环境科学与工程专业英语翻译

1、精品文档Unit 1 fex(: What are Environnwntiil Science andEngineerinj*?环境科学与工程是什么？x Natural Science尸 In Ihe brmidcsl sense, science is 4nihati/i:d knowledge dr rived frtnn mid UslTd rvtiiHiun und furmtilutloi vti probkm, collion of d;珊a throURli ulsrrvaLhjiL ：md ek)rilineiUulioii.自魅科学-在最广泛的意义上.科学是系统化的知识.来

2、源于并且实践于对网题的认识和 构想，以及通过观察和实验的数据的收集。I nil 1 l ext: What arc Environmental Science andEngineering?环境科学与工程是什么？- We difTcrtniiatc betwttn social wicnce und iidturl scipnre in tho( the former deitb with Ilir study of pvopk and liuw th. IN也 tudhr / fumil讪& l/ig. oMLiiiiurUlkv,hr%, jnd iiulimg, atid Lhc lul

3、Ltr dtah with I hi: hludy of riulutc dncl the pJiyslcal world.尸我们用来区分社会科学和自然科学的是“前者从事研究人作为家盘、部落、 社区，种靛和国宝如何生活在一起瓯后者从事自卷和物理世界的研究.Natural seknet* includes such diverse disciplines as birklogy. cheniistry, gcoloEy* ph)*icN, &nd tnYironrnrntal 就ifiKr.,自然科学包括生物学，化学 地质学，物理学和环境科学等不同的学科.Environmental Scienc

4、tWhcrtas the distipliiKS of hiulu时. chcnihdryr mid pli9*cb fund Ihcir sulxllsdpLhics of n)kTikbiok) orunlc cheniislry, nuclear pJiydcs etc.) urt focused on a particular aspect of natural science* environmental science in its hrnadeM sensf cncoinposses nil the fklds nf natural science-环境科学,而生物学、化学和物理

5、的学科及其分支学科的微生物学，有机化学，核物理， 等等)的重点是自然科学的一个特定方面.环境科学在其广义上包括所有的自 然科学领域.The hisludeal Uns of stud, fur tnvironmanUtl sclenti决 has been, uf course, the nsilural environment.，历来环境科学家研究的焦点，理所应当是自然环境.， By this, we iiienn Lhe alnii)spwrc. the kind, it眈 water und ihtir inhabitants as diETerenlinkd Irom lhe huii

6、il en iininnient,因此，我们指的是大气，土壤，水和居住环境.这些不同于建设的环境.MHltrrn vininmnitnlal stilenct IiushIsu fuuikl u|jplkiithmEti)lhe built environniitiil or, pertiups more coirectly. to Ilie effiisimis id-ju：froni the built environment.-现代环境科学还建立了相应的建设环境应用，或者更准确的说,来应对建筑环 境的排污.k Quantitative Environmental Science Sdft

7、iz nr. periliiHrc correctly. the scientific nwtlirxJ. deuh with dalx thikt k,聃寸th recorded observations.定量环境科学/科学，或者更准确的说,科学的方法,数据处理,也就是，观察记录.r The dala k, (if course a sample of the universe 及of piKhibilUieN They may be rep rest niatlve or I hey may be skewed,当然，数据是经验领域中样品的可能性.它们可有代表性的，也可能使被曲 解的.r

8、Even 11they arv repirstMitulhe, ihry uilJ enntain some ninduni mnd口m Md variation that cannot be explained with current knawledg.尸即使他们是具有代表性的，它们也含有不能用现有的知识来解弹某些随机变 化., (,：arc and Impartiality in gathering and recording d白ta,鼻耳 well as Independent verification( 符实八 are the cornerstones of science,在数据

9、收集与记录过程仔细认真、无偏见和独立核实是科学的基石./ IVhen Iht collectiou lhr! oi iiEiz；nion of datu rctuJ certain reulurltics, It may br puslble to hrmulate a enemllotion 口 位.厘可概诧：or hypithek，当对数据收集和整理披露了某些规律时，可能归纳出概论或假设., This is tiiertlj a slatenient Ihat under ctr辐M tircunisiarKes uwlnrei嶂区) certain phtnomena4值 同事，cun

10、enenilly be observed,尸这只是一份声明在某些情况下，某些现象通常可以观察到。x Many generallzahuiis ure statistical In tliat they apply accundely lo large ascmhlagcs 中)but arc 肌作 more than probabilities when applied toMiulkr stts or tndividuals./许多概况的结论是准确适用于大的集合体，但是当应用在小集合或者个体中, 概率就没那么大了k In 浦 sdcntlfk iipprouch. the h* pothes

11、k (倒也叫打山说】Is tested, revised, iind Utul until H is pnncik ixhplabk在科学方法中.假说被测试，修改，并再次测试，直到它被证明是可以接受的.-II Mt? can use certain Hsyumptkins or de tosclher n set 讣genera I Izat ions, we funnulalt h lli*y如果我们可以使用某些假设或配合一组概括，我们就建立了一个理论. txiinipk. theories that havepiintfl “iceptHiKe over a tinw art known

12、as las.,例如，获得了长时间认同的理论，就会被作为定律.产 Some wimples aii: the laws of niolion.斛 hkh dcsi rilw the hehaviiH if moviit btwlies】and the ga5 laws, which describe the hehavi（ir （if，一些例子如运动定律，是用来描述移动物体行为的：气体定律是用来描述描述 气体行为的.* The llcvel Furthermore, a theory gives us a powerftil new tool in Ihv 3i/qtihi（Jon c ir

13、sj of kiinkdc fur it shuus us u here to lnk Fur nc cnuralizatluns.l此外，理论给我们提供了一个强大的新工具，它能够获取知识,因为它告诉 我们到哪里去寻找新的结论.Thu %, the accuniuLHUun uf dalu bveomts kss of h niiigpk coLJcctiun uf lucks ；nid more of tihutit for ncdtid inrui mallon.，因此,数据的积累少于事实的胡乱收集，更多的是素疑化地寻找需要的信息.“ It is the rxistCTKe clasifk

14、atinn find grnrrntizatinn 3 /山 山 讣,and ubovr all thevry llmi Jkiukes scknix anbody of kjtuwLedu.一正是这典分类和归纳的存在，最重要的还是理论，使科学成为的一个粗织知谓 体系.r Lugk is a purl ）k逻辑是理论的一部分.这两类逻辑学分为定性和定量逻辑学 Qulita1ivc lok is dcsstrlptJvc. For exampk we catt ijuHlituthvh sllc that when the amount（）l waste waler enttrinji h ce

15、rtain Hver i loo hih, the fish die,-定性逻辑是描述性的.例如，我们可以定性陈述,当大量的废水进入某河流， 量太大了 鱼犯了口10k迎下载 With qualitatiYc logic wt cunnut identify what ul(w high mvanswe need quantitative logic to do that.产在定性逻辑，我们不能识别“过高”意味着，我们需要司化逻辑来做这件事*a When the data and gene nd 匕口 Hons are quantitative we need mathematics to pr

16、ovide a theory that shows tht quantitative rdatiuiiships.数据和归纳是定量的，我们需要数学来提供一个理论，它能够表达数量关系., For example, a quantilativc staleinenl about the river niighl slide (hat i4whcn the mass of organic matter entering a certain river equals x kilograms per day, the amount of oxygen in the stream 河it 卜棺 y.”，以

17、河为例，定量表述的可能陈述)当大部分的有机质进入某一河流的质量等于 每天x公斤，相当于氧气溶解量是y* ” Perhaps more importantly, quantitative logic enables us to explore41 What if? questions about re h Cions hips.k或许更重要的是，盘化逻辑，使我们得以探索卬是否？制存在关系的问题.k For e、Hti】ple,reduce the amount of organic rnulltr entering the stream, how much nill Ihe atoount(f

18、nxygt n in the stifAm increase?11，例如:如果我怕减少有机物进入河流的量，河流的含氧量会增加多少？”, Fiirihrrniorr, theories, ;(nd in purlieu如件 mathrmulicl Ihwrirs, often enahk us Io bridge Iht gup between cxpcrlmeniully cun I rolled ob*(enutli)rs and olMervatioiis made In the Held丘此外，理论,尤其是数学理论，通常使我们可以弥补(缩小)实验过程观察 的结果与该领域理论推导的结果间的

19、差距.k For t xiimpk. if wc coEitrvl the umvutit of oxygen In u fish tunk in (ht laboratory.can deter mine the minim iifn amount rajuired for the fish to beheal th y-例如，加果我们在实验室里控制氧气在一个鱼缸含量，我们可以确定鱼健康存 活所需的最少含氧量0can thru use this lumber t delemnne Ilie accepluble mass of organic matter placed In the str

20、eam.我的可以使用这个数字来确定可接受的在河流中含有的有机物的量.- Thus，the accumulation of data becomes less of a magpie collection of facts and mure of a systcnialJzed hunt ibr needed infomiatioir,因此数据的积累和事实的收集变得更少，更多的是系统化的寻找需要的信息.“ Given that Lnvirunnicntul Mricner sun orHiiizcd lHly of kinMIcdt; ulH)ut nvinmnitntalthenviivinm

21、nwrilaJ siitnct is 111nrRiiniwxl collection of mid hr mail cal Ihrories that may be used to describe and explore environiiieritdl rvlationhips.考虑到环境工程是关于环境关系的有体系的知识，定量环境科学是一个有序 的数学理论体系，它被用来描述和探索环境关系.* Enj fleering Engineering is a profession that applies science and mathematics to make the properdvs

22、 班 of matter and of tntrgj useful In struciurcs, nuichliiejj |inKiut:tsT systunis mid pructssts,工程学，工程学是应用科学和数学的专业，研究物质特性，以及结构，机器，产品， 藏绪和湃春方面徒海的来遁n, Ndthrr cnvlnmmentul science imr environmvntidnlncerln should he confused vdlh heaUn vtntihlin or uir ecmdJtionlrku (HV AC), nur wWh landsuapt Hrvhitecl

23、iirv.，不要把环境科学和环境工程与加热，通风，空温(HVAC)混谢，也不与景观建筑混 淆. Pscithtr should they be confused with the archikxtural und structural cnineerinj； functimis assockitcd with Iniilf cniniiinicntst such as hemes, offleest md oLhcr wurkplaces.尸他们也不应读与建筑结构工程的功能与构建环境混谓.如家庭、办公室、和 其他工作场所. Sekcted IVmii “Ma&cm沁 L DhyK, Sush

24、J Nkten. Principle* uf】：】vini】tiiiHa】 Eiijiictrhig. and Science. Tlie k(rrd Jlill (.,onipanics, Iik USA20U41一选自r i&cn加LDuvl宿油对i J*【h祗n.环境工程与科学的原则.美国麦格 劳希尔股份有限公司. zwrUnit 3Whut is Wast ReducdoEUAVastc Minimizytlon?什幺是废物城量化,废物最少化A greal amount of time 1】型 been spent in the U.S. discussing die icrminol

25、ogy of such words as source reduction, .riisk mirimiz.tu. n nx clinjr iind polh.(ik)r prcwniinn. :T hii，1中itk/ ihc fnlkiwing tkinitinns,美国花费 f 大量一 的时间在讨论像资源减量化，废物最小化，循环和阻止污染这些末语上，EPA已姓提供了以下的定义.Source redudiian; A iy iis raw materials; prics changes /incrcing cfficicticy/itwprovcd maintenance xiith a

26、s cquipiticuT muditlcxitions better huuMekeeping, m-process cloHcddoop reuychng; ur chunng milpins-reducing reliunce on toxic or ham&us product这样可能在三个方式上被阻止:改变投入/减少依就将毒物或有害的朦材料：段变过程/增加 效率提高类似设备修改的锥修保养，更好的管理，在过程中闭环循环；或者改变产出/减小对有毒或者有害产 1Vl的依应Willi the pasviigc of (he H 心 ardous ind Solid WjikIc ATiien

27、dinents to The Resuumre f unser vatiun 13nd Recovery Aul in 19X4. the U.S. Congress established 口 nationil policy declaring the inipormncc of reducing or diminating the KtatkmQfhazardo心心心随着1984年危险废物和同体废物修正案资源保护和恢熨法的通过，美国国会建立 4个国家政策来表明回收或消除危险废物的产生重要性.Thu Congress hereby declarer il to bu ii nalional

28、pulic uf United Stales Lhiit wherever leasiblcx the gcueialion ol hazardous waste is to be reduced or diminated a% cxpcdirioufiJy as poihlc,美国国会宣称它是一项无论在美国哪里 都可行的国家政策，要尽可能迅速地回收或消除危险废物的产生口 Waste that is neverthekss generated should be treaied. stored, or disposed of k as to minimize present and futur

29、e threat to human health aM the environment. 生的废物还是城被处理、储存或处置,从血尽量该少现在和将来对人类健康和环境的威胁.In 1990, the U.S, Congress passed the Pollution Prevention Act, establishing a hierarchy of waste innageincnt as national policy; stating that first pollution should be prevented or reduced whenever feasible;在 1990

30、年，美国国会通 过污染防治法，建立了一个全国废物管理政策表明第一污染应谶被强防或回收cnntL waste should bt； iveyclud in an enviranmentally safe mmin亡亡第二,废物成该用一科环保:安全的Zf式进行循环利用；ihiixl, waiste should be treated;第三.HE物应该被处理；and 邮 u hst resort, w aslc sliuuld be disposed of or released io tlx environnKnt.最 后，废物应该被除去或降解到环境+ With the pasiLigc of a

31、nd other environmental laws, wa5tc miuimizatiQ口 has become an important operating philosophy in the United State*在美国，随着这些和其他环境法规的通过，废物最 少化成为一种重要的工作理念.lUdiKtiiijrX ；i:rc Minimiz4tiun lxhnii|ulen甑因此， 些徘修店l2 JI始用可生物降解的溶剂取代蒸汽除油剂和冷溶 剂罐。APS MulcriultL Inct gcncr(itcd two hu/ardo明 aslcs. J-l-1 tridilOTOtth

32、uinj and mclhiriol from cold sohtrit degreasing operations associated with their plasma spray dqposition process.美国物理协会材料公司在其等国了悻 喷雾沉淀工艺的冷溶剂脱脂操作过程中会产生出两种危害性废物，即I, 1, 1-T氯乙烷和甲翳.AterpMbased eleauLr was gubriluied Rr the Lwv liazardoub inaienaJs and has proven la be un uaviruimictiUil and econuiiuc suc

33、cess 一种可用松油稀释的清洁剂被用作代替两种危险物质，井已经证明在环境上和经济上的得到了成功，Riker Labo附Lorig a 3M phariiiLcvuiical plant cuffed medicine 匕小】小 ilh aukutH比莱克实验室,一间 3M 的制 药工厂v 在药片 匕涂上济剂Solvent emissions had the pointial to exceed fiirpolluticn limiL，forthconiing 溶剂的 1II 微物有 uj能己经超Hl 现有的空 T污染的帙限 a A waler-ba set! coatiug was deve

34、loped to replace the solvent coating. 一种水溶性涂料被开发用作代替溶剂的涂料e Different spraying equipmcTit v,ns intallul und the product was tested fbr qualily and sstabilil鼻不同的喷雾设备已经凝安装八 井测试了产品的质量和稳定性。Tests were positive and24 mnt rair polliiuon gw prevented iwgMIy.这些测成都拈成功的，每年阻止了 2A吨的空气污染物的排放.AT& Y has a goal to ac

35、hieve a WO% reducti口口 of C l;C by 1994 and i口 eliminEi（e loxic utr emissiiHis ol all types by the year 2000美国最大的电话电信公司ATfiT有一个要实现的目标.就她在1994年使含氟氟短减少100%并在 LKXJO 年消除各种的有毒的鹿气排放物。They have substituted a derivative of citrus fruits and other organic compounds, fbr solvents used to clean electronic equip

36、ment； and eliminated CFC use in circuitboard manufacturing process through use of ihc AT& 1 Low SolidFlukcr,他们lA经用一种拧檬果制品和其他叮机物3代曾过去曾用十消 洁电子设箱的溶剂：通过使用AT&T的低固态助焊剂取消含菰赋炫在电路板制造工艺的使用“SubstiLuling il-l.inxjncne Ihr chlorinated solvcnls allovsed Xenix to reduce tJic amounil ci SDlpenhi emitted Li）the atmo

37、sphere &om about 200000 pounds to 17（X）0 pounds.用柠Hfc油箱代替氯化溶剂可以允许Xerox （德乐）的溶剂 排放到大气中的值从200, 00。镑减少至17, 000 .Pnwess changes 过程变化A hih prassure lAiilur、lrip optrudon h;ii sablcJ Xenix to recycle AMO00 pouruk of nitkel and 2 million pounds of aluminum tubes per year, and to ceiuni 160000 pounds of sel

38、enium to suppliers for reiue,一种高压水提取操作己经 信使加mx （施乐）每年PI收800. 0Q0磷的镇和2. 000 , 000磅的铝管还有退回160. 000磅的硒给供闲商 循环再用。Scott Paper Company has developed a system fbr source deduction known prccydirig” in which paper product* are packages in larger quantities, thus saving materia I ： hL would otherwise have be

39、en was 帕也造纸公司 开发了一个 被称为同循环的资源回收系统，它的纸产品被大量的包装，因此省下了那些可能要浪提神的材料“ChciTon used tn dispose of tank bottoms in landlk. It now uses a centrifuge to separate oil from water; it reused the oil and treats ihc aier leaving onlv a small uinount of solid io be landfilled （less than 5% of orginal Hudg。雪 佛龙公司过去曾经

40、在填埋场处理罐底沉淀物,该公司现在是用一种离心机把油从水中分离出来：它对那叫油进 行再利用并且对那些水进行处理使得只残留很少部分的固体被填埋（少于5%的原始污泥含量）.At 3M s Office System Division plane s temperature control computer has been adapted to control sterr-uptemperature* and Jias cliniiiiaLed 与 lari-up waste for an annual waving of 533200 dollars in silver, paper, solv

41、ents, and labor. The capital cast was 16000.137 dollars ions of solid waste were eliminated. 53 tons of air pollution wis przmN在刈的办公系妹分图仁, 一.控即电嘀已泞送：匚来件割小.后用 ，.土有4, 11后所一出比的改 物，在氓，纸张，溶剂和劳动力等方面年年省下了 533, 200美元.它的成本是被排放的16. 00口美元处理掉 137帏的冏体废物.防止了 5?吨的空气污染物.Eqtiipinctit modificatiom i.殳备改造Equipment may

42、 be modified Io enkince recovery or recycling operatioiui, to produce less uame, or to improve operating cfficicDcy.设备能撼被改造以能弊提高恢复或回收的操作率，产生更少陵物，或提高操作效率.An Exxon pkint in Rayway, Nw Jersey, in$tilled floaHug ro介代 on 16 tnnks Storing （he mnst volatile cheiTiic；ds used in rhe plant, A tloaiing root is

43、 a cover that rests on （he liquid change* thus inimnnzing the fbifnation of chemical vapors thai have to he vented from the tank. Emissions reductions totaled 6800（X） pounds per ycar? worth more ihan 200000 dollars. 在新泽西的1杷空州，一个Exkm部门，在IS个容罂中安装了储存厂在厂中使用的培育挥发性的化学品的浮 顶.浮顶根随着液体水平的变化而升降,因此.使必须从工厂被排放出的化工

44、蒸气减到最小。污染物每年息的 减少量是680. 000磅，价值超过2001 30元*Operating pracrices 操作实践Often good housekeeping & the key to better w；Kte mininiination. Suh praciiccs ut rruiiniaining a strict preventive nuintcnnticc program eliminate tnnch w-sted tna忙H jI. 一“般地,好的内部管理是废物最少化的关屣力这样僻持，一个 严密的定期检修的经验能修减少很多废料-Sloppy housckcup

45、ing practices such as leaking kinks, valves, or pum四 may cause precess chemicals tc spill requiring denup aod dispell 散谩的内部管理习惯如储箭* 阀门.或泵的泄 漏,可自缢成处理化学制品溢出而需要果取净化和处理措魄.Poor ckjiung of parti； or inadequate dropout time will reduce the uscfiLhieiis of the process chenncals, increEise the s.c disptisjil

46、, ；h1l1 , u nF lIk-ttiiuiiIcpEni口il,不够干净或不充足的洗液时间将减少处理化学制品的 存用性.增加废物处理的班用和化工替换的费用.In甲raving materials receiving, storage, and handling practices are needed in some plants so that material are not wast before use在一些部门中提高材料的接收，帏存和操作实践,材料在没有使用之前就不是我废物“ 了。Educating employees so that equipment is used co

47、rrectly is iniportunr For exampk. opcraior training un proper painting卬r；iy techniques may offer untold benefits.对于教白工作者设备能正碑的使用是很重要的，例如，操作者 适当地运用喷雾技术可能会有意想不到的收获。 Rurchasing and inventory practices may need improvement. Raw materialIhat Ioh their usefulness because (hey sit on the shelf too long bec

48、ome waste r Having agreements with suppliers to recycle containers, use 尼器 packaging, cut., imy rucuce iJjc solid w心k ol liiu LumpEH4采购和仓康里的管电可他需要改善“蟆材料因为存放在架上太 长时间失去了它们本身的使用价值,从而变成了废物.和供销商达成协议去回收容器，使用少用包装的等,都 可以减少画体陵物在工厂里的产生&一亡Prop( segfugLiiiOTi T飞小mciiim will allow more opportunity for recycling and Tcvkimatiom对废物的适当分离 将为回收利利用提供更多的机会口 Jt often less