文刀川页丛书高考英语归纳概括主题

1、  Reading Training Course 1归纳概括主题  ( Title and Main Idea )    归纳概括中心主旨的题目是高考必考题目，考查考生通过阅读理解, 总结归纳，找出文章中心意思的能力。     要做好这类题考生必须区分主要信息和次要信息；既看到树木, 更看到森林；要跳出一词一句，而俯瞰全文；要通读全文，通篇理解。     找出主题句(topic sentence) 是一个有用的方法。     中心意思

2、(main idea)通常是一个完整的句子，它应能全面准确地概括文章的中心主旨；最佳题目(the best title)可以是一个短语词组，它除能概括文章的中心主旨外，还有吸引读者，引发阅读兴趣的任务。    除常见的提问以外，这种题型的提问方式还有：  The main point of the passage is .  The passage deals mainly with .  The passage is about .  What does the passage mainly discuss?  What

3、is the author's main purpose ?    Paragraph 1        Wouldn't it be terrible if, we didn't have grass? We would have to walk on bare soil. Can you guess what our playgrounds would look like? On a rainy day we would get all muddy. On

4、a dry day we would breathe clouds of dust.1. The story mainly tells _.A. why we need rainB. how grass is kept greenC. how grass helps usD. without grass we would have to walk on bare soilParagraph 2       Rats are still almost as big a danger to people as they were long ago.

5、 They still spread disease and eat crops. Much of the hunger we have today is caused by rats. They eat half of the grain harvested in the world.2. From the passage we know _.A. why rats are an enemy of peopleB. how rats destroy our foodC. why rats cause diseaseD. why rats were dangerous to people lo

6、ng agoParagraph 3      Some supermarkets have a special way of getting people to come to the bakery counters. Sometimes they spray a "cake smell" into the air. At other times they spray the fresh smell of baking bread. These smells are enough to make people' s

7、mouths water. The customers then race madly to the counter to buy cake, bread, rolls , and other baked goods!3. The main idea of the paragraph is _.A. what cake smells likeB. why bakeries make moneyC. how people are attracted to bakery countersD. what bakery counters in supermarkets sell Paragraph 4

8、      The Manhattan (New York City) telephone book is one of the largest of its kind in the nation. About 1,500, 000 copies of this book are printed each -year. To make the paper of the books, 43, 000 trees are cut down. There are twenty-six columns of Smiths and twenty-thre

9、e of Browns. If all the copies of this book were stacked on top of each other, they would make a pile forty miles high. 4. The subject of the paragraph is _.A. what the Manhattan phone book is likeB. where the Manhattan book is printedC. how many telephones are there in New YorkD. who printed the fi

10、rst phone book Paragraph 5      The word Waterloo has become a synonym for defeat-total defeat and complete disaster. Waterloo, a town in Belgium, was the scene of a battle in 1851 that brought overwhelming defeat to Napoleon Bonaparte ' s French Army. At stake were the

11、whole continent of Europe and Napoleon' s dream of an empire. In a few days over forty thousand French soldiers died. With their deaths a new word for disaster was born Waterloo. 5. The subject of the paragraph is _.A. where Waterloo isB. who named WaterlooC. why Napoleon and the French Army wer

12、e defeated at WaterlooD. how the word Waterloo came to mean defeat Correct answers:1-5 CACADParagraph 1       What are the tallest plants in the world? Many people would say that giant redwood trees of California. Actually, the tallest plants are in the oceans. These are sea

13、weeds that grow almost seven hundred feet tall. Compared to this height, the giant redwoods are pygmies of only four hundred feet. To get some idea of these heights, consider the Statue of Liberty. This huge figure rises only three hundred feet. 1. The passage can be entitled _.A. Redwoods in Califo

14、rniaB. The Statue of LibertyC. SeaweedD. The Tallest PlantsParagraph 2      We think of a flood or an earthquake as a natural disaster. To many of nature' s animals, however, the greatest disaster is the coming of large numbers of humans. When settlers came from the East

15、 to America' s great western plains, they killed millions of bison, poisoned the prairie dogs, and shot the coyotes. All this upset the area's balance of nature. For the animals, it was worse than a flood or earthquake.2. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?A. Nature Bal

16、ance ItselfB. Floods and EarthquakesC. American SettlersD. Humans-a Disaster to Nature Paragraph 3      At this time the state of South Carolina was having hard times. Year after year the soil had been planted to the same crop. It was farmed by uneducated and careless slaves

17、, and the planters knew little about soil conservation. Because the soil was beginning to wear out, crops were smaller. The younger people were not satisfied to raise cotton on the poor soil of the old South. Many of them moved westward and started cotton plantations (种植园) in Alabama and Mississippi

18、. What was more, so much cotton had been shipped to factories in England and New England that they had as much cotton as they could use. This brought the price of cotton down. More and more slaves were needed to work on the new and large plantations, and higher and higher prices were demanded for th

19、em. Planters found their expenses rising and their incomes from the sale of cotton reduced. Hard times had come to South Carolina.3. The subject of this passage is _.A. economic (经济的) difficulties of South CarolinaB. that the planters knew nothing about farmingC. that the soil in South Carolina was

20、not goodD. the causes of hard times in South Carolina4. Which of the following sentences can summarize (概括) the main idea of the passage?A. Hard times had come to South Carolina.B. Planters found their expenses rising and their incomes from the sale of cotton reduced.C. The soil was farmed by uneduc

21、ated and careless slaves.D. More and more slaves were needed to work on the new and large plantations. Paragraph 4        When a piece of paper burns, it is completely changed. The ash that is left behind does not look like the original piece of paper. When dull-red rus

22、t appears on a piece of tinware (锡制品), it is quite different from the gleaming tin. The tarnish that forms on silverware is a new substance unlike the silver itself. Animal tissue (组织) is unlike the vegetable substance from which it is made. A change in which the original substance is turned into a

23、different substance is called a chemical change.5. The author writes this passage to tell us _.A. how paper burnsB. that dull-red on tinware is unlike tin itselfC. that animal tissue is different from plant'sD. what a chemical change isCorrect answers:15 DDAADParagraph 1     

24、   One of the most important weapons used during the Second World War was not a weapon used against people, but rather a drug used against disease. The wartime use of penicillin saved thousands of lives. In the First World War, for example, pneumonia was responsible for eighteen percent of

25、 all the deaths in the United States army. In the Second World War, the rate went down to less than one percent. In addition, penicillin was instrumental in keeping wounds from getting infected and in helping to speed the healing process of those wounds that did become infected. 1. which of the

26、 following would be the best title for the passage?A. A Dangerous WeaponB. Guns in the Second World WarC. A Terrible PneumoniaD. An Important DrugParagraph 2      Mr. Brown, a shopkeeper, was going to count the day' s cash takings. There was more than £300 in notes.

27、 He was about to put them in a bag. He heard a sound.      A door at the back of the room was opening. A voice shouted "Don't shout. Don't look round. I have a gun." Mr. Brown stood still. The voice went on, "Drop that bag and the notes. Go and stand i

28、n the corner beside the safe. Keep quite still. Remember, I have a gun."      Mr. Brown was frightened. He obeyed all the robber' s orders. The robber picked up the notes and was about to go out by the door at the back of the room.      It w

29、as a quarter past six. John Taylor arrived outside that very same back door. He raised his hand and was about to knock. At that very moment the robber opened the door. He was frightened to see John there. He lost his head. He became panic-stricken. He tried to push his way past John. But John was su

30、spicious. He blocked the robber' s way. There was a fight.      Mr. Brown heard the fight. He forgot his fear, turned round and rushed from his corner. He threw both his arms round the robber. This pinned the robber' s arms to his sides so he could not use his gun. A

31、t the same moment John struck the robber hard in the stomach and knocked all the breath out of his body. The robber fell to the ground in a pile. He still held the notes but his gun fell on the floor and John quickly picked it up. All was now over. Soon the police arrived2. The main idea of this pas

32、sage is _.A. a robber robbed a shopB. Mr. Brown and Mr. Taylor fought against a robberC. None but the brave can win victoryD. John Taylor was a brave manParagraph 3      Sometimes people call each other "scared-cat", but have you ever thought about this expression?

33、 When a cat is frightened, its heart starts beating faster, its muscles get tense, and there are changes in the chemicals in its bloodstream. Although the cat doesn't realize this, its body is getting ready for action. If the danger continues, the animal will do one of two things. It will defend

34、  itself, or it will run away as fast as it can.       Something like this also happens to people. When we are excited, angry, scared, or aroused byother emotions (feelings), our bodies go through many physical changes. Our hearts beat faster, and our muscles get t

35、ense. All of these changes make us more alert and ready to react. We, too, get ready to defend ourselves or run.      Human beings, however, have a problem that animals never face. If we give way to our feelings and let them take over, we can get into trouble. Have you ever

36、said something in angeror hit somebodyand regretted it later? Have you ever shouted at a teacher, told somebody you were lonely, or said you were in love, and then wished later you had kept your mouth shut? It isn't always wise to express your feelings freely.      Does

37、this mean that it's smarter always to hide our feelings?  No! If you keep feelings of anger, sadness, and bitterness hidden away or bottled up inside, your body stays tense. Physical illness can develop, and you can feel churned up inside. It can actually be bad for your health. (It isn'

38、;t good to keep pleasant feelings inside either; all feelings need to be expressed.)      Feeling that you keep all bottled up inside, don't just go away. It's as if bought some bananas and stuck them in a cupboard. You might not be able to see them, but before long

39、you'd smell them, if you opened the cupboard, chances are you'd see little fruit flies hovering all over them. They'd be rotten.       You can try to treat emotions as if they were bananas in the cupboard. You can hide them and you can pretend they don't

40、 exist, but they'll still be around. And at last you'll have to deal with them, just like those bananas. 3. The best title for this article is _.A. Emotions Affect Our BodiesB. What Happens to A Frightened CatC. What Happens to An Excited PersonD. Feelings That People Have 4. The author

41、 wrote this article in order to _.A. tell us that it isn't good to keep feelings insideB. give us some advice on how to express our feelingsC. make us face the problem that we have to deal with feelingsD. make us know that it isn't always wise to express our feelings freely Paragraph 4  

42、;     It is possible to do many simple tricks with numbers. Here is one trick. It has several separate steps.      First, write down your house number. For example, if your address is 73 Lemon Street, you would write down 73. After you write down your hou

43、se address, next double it. Then add five to this doubled number. For example, if your address was 73 and you doubled it, you would get 146. Then, if you added five, you'd get 151.       Then multiply this number by 50. In our example here, you'll get 7550. The next

44、step is to add your age to this total. For example, if you're 26 years old, you should add 26 to this total. In our example here, the result would be 7576. After that you have to add the number of days in a year, which is 365. In our example here, 365 added to 7576 is 7941.   

45、0;  The final step is this: Subtract 615 from the number that you have. Take away 615 from the total, In our example, 7941 minus 615 is 7326.      The result here - 7326 - is the trick. The first part of the number is the address and the last part of the number is the a

46、ge of the person. That is, 73 is the address that we started with, and 26 is the age that we used.5. The best title of the passage is _.A. The number tricksB. A trick with numbersC. An interesting problemD. How to work out a difficult trickCorrect answers:15 DCACBPassage 1     &#

47、160; An Australian wildlife park attendant survived a crocodile attack after her father jumped on the huge crocodile's back and dugout its eyes as the horrified tourists looked on.      Karla Bredl, 21, was in a fairly good condition in good care in hospital with a broke

48、n bone, a broken leg and some injuries after the attack.      The 4.5 - metre crocodile caught Karla Bredl around the leg and then the waist when she fell during a crocodile feeding show for tourists.      Karla's father seized a long-handled too

49、l and beat the crocodile about the head to force it to let go of her, but the tool was doing nothing. So he jumped on its back and stuck his fingers in its eyes and the crocodile let go of her.1. The best title of the passage is _.A. The Hateful CrocodileB. Father Saved Daughter's LifeC. A Terri

50、ble AccidentD. The Dangerous PlacePassage 2      Trees should only be pruned (剪除) when there is a good and clear reason for doing so and, fortunately, the number of such reasons is small. Pruning involves the cutting away of overgrown and unwanted branches, and the inexperie

51、nced gardener can be encouraged by the thought that more damage result from doing it unnecessarily than from leaving the tree to grow in its own way.      First, pruning may be done to make sure that trees have a desired shape or size. The object may be to get a tree of the

52、right height, and at the same time to help the growth of small sidebranches which will thicken its appearance or give it a special shape. Secondly, pruning may be done to make the tree healthier. You may cut out diseased or dead wood, or branches that are rubbing against each other and thus causing

53、wounds. The health of a tree may be encouraged by removing branches that are blocking up the centre and so preventing the free movement of air.      One result of pruning is that an open wound is left on the tree and this provides an easy entry for disease, but it is a wound

54、 that will heal (治愈) . Often there is a race between the healing and the disease as to whether the tree will live or die, so that there is a period when the tree is at risk. It should be the aim of every gardener to reduce that risk of death as far as possible. It is essential (基本的) to make the area

55、 which has been pruned smooth and clean, for healing will be slowed down by roughness. You should allow the cut surface to dry for a few hours and then paint it with one of the substances available from garden shops produced especially for this purpose. Pruning is usually done in winter, for then yo

56、u can see the shape of the tree clearly without interference fromthe leaves and it is, too, very unlikely that the cuts you make will bleed. If this does happen, it is, of course, impossible to paint them properly.2. What was the writer's purpose when writing this passage?A. To give practical in

57、structions for pruning a treeB. To give a general description of pruningC. To explain how trees develop diseasesD. To discuss different methods of pruningPassage 3      Like fine food, good writing is something we approach with pleasure and enjoy from the first taste to the

58、last. And good writers, like good cooks, do not suddenly appear full-blown. Quite the contrary, just as the cook has to undergo an intensive training, mastering the skills of his trade, the writer must sit at his desk and devote long hours to achieving a style in his writing, whatever its purpose sc

59、hoolwork, matters of business, or purely social communication. You may be sure that the more painstaking the effort, the more effective the writing, and the more rewarding.      There are still some remote places in the world where you might find a public scribe to do your b

60、usiness or social writing for you, for a fee. There are a few managers who are lucky enough to have the service of that rare kind of secretary who can take care of all sorts of letter writing with no more than a quick note form. But for most of us, if there is any writing to be done, we have to do i

61、t ourselves.      We have to write school papers, business papers or home papers. We are constantly called on to put words to paper. It would be difficult to count the number of such words, messages, letters and reports put into the mails or delivered by hand, but the daily

62、figure must be enormous. What is more, everyone who writes expects, or at least hopes, that this writing will be read. We want to arouse (引起 ) and hold the interest of the readers. We want whatever we write to be read, from first word to last, not just thrown into some " letters-to-be-read" file (档案) or into a wastepaper basket. This is the reason we bend our efforts toward learning and practising the skills of  interesting, effective writing.3. According to the author, if your letter is thrown into some "letters