2016武大考博英语试题卷与答案

1、答案见附录武汉大学2022年攻读博士学位研究生外语综合水平测试试题总分值值100分科目名称:英语 型且传殛|电 注意；所有削善题内容必须写在答曲厩上,兄写在试题或草稿抵上的1律无效Part I Rending ompirhension 2 分*20=40 分Directions In this part for the lest, there will be 5 passages g you to read Each passage isby 4 questius or unfinished Jiiaterncni and each question orart加ished stufement

2、 firllumd by four choices marked A. 5, t and 力ju are to dccida on fhe best choice by blackeninf； the corresponding letter on the ZAVER SHEETPaKsage 1My last flight to Rome landed at stupid oclock in ihc mamsng so I 叫部 almost ItKiking funvard to petting a cup of hot cof fee fruni the flight trewP lns

3、ieadh I opltd for holding my eyctids up with Vwq fingers so I could find the first coffee shop in the airport. Coftee always UiTes Terrible on planes and there could he a simple and disgusting reason vhy.A couple of weeks ago, an assortnieni of aidine employees spilled some of their indusls secreis

4、in an Ask Reddit thread, and g口 of them had some npkasani 山山里 to say about the coffeemakers. A user named Muddbull7 wrote:*SomctimeA, the vehicle that fills the potable waler for Miixh由g hands and making cofTee is parked next to tht vehicle that is used to dump the |toilcls| and fill the blue juice

5、for th亡 lavatories. Theyre not supposed to. Scnnctimcs, theyre parked at a ：distance from each other, which is policy, yei the guy who is filling the water is using gloves that he hasnt changed in over 2 years While a second user named WorsetoP arser added：“The caHec is absislutely disgusting becaus

6、e no one washes the ctniainer that goes out every morning The station agents who get paid way too little don I give a 怔卬1由*七about Hotning iL J certainly didif when f worked hr AA- Also, because wu科日君如：地语第 1 4共15页.下载可编辑. weren*t given the proper supplies to dean it We pretty much ju5t rinsed id out a

7、ndl dumped coffee intn il.,LAfter reading thow sort of stomach-chumLng.口n用器i uffinginn Post aUcmpfcd to dctcrniinv Ihua inic IboM： sUiicmcnfs arc. Abbie Unger, u tbnner flight llcnJanl, told c site.“It i true that Lhc puiablc water tanks are ixH cleaned. Bui hey are only fiHed with I potable i：drink

8、able: water, sc its nul like there is old coffee in a big container sfimiwhcrc Chi? u titer doesn-r make for an cxcellenl cup nf co flfee, bin it net unsnte.S SediiTient was stmi!ar to pond scumPa 1Researchers have created mfiSc mice tvilh hfl true of a chmmi响 im比 suppcwdly ik ikfb仙】g hjllmark of be

9、ing mule.Reproduciivc biolcgkc Monika Ward of the University of Hawaii in Honotdu tad colkafiiKs 副Med with mice thai Jiavc (inly X chfoniosomt (and ns sevund set ciuvnKsomcj. Normal IJ iho 更 atunials 快口uld develop as 1cm u les. Bu： hRh the researchers manipulated genes Ibund on ihe X and anotker cti

10、romoiomc, the mice hecannc males thal could produtt; rmmaturw sperm. Those engineered maJes tathered offspring with rcproductcit jnsisiancc Irntxi t!ic FtSuandivi% whu? itijtrLteJ Elir inunatuf sperm into 中p, Ward and coHcagucs report in Ihc Jan. 29 Scienct1.下载可编辑.f he uxpcnmmlii dcmunntralc ihat th

11、ere arc multiple ways to make sa户 Richard Bchnnger, a devebpmental geneticist at Ml J Anderson Cnnccr Ccnici in Hnus(on Theyve done it without any Y chromosome gene mfbrmaiion/3 he Theres not even a. sniff of the Y amund.*At r?i glance, ifw eKpcnmeni. should seem ic vug&ext Y chrotno$iimej uvnt tor

12、rvFthdueiion, which hinls tfast evoluiidn may eventually show Ys Ab door. h,To mm Li i$ a jurjdigjn tif the dctlLikr Mt! full of The Y uhrymownK/ says repfuduttivc biologist Jennifer MashalL 1 La I rnbc Unicrsiiy m Melbuum* Aizslmlia.Hut 喘aid aiid other researchers say ihc Y tsnl fntng anywhere 苜nd

13、thfll iierprrtin the new 试111心 a the号 death kivll is WTtrigP Because dieY-lcsi males needed help U repnxSiue, clearly we need the Y thrrnrs. Il unis un d gene 词iod Sdk9. which then sets off a biodKmicd chain reaclion that leada t.muk duvNupcncntBut in the new experiments, the nesearehers rumed an So

14、rf (hwu圆 olher means. Activating Sos9 in a genentally female enibryn tvtl cause it to ddopas a mule, Ward and CftllcraguiM (bund Rm ihor males dirini m.iki, ipcirni. The irirs wrrr empn； 薇 Ward.In order in produce sperm, mice netd ttre EifZsSy gene, (he researchers had previous!) discovered. In the

15、new experiment, nhe mice were missing the gene becuust ihey didnt huxe Y chmmo飙HI10 So rvscarvhcfn suhtiituKd a. similEif jjene from ihe X chruinnHHHt; called J j12s3x- Only one cop?of the Y versinn 泡 needed lu make trnmaEiifc. tjiilcm再 mpcE* huE h 匕krq al least live cnpE?i 出 the X Version la 三口 the

16、 河EC thin. LL-ti5 irtdkalc* that the Y chrornosoint: gefte is the strong one/ says Ward.Her rcscarub sufjgesis dial the Y chromtisom- has oplimircd production from gcrtts that art necessary for making rn*C. Making just Uk right dose of male dclopmenf fneters 坦 hi* the Y pnxects itself from evvIutinT

17、ary erasure. Ward s；b s.下载可编辑.Our woric doe1；首国 suppiirt thai the Y chrKimcisnme uil! disappear/*Graves di&apws Ward+s work is lovely example aF how you can lose even a rvaTJy impnfianl ene/ she *ys, Al least two specie!； of rodents htve already jetlijKnud their Y chromosomes entrely Prifntte% inclu

18、ding humans, dont have Eif2s3y genH on their Y Airumo乂jmek The irw work nmy help eipluin how primales get Jcng 觇讪口ul the gent. tirai es suggcsis. and ihe rcseardi may bbgive ua useful infcinnaiion alut what happens al the end of the life of the Y spetiw nf ndcntN lhiT jettisoned their Y chniri OMiTi

19、cs tumplcicTy.B Eif2sXt ageiic from rhe Y chromowme, tfiirnihr wiih EiQsJy.C. Y chiwnflsumc lufi optimized prttduciiofl from gen necessrj Iprmaking rtialfa.D. Huni一居 dnfi1 have Li12s3y fiffiOf on (hejr Y chronKwcmes,R. Whal can be fhc bc5( Hile for this passage?A. Mice t.Laii Be Male 晴 dhotrt Y Chru

20、tnasomcB. Che Artificial Reproduction of Mice科目名林：赛语第5 Ma15虫.下载可编辑.C. The Myslenous Y Chromosome M MiceThe Male and Female MieFasage 3“A 11 ARMLESS 也向打 6 the de finition i n Smuucl Johnson、gieai English d-iefiortan- of J755h Ihal of lexicographer his ow calling, is the most famous an example of Ihe

21、sarnt wit that led him lo define 七项父 as,grain, which in England is generally given to hor&cs, but in. Scotland supports the people.*认y name a language c&lumri after h harmless drudge? Because Johnsotu despite the drudge., knew that language was not harmless Its power Io iiifonn and to E&ad astrayK I

22、n nicrmin him! io anrwiy. to build co-opcration ar dcsimy a reputalion. makes language serious stuff. The EmmE箱3 JchnsorT column began tn 1992 and was Eaier ixTived online, This week it returns tn ihe print edit inn. htkI hcnccfortli will appear foftnigfilly,Many of ihe n spies l案kkd arc liin： swear

23、ing and lang. pretcrences and peeves. Some are mtms fundarricnLiL l -aiignuue reveala hr ukiui human nature: how people reuMjn diflercfitly in a foreign langwige. or la whai exlcnt difTercHt languages encode a world view, are some of the mmi exciting and CDnlroversil topics in linguistic research.Pe

24、ople care intensely about thir lungnug七 jud s lunguagcA m thcriprivismL (which tells h地 n is), huve (kn txtn 倒 Jaggers drawn: EingJijih fcachm and wme usage-book uTiters un one side, mid academic itnguihts, kxicogrnphers and athcr usage-book wriieri. on the other, fin the tjULudiufe, piesLtiptiMSxs

25、are auihuriiann wtih their heads in the 生加id.由舒阻油仁 on Victnrian-efa nun-rules. The dcscriptivist are mocked as LLanyihi n y-i SCiiirect, emhnein iadr even ai Shakespeare should he tanghi imspeak.An iniellectual unting fur had taught him humility； he knett he Awrt io ctrnimii few wild blunders. onJ r

26、bible absurdities from which 值卜 wtirk of Kitch multi pl icil7 was ever free.htscribfiig is Tint rrqlly the opposite of te%nbing. J-evicographers from JohnsnnTs day m must de*iribc ihc 疽nipjag圾 即und】ng their drtinilionn in real living F：nglih. But (hot is in order to give stronger roots U a bwk they

27、冲平上 will l、.Rjt jrm guidance. Academic linguists, the arch-dcscriptiviais. arc perfectly wilhng lu eaJI wma 1埠即舞 wnmg and dthrrs plain ugly.0 Which pf the Allowing is INCORRECT abcxir Samuel Johnfitin 就8m睡 id the psagc?A. Sani Ltd JohnsrMi once tempi kd a gnm English dtcuonaiy.B. Samurl Johnisan def

28、ined cats as a grain wtiieh is cenerftlly given io hswrrx in EngJunJ but $uppm I he people in Scotlartd lead 第B. h hg power io enlertain and to annov.C. h has powsn口 build eoupcration or destroy a rtpuiaiion.D. All of (be aJiQvc.下载可编辑.I ;rect l*dJi -1. Ll jut：iur Ilxx hskiJ hi； cur I. i cis tauaed b

29、yni 17川1.,:里euflfries EXCEPTA UkraineH. ( anada C. Quebec J), Spain12 Which of the tcltouing is NOT MENTIONED in ihr passage,A. T加Juhiiidif1 Lulintiri begun In 1992 Treats diflbreat topics indi tierent iatigiugcb.B. Both prescriptivisis .and dcripdvjjts arc mucked in the academic articlesC. Trying t

30、o stop change in ktnguagu was like trying io lg5h the windD. .cxioDgraphers from Johnsons da on must ground their definitions tn real living E讨血The weight of pliistii uane (Jugging ihc ucrld occuns thrudicns m excetd all 隹li hy 2050 if the worlds seem ingly iiisjHiiblt 卬pci闻 Gw the nutlcrial continu

31、es at ihe currtnl ckplusnc nte. u jmeii a ii上5 ruFi prcschicJ on TncsJM (act, aoco面ing its iht itudy bj the Fllen MacArthur Foundation 川rmg wiih the World Economic l;orum, plglic* produciion has Murcd over the pcisl SO years, from 15 milicn tonnes in I9M tn II t million lmiM$ in 20J4. and is txpecte

32、d dnubk 和尚出 over the next 20 years 1The studyThe New Plastics Economy: Rethinking ihr fiiturt of pltvilics-iniindiiced at ihe opening of the 5rEF* iinnimE summit in Dav. Suitzeriind is M He of its kind to ccmprehensively aweM globd ptartk packaging flows, Tbc report makes an economic Came ior wlmt i

33、t uills ihc New IlgHcii ExontMiTy. described as tic醇 appn电心 MiwM.口 Lreating cifecuve acr-use pathways (or plashes: drasdcaJly reducing leakc ul plastics into naiunl systems, in fwrticulLiroceajis; iTtd decoupling pliitith tnU tossij 土仁出出口匚1G JAmonjd l* Hndinp, which are hunied un iniEduwq wuh ISO ex

34、pert und drt analysis ofowr 200 rtporh, the study esthnaics dim roiatzhly fi miUion ionites plaslics Mak imo the ocean each)earF什记h is cquivakrti to dumping Uir emtent of cue garbage cruek iniu ibe ocam cvcr minute, This amount 句 expetted k) dpuhk b 2030.E. 【n a bus;nc55-di-iJ5U31 scenario, the ocea

35、n is espeeled lc mnUlim 1 tonne of plastic _甄 every 3 tonnes of fish by 2M名 md 的_2.5口,吧e plastics than fah Ibfwci磔tj；抖H名黑：皴的S8皿.风tS M.下载可编辑.the rcpuil uuiilLnue.Whjfs morch the nrpon estimilcs Ghal only 14 percent of plisiic packiiing is col kin cd fbr recycling and een Less for plastics in gcficnl.

36、 After sorting only 5 ptrni 运 killiiiiiilely rvtuintxl for sukequefit use, /hkli k tnr hc5惘 glohnE receding inks for paper 0S percenu and iron and irfccl (70 (K) perceiil 卜Funhrr, the report examines the cirtKiTi impact of pl.islics produciicin, given -hat eier 中J percent rtrv derived (hw virgin fbi

37、l finwhtnekq. Phnticn pmchictinn rcprcHTitj mu&hl 6 percent of gLI oil consiiHipiion :md Ihe current trnnt. gm嗝th of piaadmHp condnues os cxpecied, the plwlkj seciftr will wuunt Ibr 20% of wiaJ cil eonsiimpliii ；)nd 5% of die global annual carbon budget by 2050.The report irgne thai 徘1.已-u* plastic*

38、；. and plastic packiping rNrnic enMt h redm Jn ,枇 pniiMfiwfh of vital natural syTf ms xuch m thf ocean and chggifig urban infrurructitrc The ct)fi of .twcA aiT-utc eiferMt/Jf.i ftw plastic packagiHg, plus iht- cost asaociateii nith gpcenhuute 扉u cnissions Jrom irx 即血施力.限 建ihaptaiic paekiiging Mftt门

39、i profit potfl.Linear ttichIcIs cTpniduction and cansumptifjn are increasingly cliiJJenged by the cunltrxt wiihip utiich they operate, and ihhs 除 particularly tntc for high-volume, Iqw-wIik material such oa pluik packHgin, said Ellen MacArthur, tin accomplished Briltsh yaclitsvman Utrned na3iiinnhii

40、r.The researchers concluJc ihdt in cnlcr I.器I closer to the of h “tiTsulur ccciionikL where ixiJisumption happens cmlj in cflcxlcv bto-cyulcm elsew use rtpJiiirr!； ennumpi2iboth the pitblic and private sector must work towards the genl cmling p欣kh闻 tan he Srth recycled and composed,13. Which of the fblluwtng 抬 COKRIiCT aboul New Plajti 端 Econfimy accotding ffl (he 呼踢gE?4 It i an approach haed on creating evasiuc aftenuse pathways far plastics.B, II is appraEich reducing lcak91!c ofphL5iics into naTu