生物化学绪论课程

1、会计学1生物化学绪论课程生物化学绪论课程23绪论绪论Introduction4Goals of Studying Biochemistry1. To introduce the language of biochemistry, with careful explanations of the meaning, origin, and significance of terms.(介绍用于详细解释术语的含义、出处和意义的生物化学语介绍用于详细解释术语的含义、出处和意义的生物化学语言）言）2. To provide a balanced understanding of the physical

2、, chemical, and biological context in which each biomolecule, reaction, and pathway operates.（在每个生物分子、每个反应和反应途径中的物理的、化学的和生物学的关系准备一种平衡理念）在每个生物分子、每个反应和反应途径中的物理的、化学的和生物学的关系准备一种平衡理念）3. To project a clear and repeated emphasis major themes, especially those relating to evolution, thermodynamics, regulati

3、on, and the relationship between structure and function.（计划一些清晰并反复强调的主题，特（计划一些清晰并反复强调的主题，特别是与进化、热力学、调节和结构与功能关系的内容）别是与进化、热力学、调节和结构与功能关系的内容）54. To explain and to place in context the most important techniques that have brought us to our current understanding of biochemistry (key experiments)（ 解释和应用最重要

4、的技术了解生物化学理论）解释和应用最重要的技术了解生物化学理论）5. To sustain the students interest by developing topics in a logical and stepwise manner（通过逻辑的逐步深入的（通过逻辑的逐步深入的方式发展主题支撑学生的兴趣）方式发展主题支撑学生的兴趣）; taking every opportunity to point out connections between processes（利用每个机会指出反应步骤（利用每个机会指出反应步骤之间的联系）之间的联系）; identifying gaps in

5、our knowledge that promise to challenge future generations of scientists（找出我们知识的不足，允许未来科学家的竞争）（找出我们知识的不足，允许未来科学家的竞争）; supplying the historical context of selected major discoveries, when such context is useful（选择主要的发明提供历史的前后关系）（选择主要的发明提供历史的前后关系）; and highlighting the implications of biochemical adva

6、nces for society (preparing you for research and discovery and other adventures you may undertake in the future)（突出生物化学对社会的作用，为你研究和发现以及将（突出生物化学对社会的作用，为你研究和发现以及将来可能承担的冒险作准备）来可能承担的冒险作准备）. 6The main features of the living matters1. A high degree of chemical complexity andmicroscopic organization.2. met

7、abolize-extract, transform, and use nutrients and energy from their environment3. respond (adapt and survive) by finding energy and raw materials through interacting with their surroundings4. self replicate and self assembly(装配装配 )(reproduce and perpetuate)5. Evolve(进化进化) and diversify127The origin

8、of the universe 8(a) microscopiccomplexity(b) energy comsumption,food chain(c) reproduction9捕蝇草可以在捕蝇草可以在0.5秒的时间内捕获昆虫，秒的时间内捕获昆虫， 并分泌消化酶消化昆虫以并分泌消化酶消化昆虫以获得营养。获得营养。10含羞草羽状的叶片，轻触和摇动可使叶片很快合拢和下垂。含羞草羽状的叶片，轻触和摇动可使叶片很快合拢和下垂。11Garden of Eden (diversity and unity)122. What is Biochemistry?The study of the molec

9、ular basis of life or understanding life phenomena in chemical terms. It is the combination of biology and chemistry or the application of chemical principles to understanding biology.133. What are the questions for biochemists to answer?(1) What are the biomolecules (composition and structure)?(2)

10、How do biomolecules act and interact (conferring the remarkable features of living organisms)?(3) How are the biomolecules synthesized (biosynthesis)?(4) How is energy generated and consumed (energy metabolism, its source and fate命运命运)?(5) How are the myriad（无数）（无数） of biochemical reactions regulate

11、d (the coordination problem, the network of control)?14(6) What is the carrier of genetic information and how is it expressed and transmitted (information pathway)? (preserved faithfully)(7) How do cells and organisms grow, differentiate, and reproduce?(8 )What is the molecular basis of evolution?(9

12、 )What makes living organisms so diversified? (advantages优势优势, purposes and natural tendencies趋向趋向)(10) How do we make use of life and knowledge about life for the benefits of human being (biotechnology, quality of life, societal welfare)?15161718生物学生物学动物学动物学植物学植物学微生物学微生物学化学化学生物生物学学生物化学生物化学192. 生物化学

13、与分子生物学的关系生物化学与分子生物学的关系20细菌细菌目的蛋白目的蛋白 PCRPlasmid基因工程示意图基因工程示意图213.生物化学与生物科学的关系生物化学与生物科学的关系2223制药工业： 链激酶、 尿激酶、 氨基酸、 核甘酸（所谓基 因营养物）、SOD、 MT、 紫杉醇等。生物制品： 疫苗、 Only one、 皮革工业： 角质酶脱毛 生物化学不但为这些生产过程建生物化学不但为这些生产过程建立了科学基础并为其技术改造创立了科学基础并为其技术改造创造了条件造了条件24252627282930A tobacco plant expressing the gene for firefly

14、luciferase. Light was produced after the plant was watered with a solution containing luciferin, the substrate for the light-producing luciferase enzyme (see Box 132). Dont expect glow-in-the-dark ornamental plants at your local plant nursery anytime soon. The light is actually quite weak; this phot

15、ograph required a 24-hour exposure. The real pointthat this technology allows the introduction of new traits into plantsis neverthelesselegantly made.烟草表达萤火虫烟草表达萤火虫荧光素基因荧光素基因31表达抗虫基因的表达抗虫基因的西红柿西红柿32Glyphosate-resistant soybean plants. The photographs show two areas of a soybean field in Wisconsin. (

16、a)Without glyphosate treatment, this part of the field is overrun with weeds. (b) Glyphosateresistant soybean plants thrive in the glyphosate-treated section of the field. Glyphosate breaks down rapidly in the environment. Agricultural use of engineered plants such as these proceeds only after consi

17、derable deliberation, balancing the extraordinary promise of the technology with the need to select new traits with care. Both science and society as a whole have a stake in ensuring that the use of the resultant plants has no adverse impact on the environment or on human health.转草甘膦基因大豆33Cloning in

18、 mice. The gene for human growth hormone was introduced into the genome of the mouse on the right. Expressionof the gene resulted in the unusually large size of this mouse.表达人生长激素表达人生长激素的老鼠的老鼠343536373839401 Examine the critical experiments leading to major discoveries2 Understand the major themes in biochemistry. For example, what are the properties and functions of noncovalent（非共介（非共介） interactions, allosteric（变构）（变构） regulation, a