考研英语chapter3 名词

1、Chapter 3 名词名词By Nancy Tu概念概念v 名词名词是人类认识事物所使用的基本词汇，是表示人、物、地点以及抽象概念的名称的词。v名词的种类：专有名词普通名词国名地名人名，团体机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词 抽象名词物质名词The Yellow RivercabarmyhonestywaterHemingwaycomputerpolicesilencewindThe CIAsisterfamilyloveglass名词的数：名词的数： 1. 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或或-es

2、 规则 例词 1 一般情况在词尾加-s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days 2 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes 3 以-f或-fe结尾的词 变-f和-fe为v再加-es leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves 加-s chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs 4 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-e

3、s party-parties, family-families, story-stories规则 例词 5以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-s toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys 6 以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos 7以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词 一般加-es Negro-Negroes, hero-heroes, potato-potatoes不少外来词加-s piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-

4、autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos 两者皆可 zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos 8以-th结尾的名词加-s truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths 不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：规则的，现归纳如下：规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2单复数相同shee

5、p, deer, means, works, fish, yuan, jin3只有复数形式 trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses 4一些集体名词总是用作复数 people, police 5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员） class, family, crowd, couple, group, government, population, team, public规则例词6复数形式表示特别含义 customs(海关), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers

6、(文件报纸), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜)7表示“某国人” 加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans 单复数同形 Swiss, Portuguese葡萄牙人, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-women Englishmen, Frenchwomen 规则例词8合成名词 将主体名词变为复数 sons-in-law, lookers-on旁观者, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends

7、无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数 grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches秒表将两部分变为复数 women singers, men servants 指出下列各句中的错误并改正：指出下列各句中的错误并改正：v They bought a number of new furnitures at a market yesterday.v He has few experiences in doing business.v Jim was upset last night because he had to do too many homeworks.v He has

8、a lot of first-hand informations.v She has two fruits after each meal in order to keep fit.v I wish I could give you many advices.v She does several part-time works in order to earn her tuition.v There are more than 30 peoples in the meeting room.v Jack wants to gain as many knowledges as possible a

9、t university.v Measles 麻疹 are an infectious disease.指出下列各句中的错误并改正：指出下列各句中的错误并改正： 名词的所有格名词的所有格v名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。有格。v所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加s构成，二是构成，二是由介词由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。后者多表示无生命的东西。vof所有格的用法：所有格的用法： 用于无生命的东西：用于无生命的东西：the legs of th

10、e chair, the cover of the book 用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词：用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed 单数名词在末尾加s the boys father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo复数名词 一般在末尾加 the teachers room, the twins mother 不规则复数名词后加s the childrens toys, wome

11、ns rights 以s结尾的人名所有格加s或者 Dickens novels, Charless job, the Smiths house 表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加s Japans and Americas problems, Janes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加s Japan and Americas problems, Jane and Marys father表示某人家店铺，所有格后名词省略 the doctors, the barbers, the tailors, my uncless所有格的用法：所有格的用法：v 表示时间t

12、odays newspaper, five weeks holiday v 2表示自然现象the earths atmosphere, the trees branchesv 3表示国家城市等地方的名词the countrys plan, the worlds population, Chinas industryv 4表示工作群体the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victoryv 5表示度量衡及价值a miles journey, five dollars worth of applesv 6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词the lifes ti

13、me, the plays plotv 7某些固定词组a birds eye view, a stones throw, at ones wits end(不知所措)s属格的常见习语属格的常见习语va birds-eye view 鸟瞰 We can obtain a birds-eye view of the city from the top of this building.va wolf in sheeps clothing 披着羊皮的狼；口蜜腹剑的人 Be on guard against him. He is a wolf in sheeps clothing.v at a mom

14、ents notice 一经通知，立即 Well start at a moments notice.v at a snails pace 爬行地；缓慢地 If we walk at a snails pace like this, it will take us a long time to get there.v at ones wits end 智穷计尽；不知所措；山穷水尽 Finding himself at his wits end, Richard went to his friends for advice.v at deaths door 面临死亡；生命危在旦夕 Jim was

15、 literally at deaths door, but modern surgery and medicine gave him a new lease of life.v at swords points 处于剑拔弩张的紧张状态 It happened at the height of the quarrel when the two groups were at swords points. 这事发生在双方剑拔弩张、争论最激烈的时候。v by a hairs breadth 差一点儿；一发之差 The car missed hitting the boy by a hairs bre

16、adth.v have sth. at ones fingers ends/ tips 对某事了如指掌；熟悉某事 You had better ask David he has got the whole subject at his fingers tips. v in ones minds eye 在想象中；在心目中 In my minds eye I saw again my parents who had died years before.v keep sb. at arms length 对某人保持距离；对某人不予亲近 Keep Mrs. Jones at arms length;

17、 she is a gossip.v make a cats paw of sb. 利用某人 He is not a true friend. He is only making a cats paw of you.v out of harms way 避免受损害 Always try to keep out of harms way.v reach ones journeys end 到达旅行目的地 When we reached our journeys end, we rested.vto ones hearts content 尽情地；痛痛快快地 Everyone danced to

18、his hearts content at the party.v within a stones throw of 在投石可及的距离内；在附近 Our headmaster lives within a stones throw of the school.of所有格与所有格与s所有格的比较与应用所有格的比较与应用v在许多情况下，表示人、动物、集体、时间、机构、组织等的名词都可以用of 代替s the sunshine of autumn = autumns sunshine the governments decision = the decision of the governmentv

19、在表示类别时,s一般不能用of代替 mens suits a doctors degree childrens booksv表示同位关系时，一般只用of the City of Beijing the State of Californiav在表示领属关系时，s和of功能类似，但of的使用范围要广泛得多 the room of the boys the genealogy of the family 所有者为人或代表人的专有名词或动物时，最好用s: Jerrys car the tigers denv表示无生命的东西一般有of the future of the world the windo

20、w of the housev后跟定语的名词要用of所有格 the success of John who used to be her boyfriend the proposals of the workers from the steel plantsvthe + adj.等表示一类人或物的名词要用of the education of the young the mystery of the unknownv表示较低级的动物要用of the wings of the fly the head of the antv含有一系列名词时要用of a friend of Jim, Jack a

21、nd Harry the customs of Japan or Englandv表示强调用of the plays of Shakespeare the glory and dream of the empirev在某些固定词组中，要用of instead of him, in face of it, in the middle of itv一些习语中的一些习语中的s不能用不能用of替代替代 at the deaths door out of harms wayvof所有格可以表示某种感情色彩所有格可以表示某种感情色彩 I will beak the neck of you. I dont

22、like the air of him.v如果被修饰的名词与其同位语中间有逗号隔开，则必须用s Jims father, an oil worker, retired last month. Henrys sister, a famous scholar, has gone on a tour to America.v在标题类的文字中，多用s Pride in Fathers Voicev在表示季节时，人们习惯用s a winters day a summers eveningvof所有格与形容词性物主代词表示不同含义 at the back of her at her backv Im go

23、ing away for a holiday of a week.v Jack is a friend of me.v The poors terrible living conditions are of great concern to the public.v We had a view of a birds eye of the action from the roof.v Have you read the newspaper of today?指出下列各句中的错误并改正：指出下列各句中的错误并改正：v His English is as fluent as his mom.v It

24、s 25 minutes walk from my home to the university.v I bring my laptop with me wherever I go for conveniences sake.v How do you like the books red cover?v The citys occupation by the enemy in 1865 has been a shame to the whole country.指出下列各句中的错误并改正：指出下列各句中的错误并改正：名词的性名词的性v名词的性分为：阳性、阴性、中性、通性v阳性：男性或雄性动物v

25、阴性：女性或雌性动物v中性：无生命物，性别不详的动物或婴孩，抽象概念v通性：没有性的区分，只有一个共同形式v指出下列名词的性：vcock, daughter, cow, father, parent, child, son, hen, bull, chicken, person, ox 名词作定语名词作定语 P85v单数名词作定语： power politics, eye drops, welcome party, credit card, income tax, power plant, identity cardv复数名词作定语： arms depot, machines hall, ca

26、reers guide, parks department, customs officer, courses committeev单复数都可： textile(s) industry, bird(s) nest, a wage(s) agreementv数词+名词单数作定语： a three-act play, an eight-hour day, a five-year planv数词+名词复数+形容词作定语 her six-years-dead husband a four-hundred-feet-high buildingv数词+year+old 或 数词+mile+long a s

27、even-year-old girl a 20-mile-long journeyv名词作定语和形容词作定语的区别： gold ring golden ring silver cup silvery hair heart disease hearty welcome stone house stony heart snow mountain snowy table-clothPut into English:v茶话会茶话会v背诵比赛背诵比赛v小组讨论小组讨论v无线电通讯无线电通讯v炼油厂炼油厂v电话薄电话薄v通讯社通讯社v彩色电视机彩色电视机v劳动保护劳动保护v书市书市v唱片音乐会唱片音乐会v

28、强权政治强权政治v精密仪器精密仪器v语言实验室语言实验室v相片册相片册v钢琴协奏曲钢琴协奏曲v脑科专家脑科专家v紧急措施紧急措施Comprehensive Exercisesv Niagara Falls is a great tourist _, drawing millions of visitors every year. (CET-4)v A. attention B. attraction v C. appointment D. arrangementv _ crumbles readily when exposed to a moist, acid atmosphere, but

29、the stone is durable in a dry atmosphere. (TOFEL) A. The surface of marbles is B. The surface of marble, which C. Although the surface of marble D. The surface of marble v The clothes a person wears may express his _ or social position. (CET-4) A. curiosity B. status C. determination D. significance

30、v Being ignorant of the law is not accepted as an _ for breaking the law. (CET-4) A. excuse B. intention C. option D. approvalv It is generally known that New York is a city for _ and a center for odd bits of information. (CET-6) A. veterans B. victims C. pedestrians D. eccentricsv A lot of ants are

31、 always invading my kitchen. They are a thorough _. (CET-4) A. nuisance B. trouble C. worry D. anxietyv He has _.A. the degree of a doctor B. a degree of the doctorC. a doctors degree D. a doctors degreev Mr. Smith is _ friend.v A. my fathers and my mothers v B. my fathers and mothersv C. fathers an

32、d mothers v D. my father and mothersv My _ house is just around the corner from ours.v A. father-in-laws B. the father-in-lawsv C. fathers-in-law D. father-ins-lawv The chief function of _ is to gain equal rights for women.v A. the Women Society B. the Womans Societyv C. the Womens Society D. the Wo

33、mens SocietyHomeworkv 写出相应的英语v 学科类：v 物理学 力学 光学 电学 电子学 声学 经济学v 伦理学 语言学 政治学 古典文学 数学 统计学v 信息学 语音学 体育学 体操 军后勤学v 疾病类：v 糖尿病 软骨病 麻疹 腮腺炎 带状疱疹 静脉炎 v 关节炎 阑尾炎 心肌炎 胃炎 结肠炎 痔疮 鼻炎 v 咽喉炎 牙周炎 牙龈炎 支气管炎 肝炎v 一些运动、游戏类：v 杂技 台球 滚木球戏 跳棋 掷镖游戏 壁球 v 多米诺骨牌 九柱球戏 玩纸牌 掷骰子赌博v 成双搭对的用具、服装类:v 眼镜 剪刀 指甲剪 钳子 镊子 火钳、卷发钳v 大剪刀 双筒望远镜 背带 睡服 牛

34、仔裤 裤子v 衬裤 便裤、宽松裤 紧身裤 太阳眼镜 短裤v 游泳裤 三角裤 马裤HomeworkPut into Chineseventrance examinationvarms racevautomobile industryvheart troublevtime allocationvalarm clockvlife historyvtable tennis tournamentvpassenger aircraftvnews reelvspace flightveye specialistvearth satellitevsummit conferencevcomputer progr

35、amvhouse arrestvmoney ordervvariety showGive the plural forms of the following nouns:v baby, branch, tax, city, mouse, bush, place, inch, cat, roof, tooth, phenomenon, goose, dish, lake, prince, ox, mass, butterfly, handkerchief, success, holiday, house, knife, map, shelf, piano, glass, tomato, hero, month, mouth, bridge, brother-in-law, gentleman, commander-in-chief, grown-up, woman worker, basis, analysis, i