difficult to get high marks.The general situation is that the amount of learning is large and demanding. Once you enter the formal course, each student is nervous and has some other activities, and you dont have much free time.

41、Some weekends will also take up.(four) case teachingThey say the Harvard Case teaching is good. Where in the world is it? Through personal experience, I feel that there are several important elements:First, there is a good case. The teaching cases used by Kennedy Institute are gradually formed and p

42、erfected in the teaching practice of several decades. The total number of cases is more than 1000. All the cases are from the hands of the famous. Some are based on student assignments, but have also been revised or finalized by a professor or commissioned by reporters and authors. The case comes fr

43、om practice, a fair and detailed introduction and description of the event sequence of events. Some cases have a draft effect that can be applied to different theories, even across disciplines such as the Harvard School of government and the Harvard Business school.The two is to have a good professo

44、r. Professor Kennedys Institute is strictly selected from applicants, engaging in appointment system and performing strict performance management. Most of them have the experience of serving in government agencies or international organizations, and some even offer part-time teaching. For example, t

45、he public budget teacher, who served as vice president of the national budget committee in the Clinton administration, taught Mary Jan, a professor of strategic management in the public sector, was a High Commissioner for welfare projects;Some teachers have had the experience of becoming mayor; and

46、so on. Such a structure not only makes college teachers, teaching and scientific research of the pertinence and practicability is guaranteed, in combination with the relaxed environment, but also makes the deal with tricky issue raised by participants becomes an easy job to do.The three is to have a

47、 good environment for free discussion. Like the rest of Harvard, the Kennedy Institute is renowned for its strong academic atmosphere and a relaxed environment. Take the teaching of ethical issues in our government as an example, and we have seen this characteristic. The ethical issue in government

48、is a course that judges the decision-making behavior of the public sector from an ethical point of view, mostly for officials and students of the second academic year. The students of our Li Guangyao program make it the only required course (plus four other 3 electives). This course uses a large num

49、ber of documents and cases from the perspective of human epistemology and thinking characteristics. The literature used includes both the West and the East, including some of Confuciuss theories. Most concerned with real cases, such as terrorism, Frances Muslim student wearing a turban, Shell oil co

50、mpany in Nigerias business behavior and political disputes, etc., is a very instructive course. In the discussion of the anti-terrorism issue again, the teacher talked about a very sensitive topic in the United States today, terrorist activities have no rationality, draw a conclusion: the world of t

51、errorism are not only non justice of terrorism, also have justice of terrorism. As soon as this conclusion came out, students from the US military immediately appeared unacceptable. Finally, the teacher Ken made it clear that this is Harvard, which allows different perspectives, but the theory of te

52、rrorism, which is based on theory and practice, is objective. He cited the American atomic bomb in Japan, the Algeria peoples independence before the French terrorist activities, such as justice, the reasonableness of the controversial case to illustrate this point of view. Also, on the question of

53、double standards and human rights issues, Kennedy school teachers seem to be inclined to provide a large number of cases so that students can judge for themselves. This kind of environment is helpful to improve students thinking ability.Four, there is a good basis for students. The enthusiasm of the

54、 students at the Kennedy Institute for their intense participation in classroom discussions is extremely rare. Often a class, the teacher began to speak, the students have raised their hands to ask questions. Where did the teacher ask when the teacher asked?. Moreover, the students were very concern

55、ed about the other students questions, and the voice was a little too small, and immediately someone protested. When one of the students finished, someone immediately added. These are not individual phenomena. Why is that? I think it has a lot to do with the relatively high quality of students. Kenn

56、edy college students are selected through a rigorous program, which is very important to have a rigorous interview; at the same time, the student fees are very high, the annual tuition fee of more than $20 thousand, plus the cost of living, how have 5 more than $60 thousand, far higher than the gene

57、ral university in the United States the. In addition, most students have a decent job and go to Harvard for 1 to 2 years, and the opportunity cost is great. Therefore, those who can go to the Harvard Kennedy School of government, one is extremely capable of learning, one is willing to learn, both mu

58、st be at the same time, otherwise they will not go. Both American and international students are like this. Another aspect of student quality is the composition of diversity. At the Kennedy School of learning to from all corners of the country, all sorts of occupations, not a fake. Classes with diff

59、erent age, religion, ideology, race, nationality, education background and career background have unique effects on the connotation of rich case discussions. In the classroom, we can often see the collision of different views, such as the Israelis and Palestinians on the torture human rights rational argument; a Muslim country and non state students of different views on the non Muslim school students wearing all these problems